Pakistan Studies

April 30
2011
Muhammad Asim Rashid {Registration No 10D2-310010}
Distant
Learning
Assignment
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Q-01
Two-Nation Theory
The Two-Nation Theory (Urdu: ) is the ideology that the primary identity
of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent is their religion, rather than their language or ethnicity,
and therefore Indian Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nationalities, regardless of ethnic or
other commonalities. The Two Nation Theory was a founding principle of the Pakistan
Movement (i.e. the Ideology of Pakistan), and the Partition of India in 1947. The ideology that
religion is the determining factor in defining the nationality of Indian Muslims is also a source of
inspiration to several Hindu nationalist organizations, with causes as varied as the redefinition of
Indian Muslims as non-Indian foreigners in India, the expulsion of all Muslims from India,
establishment of a legally Hindu state in India, prohibition of conversions to Islam, and the
promotion of conversions or reconversions of Indian Muslims to Hinduism.
There are varying interpretations of the Two-Nation Theory, based on whether the two
postulated nationalities can coexist in one territory or not, with radically different implications.
One interpretation argued for sovereign autonomy, including the right to secede, for Muslim-
majority areas of the Indian subcontinent, but without any transfer of populations (i.e. Hindus
and Muslims would continue to live together). A different interpretation contends that Hindus
and Muslims constitute "two distinct, and frequently antagonistic, ways of life, and that therefore
they cannot coexist in one nation." In this version, a transfer of populations (i.e. the total removal
of Hindus from Muslim-majority areas and the total removal of Muslims from Hindu-majority
areas) is a desirable step towards a complete separation of two incompatible nations that "cannot
coexist in a harmonious relationship".
Opposition to the theory has comes from two sources. The first is the concept of a single Indian
nation, of which Hindus and Muslims are two intertwined communities. This is a founding
principle of the modern, officially-secular, Republic of India. Even after the formation of
Pakistan, debates on whether Muslims and Hindus are distinct nationalities or not continued in
that country as well. The second source of opposition is the concept that while Indians are not
one nation, neither are the Muslims or Hindus of the subcontinent, and it is instead the relatively
homogeneous former provincial units of the subcontinent which are true nations and deserving of
sovereignty.
Allama Iqbal's statement
Allama Iqbal's statement explaining the attitude of Muslim delegates to the Round-Table
Conference issued in December, 1933 was a rejoinder to Jawahar Lal Nehru's statement. Nehru
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had said that the attitude of the Muslim delegation was based on reactionarism. Iqbal
concluded his rejoinder with:
In conclusion I must put a straight question to pundit Jawahar Lal, how is India's problem to
be solved if the majority community will neither concede the minimum safeguards necessary
for the protection of a minority of 80 million people, nor accept the award of a third party;
but continue to talk of a kind of nationalism which works out only to its own benefit? This
position can admit of only two alternatives. Either the Indian majority community will have
to accept for itself the permanent position of an agent of British imperialism in the East, or
the country will have to be redistributed on a basis of religious, historical and cultural
affinities so as to do away with the question of electorates and the communal problem in its
present form.
Q-02

Historical Services of Hazrat Mujadid Alf Sani.
He is described as Mujaddid Alf Thn, meaning the "reviver of the second millennium", for his
work in rejuvenating Islam and opposing the heterodoxies prevalent in the time
of Mughal Emperor Akbar. He is said to have had considerable and longlasting influence in India
and to have given "to Indian Islam the rigid and conservative stamp it bears today."
Most of the Naqshband suborders today, such as
the Mujaddid, Khlid, Saif, Thir, Qasimiya and Haqqn sub-orders, trace their spiritual
lineage through Shaykh Sirhindi, often referring to themselves as "Naqshband-Mujaddid".
Movement for Revival of Islam Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi's preaching and revival was a reaction
to the secular policies of Mughal emperor Akbar. He denounced Akbar's policy of sull-i
kul (mixing all religions into one), and reigns one where "the sun of guidance was hidden behind
the veil of error." Sirhindi believed that "what is outside the path shown by the prophet (Sharia)
is forbidden." He wrote, "Cow-sacrifice in India is the noblest of Islamic practices.
The kafirs may probably agree to pay jiziya but they shall never concede to cow-
sacrifice." However, Yohanan Friedmann has argued that there is no evidence that Sirhindi or
his disciples spread "anti-Hindu sentiments wherever they went."

