C

u
u
]
|
i

|
t

|
]

M
c
0
u
u

o
l

|
i
t
t
e
l
l
,

o

J
i
.
i
s
i
u
r

u

|
u
u

|
t
u
r

M
i

i
r

C
u
a
u
o
r
]
.
eoetry
C|oute| 5 Resuu|ce Buu| 12
Use the Midsegment Theorem to 6nd lengths
ln the diagram,

ST and

TU are

midsegments of POR. Find
PR and TU.
Solution
PR 2 S1 2(8 It) 16 It
1U
1

2
QP
1

2
(10 It) 5 It
Eercises for Eample 1
1. In the diagram,

XZ and

ZY are

midsegments oI LMN. Eind
MN and ZY.
2. In the diagram,

ED and

DF are

midsegments oI ABC. Eind
DF and BC.
EXAMPLE 1
Study Guide
For use with pages 291-301
LE88N
5.1
Use properties of midsegments and write coordinate proofs.
Vocabulary
A midsegment of a triangle is a segment that connects the midpoints
oI two sides oI the triangle.
A coordinate proof involves placing geometric fgures in a coordinate
plane. When you use variables to represent the coordinates oI a fgure
in a coordinate prooI, the results are true Ior all fgures oI that type.
Theorem 5.1 Midsegment Theorem: The segment connecting the
midpoints oI two sides oI a triangle is parallel to the third side and
is halI as long as that side.
GOAL
L
E
S
S
O
N

5
.
1

C
u
u
]
|
i

|
t

|
]

M
c
0
u
u

o
l

|
i
t
t
e
l
l
,

o

J
i
.
i
s
i
u
r

u

|
u
u

|
t
u
r

M
i

i
r

C
u
a
u
o
r
]
.
eoetry
C|oute| 5 Resuu|ce Buu| 13
Use the Midsegment Theorem
ln the diagram at the right,

SB

SC ,

RS

AC , and

RS
1

2
AC. Show that R is the midpoint of

BA .
Solution
Because

SB

SC , S is the midpoint oI

BC . Because

RS

AC and RS
1

2
AC,

RS is a midsegment oI ABC by
defnition. By the Midsegment Theorem, R is the midpoint oI

BA .
EXAMPLE 2
Study Guide continued
For use with pages 291-301
LE88N
5.1
Place a 6gure in a coordinate plane
Place each 6gure in a coordinate plane in a way that is convenient for
6nding side lengths. Assign coordinates to each verte.
a. An isosceles triangle b. A square
Solution
It is easy to fnd lengths oI horizontal and vertical segments and distances Irom (0, 0),
so place one vertex at the origin and one or more sides on an axis.
a. Iet 2m represent the length oI b. Iet a represent the side length
the base oI the isosceles triangle. oI the square.
The coordinates oI the vertex

opposite the base is (m, m), which

makes each oI the legs congruent.

Eercises for Eamples 2 and 3
3. In Example 2, iI 1 is the midpoint oI

AC , what do you know about

S1 ?
4. A rectangle has vertices (0, 0), ( f, 0), and ( f, k). Eind the Iourth vertex.
EXAMPLE 3
L
E
S
S
O
N

5
.
1
Answer Key
Lesson 5.1
Study Guide
1. MN 5 53 cm, ZY 5 14 cm
2. DF 5 7 in., BC 5 12 in.
3.
}
ST i
}
BA , ST 5
1
}
2
BA
4. (0, k)

C
u
u
]
|
i

|
t

|
]

M
c
0
u
u

o
l

|
i
t
t
e
l
l
,

o

J
i
.
i
s
i
u
r

u

|
u
u

|
t
u
r

M
i

i
r

C
u
a
u
o
r
]
.
eoetry
C|oute| 5 Resuu|ce Buu| 2
Use the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem

Km is the perpendicular bisector of

JL .

Find JK.
Solution
JK KL Perpendicular Bisector Theorem
5y 2y 9 Substitute.
y 3 Solve Ior y.
JK 2(3) 9 15
Eercises for Eample 1
ln the diagram

Z , is the perpendicular

bisector of

WY .
1. Eind WZ.
2. Eind XY.
EXAMPLE 1
Study Guide
|cr use wit| paes J0J-J09
LE88N
5.2
Use perpendicular bisectors to solve problems.
Vocabulary
A segment, ray, line, or plane that is perpendicular to a segment at its
midpoint is called a perpendicular bisector.
A point is equidistant Irom two fgures iI the point is the same
distance Irom each fgure.
Theorem 5.2 Perpendicular Bisector Theorem: In a plane, iI a point
is on the perpendicular bisector oI a segment, then it is equidistant
Irom the endpoints oI the segment.
Theorem 5.3 Converse of the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem: In a
plane, iI a point is equidistant Irom the endpoints oI a segment, then it
is on the perpendicular bisector oI the segment.
When three or more lines, rays, or segments intersect in the same
point, they are called concurrent lines, rays, or segments. The point
oI intersection oI the lines, rays, or segments is called the point of
concurrency.
Theorem 5.4 Concurrency of Perpendicular Bisectors of a Triangle:
The perpendicular bisectors oI a triangle intersect at a point that is
equidistant Irom the vertices oI the triangle.
The point oI concurrency oI the three perpendicular bisectors oI a
triangle is called the circumcenter oI the triangle.
GOAL
L
E
S
S
O
N

5
.
2

C
u
u
]
|
i

|
t

|
]

M
c
0
u
u

o
l

|
i
t
t
e
l
l
,

o

J
i
.
i
s
i
u
r

u

|
u
u

|
t
u
r

M
i

i
r

C
u
a
u
o
r
]
.
eoetry
C|oute| 5 Resuu|ce Buu| 21
Study Guide ccrtirueJ
|cr use wit| paes J0J-J09
LE88N
5.2
Use perpendicular bisectors
ln the diagram shown,

OC is the

perpendicular bisector of

AB and

AE

BE .
a. What segment lengths in the diagram
are equal?
b. Is E on

DC ?
Solution
a.

DC bisects

AB , so CA CB. Because D is on the perpendicular

bisector oI

AB , DA DB by Theorem 5.2. Because

AE

BE ,
AE BE by defnition oI congruence.
b. Because AE BE, E is equidistant Irom A and B. So, by the
Converse oI the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem, E is on the
perpendicular bisector oI

AB , which is

DC .
Eercises for Eample 2
ln the diagram,

PO is the perpendicular

bisector of

RS .
3. What segment lengths in the diagram are
equal? Explain your reasoning.
4. Is 1 on

PQ ? Explain.
EXAMPLE 2
Use the concurrency of perpendicular bisectors
The perpendicular bisectors of ABC meet at

point G. Find GB.

Solution
Using Theorem 5.4, you know that point G is equidistant
Irom the vertices oI the triangle. So, GA GB GC.
GB GA Theorem 5.4.
GB 7 Substitute.
Eercise for Eample 3
5. The perpendicular bisectos oI RS1 meet at point D.

Eind DR.
EXAMPLE 3
L
E
S
S
O
N

5
.
2
Answer Key
Lesson 5.2
Study Guide
1. 23
2. 10
3.
###$
PQ bisects
}
RS , so PR 5 PS. Because Q is on the perpendicular bisector of
}
RS , QR 5 QS by Theorem
5.2.
4. No; If T were on
@##$
PQ , then T would be equidistant from R and S. T is 14 units from R and 15 units from
S.
5. 9

C
u
u
]
|
i

|
t

|
]

M
c
0
u
u

o
l

|
i
t
t
e
l
l
,

o

J
i
.
i
s
i
u
r

u

|
u
u

|
t
u
r

M
i

i
r

C
u
a
u
o
r
]
.
eoetry
C|oute| 5 Resuu|ce Buu| 40
Use algebra to solve a problem
For what value of does P lie on the

bisector of GFH7
Solution
Erom the defnition oI an angle bisector, you know that
P lies on the bisector oI GFH iI mGFP mHFP.
mGFP mHFP Set angle measures equal.
13x 11x 8 Substitute.
x 4 Solve Ior x.
Point P lies on the bisector oI GFH when x 4.
EXAMPLE 2
Study Guide
|cr use wit| paes J10-J1b
LE88N
5.3
Use angle bisectors to 6nd distance relationships.
Vocabulary
The point oI concurrency oI the three angle bisectors oI a triangle is
called the incenter oI the triangle.
Theorem 5.5 Angle Bisector Theorem: II a point is on the bisector oI
an angle, then it is equidistant Irom the two sides oI the angle.
Theorem 5.6 Converse of the Angle Bisector Theorem: II a point is
in the interior oI an angle and is equidistant Irom the sides oI the angle,
then it lies on the bisector oI the angle.
Theorem 5.7 Concurrency of Angle Bisectors of a Triangle: The
angle bisectors oI a triangle intersect at a point that is equidistant Irom
the sides oI the triangle.
GOAL
Use the Angle Bisector Theorem
Find the measure of

Lm .