Obedience to Muslim authority
Sirhindi's forthrightly dogmatic views about the subservience of the Kuffar (infidels) ie Non-
Muslims, had a great influence in reshaping the thinking of many Indian Muslims, who had so
far been living in a relatively liberal and tolerant society for centuries, especially so after the far-
reaching effects of Akbar's educational reforms. In his letter no.163 he stated
"The honour of Islam lies in insulting kufr and kafirs.
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One who respects the kafirs dishonours the Muslims...The real purpose of levying jiziya on them
is to humiliate them to such an extent that they may not be able to dress well and to live in
grandeur. They should constantly remain terrified and trembling. It is intended to hold them
under contempt and to uphold the honor and might of Islam."

Q-03

Role of Ali Garh & Deoband Educational movements. Shah Waliullah started the renaissance of
Islam in the Indian sub-continent. His doctrine, his ideology, and his Da'wa (preaching) towards
the revival of faith are the foundations of all the political, religious and educational organizations
of Muslims of the sub-continent.
He appeared on the scene with his Da'wa and philosophy at a time when the Mughal Empire was
crumbling and the political and social life of Muslims had started declining and as a sign of the
doomsday the sun of a new social and political value had started rising from the West. Shah
Waliullah foresaw the dangerous situation that was to arise in future. He made the seminary of
his father, Shah Abdur Raheem, the headquarters of his movement from where he started
spreading his message. He lectured, wrote books and articles which gave Muslims a sense of
self-respect and reignited in them the spirit of Iman (faith).
The basic elements of his movement were: Protection of the faith; reform of beliefs; purification
of soul; purification of the society; reconstruction of Islamic politics; and for all of these
launching of an educational movement. This movement had in it a message of revolution for the
already shattered Muslim community of India. After the death of Shah Waliullah his enterprising
son Shah Abdul Aziz took over the reins of his movement. He made his madarsa (religious
school) the centre of the movement. On the one hand he gave lectures to his pupils and on the
other he sparked in them the spirit of Jihad. Syed Ahmed Shaheed and Shah Ismail Shaheed took
their lessons of sacrificing their lives for Deen from this very Madarsa of Shah Abdul Aziz.
In the meanwhile the sun of Western Political Power had started shining in its full glory all over
the Indian subcontinent and the condition of Muslims went from bad to worse. Shah Abdul Aziz
passed away and Syed Ahmed Shaheed's Jihad movement also failed. But the centre of all these
activities, Madarsa Shah Abdul Aziz, continued to function.
Just after nine years of the foundation of Dar-ul-Uloom, in May 1875, Sir Syed established the
MAO College at Aligarh, later to be known as Aligarh Muslim University. Basically there was
no contradiction between Aligarh Movement and Deoband Movement. And how could it be
when Maulana Qasim himself wanted the students of Dar-ul-Uloom to learn modern sciences
after the completion of their studies in Deoband.
However, the fact cannot be ignored that there was a time when a gap arose between Aligarh and
Deoband and remained there for quite some time. This gulf arose due to a misunderstanding that
the Ulema of Deoband were opposed to Aligarh Movement; they denied the importance of
modern sciences; and regarded the learning of English and joining schools and colleges as un-
Islamic. There were, of course, some factors that contributed more to it. The first thing was that
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after being deprived of their throne and power, Muslims were so enraged and had become so
anti-British that the desire to take revenge was always there in their hearts. On top of that the
onslaught of Christian Missionaries on Islam and their efforts to convert Muslims to Christians
made them even more furious. As a natural corollary Muslims hated and opposed everything
related to the British. So they saw the establishment of the MAO College as a trap laid by the
British.
The second thing was that even before establishing MAO College Sir Syed had become a
controversial figure among the Muslims. Some of his writings gave the impression that he gave
equal importance to Religion and Science. On the miracles of Shaq-qul Qamar, Ma'raj, hell and
heaven, Satan, Angels and Jinns he differed with the general consensus of the Ulema and wrote
articles that go against the basic beliefs of Islam. Although he claimed that he had taken these
ideas from Shah Waliullah, Syed Ahmed Shaheed and Shah Ismail Shaheed, the fact remains that
such thoughts do not correspond with the beliefs of these Ulema. Similarly it was not only the
Deobandi Ulema who opposed him on these issues, his own colleagues and friends in the Aligarh
Movement had serious differences with him. The impact of these aspects of Sir Syed's views on
Muslims was that they avoided sending their children to MAO College. The Ulema differed with
Sir Syed's religious beliefs only and not his educational movement.