Solution

JM bisects KJL because mKJM mLJM.

Because

JM bisects KJL and

MK

JK and

ML

JL , ML MK by the Angle Bisector Theorem.

So, ML MK 5.
EXAMPLE 1
L
E
S
S
O
N

5
.
3

C
u
u
]
|
i

|
t

|
]

M
c
0
u
u

o
l

|
i
t
t
e
l
l
,

o

J
i
.
i
s
i
u
r

u

|
u
u

|
t
u
r

M
i

i
r

C
u
a
u
o
r
]
.
eoetry
C|oute| 5 Resuu|ce Buu| 41
Use the concurrency of angle bisectors
ln the diagram, V is the incenter of POR.

Find .
Solution
By the Concurrency oI Angle Bisectors oI a Triangle
Theorem, the incenter J is equidistant Irom the sides
oI PQR. So, to fnd JS, you can fnd J1 in PQR
by using the Pythagorean Theorem.
c
2
a
2
b
2
Pythagorean Theorem
17
2
J1
2
15
2
Substitute known values.
289 J1
2
225 Multiply.
64 J1
2
Subtract 225 Irom each side.
8 J1 Take the positive square root oI each side.
Because J1 JS, JS 8.
Eercises for Eample 3
4. In Example 3, suppose you are not given QJ or Q1, but you are given that
RU 24 and RJ 25. Eind JS.
5. In the diagram, D is the incenter oI ABC.

Eind DF.
EXAMPLE 3
Study Guide ccrtirueJ
|cr use wit| paes J10-J1b

Eercises for Eamples 1 and 2

Find the value of .
1.

2.


3.

L
E
S
S
O
N

5
.
3
Answer Key
Lesson 5.3
Study Guide
1. 7
2. 5
3. 9
4. 7
5. 3

C
u
u
]
|
i

|
t

|
]

M
c
0
u
u

o
l

|
i
t
t
e
l
l
,

o

J
i
.
i
s
i
u
r

u

|
u
u

|
t
u
r

M
i

i
r

C
u
a
u
o
r
]
.
eoetry
C|oute| 5 Resuu|ce Buu| 51
Use the centroid of a triangle
ln ABC, D is the centroid and BD 12.

12
Find DG and BG.
Solution
BD
2

3
BG Concurrency oI Medians oI
a Triangle Theorem
12
2

3
BG Substitute 12 Ior BD.
18 BG Multiply each side by the reciprocal,
3

2
.
Then DG BG BD 18 12 6.
So, DG 6 and BG 18.
Eercises for Eample 1
ln POR, S is the centroid,

PO

PO ,

5
UO 5, TR 3, and SU 2.
1. Eind RU and RS.
2. Eind the perimeter oI PQR.
EXAMPLE 1
Study Guide
For use with pages 318-327
LE88N
5.4
Use medians and altitudes of triangles.
Vocabulary
A median of a triangle is a segment Irom a vertex to the midpoint
oI the opposite side.
The point oI concurrency oI the three medians oI a triangle is called
the centroid, and is always inside the triangle.
An altitude of a triangle is the perpendicular segment Irom a vertex
to the opposite side or to the line that contains the opposite side.
The point at which the lines containing the three altitudes oI a triangle
intersect is called the orthocenter oI the triangle.
Theorem 5.8 Concurrency of Medians of a Triangle: The medians
oI a triangle intersect at a point that is two thirds oI the distance Irom
each vertex to the midpoint oI the opposite side.
Theorem 5.9 Concurrency of Altitudes of a Triangle: The lines
containing the altitudes oI a triangle are concurrent.
GOAL L
E
S
S
O
N

5
.
4

C
u
u
]
|
i

|
t

|
]

M
c
0
u
u

o
l

|
i
t
t
e
l
l
,

o

J
i
.
i
s
i
u
r

u

|
u
u

|
t
u
r

M
i

i
r

C
u
a
u
o
r
]
.
eoetry
C|oute| 5 Resuu|ce Buu| 58
Study Guide continued
For use with pages 318-327
LE88N
5.4
Find the centroid of a triangle
The vertices of ABC are A(0, 0), B(4, 10), and C(8, 2). Find the
coordinates of the centroid P of ABC.
Solution
Sketch ABC. Then use the Midpoint Eormula to fnd the midpoint D oI

AC and
sketch median

BD .
D

0 8

2
,
0 2

2

D(4, 1)

0, 0
4, 10
8, 2
4, 4
4, 1
The centroid is two thirds oI the distance Irom
each vertex to the midpoint oI the opposite side.
The distance Irom vertex B(4, 10) to D(4, 1)
is 10 1 9 units. So, the centroid is

2

3
(9) 6 units down Irom B on

BD .
The coordinates oI the centroid P are (4, 10 6) or (4, 4).
Eercises for Eample 2
Find the coordinates of the centroid of the triangle with the
given vertices.
3.