Q-04

Causes, Events & Objectives of All India Muslim League
The All-India Muslim League,(Urdu: ), was founded by the All India
Muhammadan Educational Conference at Dhaka, now Bangladesh), in 1906, in the context of the
circumstances that were generated over the partition of Bengal in 1905. Being a political party to
secure the interests of the Muslim diaspora in British India, the Muslim League played a decisive
role during the 1940s in the Indian independence movement and developed into the driving force
behind the creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state in the Indian subcontinent.
Muslim rule was established across India between the 8th and the 14th centuries* (Need
reference). The Muslim Mughal Empire ruled most of India from the early 16th century, but
suffered a major decline in the 18th century. The decline of the Mughal Empire and its successor
states like Avadh led to a feeling of discontentment among Muslim elites. Muslims represented
about 25-30% of the population of British India, and constituted the majority of the population
in Baluchistan, East Bengal, Kashmir valley, North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab, and
the Sindh region of the Karachi Presidency.
In the late 19th century an Indian nationalist movement developed with the Indian National
Congress being founded in 1885 as a forum that became a political party subsequently. The
Congress made no conscious efforts to enlist the Muslim community in its struggle for Indian
independence. Although some Muslims were active in the Congress, majority of Muslim leaders
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did not trust the Hindu predominance and most of the Muslims remained reluctant to join the
Congress Party.
A turning point came in 1900 when the British administration in the largest Indian state,
the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh), acceded to popular demands and made Hindi, written
in the Devanagari script, the official language. This seemed to aggravate minority fears that the
Hindu majority would seek to suppress their religion in an independent India. A British
official, Sir Percival Griffiths, wrote of these perceptions: "the minority belief that their interest
must be regarded as completely separate from those of the majority, and that ethnic tensions
between the two communities was possible."
On December 29, 1930 Sir Muhammad Iqbal delivered his monumental presidential address to
the All India Muslim League annual session. He said:
I would like to see Punjab, North-West Frontier Province (Now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa),
Sindh and Balochistan amalgamated into a single state. Self-government within the
British Empire or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-
West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least
of North-West India.
Sir Muhammad Iqbal did not use the word "Pakistan" in his address. According to some
scholars, Iqbal had not presented the idea of a separate Muslim State; rather he wanted a large
Muslim province by amalgamating Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and Baluchistan into a big North-
Western province within India. They argued that "Iqbal never pleaded for any kind of partition of
the country. Rather he was an ardent proponent of a 'true' federal setup for India.... And wanted a
consolidated Muslim majority within the Indian Federation".
At a League conference in Lahore in 1940, Jinnah said: "Hindus and the Muslims belong to two
different religions, philosophies, social customs and literature.... It is quite clear that Hindus and
Muslims derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics,
different heroes and different episodes.... To yoke together two such nations under a single state,
one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and
final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state."
At Lahore the League formally recommitted itself to creating an independent Muslim state,
including Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan, the North West Frontier Province and Bengal, that would
be "wholly autonomous and sovereign". The resolution guaranteed protection for non-Muslim
religions. The Lahore Resolution was adopted on March 23, 1940, and its principles formed the
foundation for Pakistan's first constitution. Talks between Jinnah and Gandhi in 1944
in Bombay failed to achieve agreement. This was the last attempt to reach a single-state solution.
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Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman seconding the Resolution with Jinnah presiding the session.
In the 1940s, Jinnah emerged as a leader of the Indian Muslims and was popularly known
as Quaid-e-Azam (Great Leader). In the Constituent Assembly elections of 1946, the League
won 425 out of 496 seats reserved for Muslims (and about 89.2% of Muslim votes) on a policy
of creating an independent state of Pakistan, and with an implied threat of secession if this was
not granted. Gandhi, Maulana Azad and Nehru, who with the election of another Labor
government in Britain in 1945 saw independence within reach, were adamantly opposed to
dividing India.
Q-05

Lahore Resolution

At a League conference in Lahore in 1940, Jinnah said: "Hindus and the Muslims belong to two
different religions, philosophies, social customs and literature.... It is quite clear that Hindus and
Muslims derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics,
different heroes and different episodes.... To yoke together two such nations under a single state,
one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and
final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state."
At Lahore the League formally recommitted itself to creating an independent Muslim state,
including Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan, the North West Frontier Province and Bengal, that would
be "wholly autonomous and sovereign". The resolution guaranteed protection for non-Muslim
religions. The Lahore Resolution was adopted on March 23, 1940, and its principles formed the
foundation for Pakistan's first constitution. Talks between Jinnah and Gandhi in 1944
in Bombay failed to achieve agreement. This was the last attempt to reach a single-state solution.
Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman, seconding the Resolution with Jinnah presiding the session.
In the 1940s, Jinnah emerged as a leader of the Indian Muslims and was popularly known
as Quaid-e-Azam (Great Leader). In the Constituent Assembly elections of 1946, the League
won 425 out of 496 seats reserved for Muslims (and about 89.2% of Muslim votes) on a policy
of creating an independent state of Pakistan, and with an implied threat of secession if this was
not granted. Gandhi, Maulana Azad and Nehru, who with the election of another Labor
government in Britain in 1945 saw independence within reach, were adamantly opposed to
dividing India.