0, 0 10, 0
,
4.

, 2
, 6
7, 10
5.

1, 2
10,
, 10
6.

,
,
,
EXAMPLE 2
L
E
S
S
O
N

5
.
4
Answer Key
Lesson 5.4
Study Guide
1. RU 5 6, RS 5 4
2. 26
3. (5, 2)
4. (25, 6)
5. (2, 6)
6. (3, 0)

C
u
u
]
|
i

|
t

|
]

M
c
0
u
u

o
l

|
i
t
t
e
l
l
,

o

J
i
.
i
s
i
u
r

u

|
u
u

|
t
u
r

M
i

i
r

C
u
a
u
o
r
]
.
eoetry
C|oute| 5 Resuu|ce Buu| 12
Study Guide
|cr use wit| paes J28-JJ4
LE88N
5.5
Find possible side lengths of a triangle.
Vocabulary
Theorem 5.10: II one side oI a triangle is longer than another side,
then the angle opposite the longer side is larger than the angle opposite
the shorter side.
Theorem 5.11: II one angle oI a triangle is larger than another angle,
then the side opposite the larger angle is longer than the side opposite
the smaller side.
Theorem 5.12 Triangle Inequality Theorem: The sum oI the lengths
oI any two sides oI a triangle is greater than the length oI the third side.
GOAL
Write measurements in order from least to greatest
Write the measurements of the triangle in order from least to greatest.
a.

b.

Solution
a. b.

Eercises for Eample 1
Write the measurements of the triangle in order from least to greatest.
1.

2.

3.

4.

EXAMPLE 1

C
u
u
]
|
i

|
t

|
]

M
c
0
u
u

o
l

|
i
t
t
e
l
l
,

o

J
i
.
i
s
i
u
r

u

|
u
u

|
t
u
r

M
i

i
r

C
u
a
u
o
r
]
.
eoetry
C|oute| 5 Resuu|ce Buu| 13
5. A triangle has sides that are about 33, 18, and 24 centimeters long and angles oI
about 32, 103, and 45. Sketch and label a diagram with the shortest side on
the bottom and the largest angle at the leIt.
6. A right triangle has sides that are 16, 34, and 30 inches long and angles oI 90,
about 28, and about 62. Sketch and label a diagram with the shortest side on
the bottom and the right angle at the leIt.
Study Guide ccrtirueJ
|cr use wit| paes J28-JJ4
LE88N
5.5
Find possible side lengths
A triangle has one side of length 13 and another side of length 16.
Describe the possible lengths of the third side.
Solution
Iet represent the length oI the third side. Draw diagrams to help visualize the small
and large values oI . Then use the Triangle Inequality Theorem to write and solve
the inequalities.
Small values of Large values of

13 > 16
> 3
13 16 >

29 > , or 29
The length oI the third side must be greater than 3 and less than 29.
Eercises for Eample 2
Two sides of a triangle are given. Describe the possible lengths of
the third side.
7. 2 centimeters and 5 centimeters 8. 7 inches and 12 inches
9. 4 Ieet and 10 Ieet 10. 11 meters and 10 meters
11. 9 inches and 25 inches 12. 1 mile and 8 miles
EXAMPLE 2

Answer Key
Lesson 5.5
Study Guide
1. mA < mC < mB; BC < AB < AC
2. mE < mF < mD; DF < DE < EF
3. mH < mI < mG; GI < GH < HI
4. mJ < mL < mK; KL < JK < JL
5. 6.
7. greater than 3 cm and less than 7 cm
8. greater than 5 in. and less than 19 in.
9. greater than 6 ft and less than 14 ft
10. greater than 1 m and less than 21 m
11. greater than 16 in. and less than 34 in.
12. greater than 7 mi and less than 9 mi

C
u
u
]
|
i

|
t

|
]

M
c
0
u
u

o
l

|
i
t
t
e
l
l
,

o

J
i
.
i
s
i
u
r

u

|
u
u

|
t
u
r

M
i

i
r

C
u
a
u
o
r
]
.
eoetry
C|oute| 5 Resuu|ce Buu| 8
Use the Hinge Theorem and its converse
Complete the statement with <, >, or .
a. JL ? S1 b. m DEG ? m FEG

Solution
a. You are given that

JK

SR and

KL

R1 . Because 59 60, by
the Hinge Theorem, JL S1.
b. You are given that

DE

FE and you know that

EG

EG by the
Refexive Property. Because 15 inches > 14 inches, DG > FG. So,
by the Converse oI the Hinge Theorem, m DEG > m FEG.
Eercises for Eample 1
Complete the statement with <, >, or . .
1. m 1 ? m 2 2. AB ? CD

EXAMPLE 1
Study Guide
|cr use wit| paes JJb-J41
LE88N
5.
Use inequalities to make comparisons in two triangles.
Vocabulary
Theorem 5.13 Hinge Theorem: II two sides oI one triangle are
congruent to two sides oI another triangle, and the included angle oI
the frst is larger than the included angle oI the second, then the third
side oI the frst is longer than the third side oI the second.
Theorem 5.14 Converse of the Hinge Theorem: II two sides oI one
triangle are congruent to two sides oI another triangle, and the third side
oI the frst is longer than the third side oI the second, then the included
angle oI the frst is larger than the included angle oI the second.
In an indirect proof, you start by making the temporary assumption
that the desired conclusion is Ialse. By then showing that this assumption
leads to a logical impossibility, you prove the original statement true
by contradiction.
GOAL
L
E
S
S
O
N

5
.
6

C
u
u
]
|
i

|
t

|
]

M
c
0
u
u

o
l

|
i
t
t
e
l
l
,

o

J
i
.
i
s
i
u
r

u

|
u
u

|
t
u
r

M
i

i
r

C
u
a
u
o
r
]
.
eoetry
C|oute| 5 Resuu|ce Buu| 81
Study Guide ccrtirueJ
|cr use wit| paes JJb-J41
LE88N
5.
Solve a multi-step problem
Tree You and a Iriend walk away Irom a tree in opposite directions. You both walk 20
yards, then change direction and walk 5 yards. You start due east and then turn 45 to-
ward north. Your Iriend starts due west and then turns 40 toward south. Who is Iarther
Irom the tree?
Draw a diagram as shown below. Use linear pairs to fnd and mark the included angles
oI 135 and 140.
Tree
Your Iriehd
You
5 yd
20 yd 5 yd
20 yd 140
40
45
135
N
Because 140 > 135, your Iriend is Iarther Irom the tree by the Hinge Theorem.
EXAMPLE 2
Write an indirect proof
Write an indirect proof to show that the sum of an odd number and 2 is
also an odd number.
GIVEN: x is an odd number.
PROVE: x 2 is an odd number.
STEP 1 Assume temporarily that x 2 is an even number. This means that
x 2

2
n
Ior some whole number n. So, solving Ior x gives x 2(n 1).
STEP 2 II x is odd, then, by defnition, x cannot be divided evenly by 2. However,
x 2(n 1) so
x

2

2(n 1)

2
n 1. We know that n 1 is a whole
number because n is a whole number, so x can be divided evenly by 2. This
contradicts the given statement that x is odd.
STEP 3 ThereIore, the assumption that x 2 is an even number must be Ialse, which
proves that x 2 is an odd number.
Eercises for Eamples 2 and 3
3. In Example 2, suppose you walk 20 yards away Irom the tree due south and
then turn 40 toward east and walk 5 yards. Compare your distance Irom the
tree to your Iriend`s distance Irom the tree.
Write a temporary assumption that you could make to prove the
conclusion indirectly.
4. II xy 0 and x > 0, then y 0.
5. II ABC is isosceles and m A 100, then m B m C.
EXAMPLE 3
L
E
S
S
O
N

5
.
6
Answer Key
Lesson 5.6
Study Guide
1. 5; Two sides of the rst triangle are congruent
to two sides of the second triangle, and the third side of the rst triangle is neither longer nor shorter than the
third side of the second triangle. So, by the Converse of the Hinge Theorem, the included angle of the rst
triangle is neither longer nor shorter than the included angle of the second
triangle.
2. <; Because
}
AD >
}
BC ,
}
BD >
}
BD , and mADB < mCBD, then by the Hinge Theorem, AB < CD.
3. You and your friend are the same distance from the tree.
4. y 0
5. mB mC