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Q-07
Islamic Provisions of Constitution of 1973
INTRODUCTION
On 7th April, 1972 the national assembly of Pakistan appointed a committee to prepare a draft of
the permanent constitution of Pakistan. A bill to provide a constitution was introduced by the
committee in the Assembly on February 2, 1973. The Assembly passed the bill on 19th April,
1973 and at last the constitution came into force on 14th August 1973.
The present constitution (1973) provides for the protection and preservation of Islamic Concept
of life. It also attempts to propagate and implement the basic teachings of Islam.
ISLAMIC PROVISIONS OF 1973 CONSTITUTION
The following are the Islamic provisions of 1973 constitution based on the principles of Holy
Quran and Sunnah.
1. Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Pakistan shall be known as Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
2. State Religion
Islam shall be the state religion of Pakistan.
3. Sovereignty Belongs to Allah
Sovereignty over the entire Universe belongs to Almighty Allah and the authority bestowed by
him on men is a sacred trust which the people of Pakistan will exercise with the limits prescribed
by Quran and Sunnah.
4. Definition of a Muslim
The constitution also gives the definition of a Muslim. A person who believes in Tauheed or
Oneness of Allah and in the prophet hood of Hazrat Mohammad (P.B.U.H) as the last prophet of
Allah has described as a Muslim.
5. A Muslim to be a President and Prime Minister
The constitution lay down that only Muslims shall be elected president and Prime Minister of
Pakistan. Non non-Muslim could hold these offices.
6. Islamic way of life
Steps shall be given to enable the Muslims of Pakistan to order their lives in accordance with the
fundamental principles and basic concepts of Islam.
7. Promotion of Social Justice and Eradication of Social Evils
The State shall take necessary steps for prosecution of social justice and eradication of social
evils and shall prevent prostitution, gambling and taking of injurious drugs, printing, publication,
circulation and display of obscene literature and advertisements.
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8. Teachings of Holy Quran
The state shall try to make the teachings of Holy Quran and Islamiat compulsory to encourage
and facilitate the learning of Arabic language.
9. Strengthen Bond, with Muslim World
The state shall endeavor to strengthen fraternal relations among Muslim countries in order to
promote Islamic unity.
10. Council of Islamic Ideology
There is a council of Islamic Ideology which shall guide the government in respect of Islamic
teachings, their implementation and propagation. Its chairman and members are appointed by
President. Although its advice is not binding on the government yet it is not easy for any
government to ignore or over rule its suggestion or opinion regarding any law.
11. Error Free Publication of Quran
The government shall endeavor to secure correct and exact printing and publishing of the Holy
Quran.
12. Oath to Project and Promote Islamic Ideology
The federal and Provincial Ministers, the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the National and
Provincial Assemblies, the chairman of the Senate and the Governors and Chief Ministers of the
Provinces also take oath to preserve and protect the Islamic Ideology.
13. Ahmadis A Non-Muslim Minority
According to the second amendment of 1973 constitution, the Qadiani group or the Lahori group
who call themselves Ahmadis were declared as Non-Muslim minority.
CONCLUSION
The 1973 constitution enlisted the main principles of State Policy Maximum efforts were made
to improve the character of this constitution. Like other constitutions, 1973 constitution of
Pakistan also provides for the protection, propagation and enforcement of Islamic Ideology.
Q-08
Geographical Importance of Pakistan
Pakistan covers an area of 796,095 km
2
(307,374 sq mi), approximately equaling the combined
land areas of France and the United Kingdom. It is the 36thlargest nation by total area although
this ranking varies depending on how the disputed territory of Kashmir is counted. Apart from
the 1,046 km (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea, Pakistan's land borders a total of
6,774 km (4,209 mi)2,430 km (1,510 mi) with Afghanistan, 523 km (325 mi) with China,
2,912 km (1,809 mi) with India and 909 km (565 mi) with Iran.
[21]
The territory it controls
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mostly lies between latitudes 23 and 37 N (a small area is north of 37), and
longitudes 61 and 78 E (a small area is west of 61).
Geologically, Pakistan overlaps with the Indian tectonic plate in its Sindh and Punjab provinces,
while Balochistan and most of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa lie within the Eurasian plate which mainly
comprises the Iranian plateau. Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir lie mainly in Central Asia
along the edge of the Indian plate and are hence prone to violent earthquakes.
Topography of Pakistan
The geography of Pakistan is a blend of landscapes varying from plains to deserts, forests, hills,
and plateaus ranging from the coastal areas of the Arabian Sea in the south to the mountains of
the Karakoram range in the north. Pakistan is divided into three major geographic areas: the
northern highlands; the Indus River plain; and the Balochistan Plateau. The northern highlands of
Pakistan contain the Karakoram, Hindu Kush and Pamirmountain ranges, which incorporate
some of the world's highest peaks, including K2 (8,611 m/28,251 ft) and Nanga
Parbat (8,126 m/26,660 ft). The Balochistan Plateau lies to the West, and the Thar Desert in the
East. An expanse of alluvial plains lies in Punjab and Sindh along the Indus River. The 1,609 km
(1,000 mi) Indus River and its tributaries flow through the country from the Kashmir region to
the Arabian Sea.

Q-09
Agriculture & Its Problems in Pakistan
Economy of every state depends on three sectors i.e. agriculture, industry and commerce. These
three are interrelated with each other as the progress or retrogress of one sector effects the other
two. Pakistan is an agricultural state thus agriculture gains are of much importance than any
other sector. Importance of this sector is manifold as it feeds people, provides raw material for
industry and is a base for foreign trade. Foreign exchange earned from merchandise exports is
45% of total exports of Pakistan. It contributes 26% of GDP and 52% of the total populace is
getting its livelihood from it. 67.5% people are living in the rural areas of Pakistan and are
directly involved in it. There are two crops in Pakistan ie Rabi & Kharif.
Crop | Sowing season | Harvesting season
Kharif | April June | Oct Dec
Rabi | Oct Dec | April May
Major crops of Pakistan are wheat, rice, maize, cotton and sugar cane. These major
crops contributed 7.7% last year against the set target of 4.5%. Minor crops are canola, onions,
mangoes and pulses which contributed 3.6% as there was no virus attack last year. Fishery and
Forestry contributes 16.6% and 8.8% respectively.
Though the agricultural sector is facing problems in Pakistan yet the major chunk of money
comes from this sector. Following are the major causes of agricultural problems in Pakistan
which disturb the agricultural growth or development in Pakistan.
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Firstly, No mechanism has been adopted to eradicate the soil erosion and even after harvesting
nothing is done to improve or restore the soil energy. Therefore, the fertility of soil is decreasing
day by day. The thickness of fertile layer of soil in Pakistan is more than 6 inches but the average
yield is lower than other countries where layer of fertile soil is only 4 inches.
Secondly, water wastage is very high in our country. The archaic method of flood irrigation is
still in practice in whole of the country which wastes almost 50 to 60 percent of water. A new
irrigation system called drip irrigation system has been introduced in many parts of the world.
This not only saves water but also gives proper quantity of water according to the needs of
plants.
Thirdly, owing old methods of cultivation and harvesting, Pakistan has low yield per acre that
means the average crop in Pakistan is just 1/4th of that of advance states. Whereas Nepal, India
and Bangladesh are using modern scientific methods to increase their yield per acre. For this
purpose, these states are using modern machines to improve their yield.
Fourthly, the small farmers are increasing in our country as the lands are dividing generation by
generation. So, there are large numbers of farmers who own only 4 acres of land. These small
farmers do not get credit facilities to purchase seeds, pesticides, fertilizers etc. Additionally, a
large area of land is owned by feudal and the farmers, who work on their lands, are just tenants.
This uncertain situation of occupancy neither creates incentive of work nor does attract capital
investment.
Fifthly, water logging and salinity is increasing day by day. No effective measures have been
taken to curb it. As the storage capacity of the dams is decreasing so the water availability per
acre is also decreasing. Therefore, the farmers are installing more and more tube wells to irrigate
their crops. This is why salinity is becoming the major issue in most parts of Punjab and Sindh.
Sixthly, focusing more on land, crops and yield problems the man behind the plough is always
ignored. While formulating the 5 or 10 years plan, no emphasize has been laid on the importance
of solving the problems of farmers. Most of the farmers are illiterate, poor and ignorant. In this
wake the loans issued by ADBP or other banks are used by them in other fields like repayment of
debts, marriage of daughters etc, in spite of its befitting use in agricultural sector.
Lastly, The only mean of communication in rural areas is T.V or radio so it is urgently needed
on the part of these mass communication resources to air the programs related to the new
agricultural techniques and allied sciences. But these programs should be telecast in regional or
local languages. Because lack of guidance is the main reason of farmers backwardness. The
communication gap between well qualified experts and simple farmers have not been bridged.
Availability of these experts is not ensured in rural areas as they are reluctant to go there.
Pakistan is rich in fertile land yet the land is being wasted in different ways. 79.6% million
hectors of land is cultivable whereas only 20.43% million hectors is cultivated. The reason can
be described in two points.
1. A major area is owned by feudal. It is difficult to manage such a huge area so only that part
is cultivated which is easy to manage, the rest is left ignored.
2. The rise of industrialization has given threat to this sector. People are migrating to cities and
cities are expanding, thus new towns and colonies are constructed on fertile lands.



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Solutions for Agricultural Problems in Pakistan:
1. Feudalism should be abolished and lands should be allotted to poor farmers. This will
enhance the productivity and per acre yield of all the crops in Pakistan. Taxes
should be levied on Agricultural income but not without devising limit of land holding.
Otherwise it would directly affect poor farmers.
2. Federal Seed Certification and Federal Seed Registration is approved but it should take
responsible steps in approving seeds as it has already approved 36 new kinds of seeds.
Specially, those seeds should be banned which can create pest problem in near future. These
seeds are of cotton mainly. International seed makers are providing those seeds which are
not successful in our country as these seeds are not tested on our soil.
3. A new Agricultural policy must be framed in which following steps should be focused on.
- Small farmer must be focused. The major problems of small farmers should be solved
first.
- Consumer friendly policy must be projected.
- Productivity enhancement program must be constituted to adjust and support prices.
- Different Agricultural zones should be introduced. As Multan in famous for its Mangoes
and citrus fruits so it must be made Mango, citrus zone by which Perishable products should
be exported. This would enhance agro based industry and increase foreign reserves.
Pakistan Agricultural storage & Services Corporation needs to take steps in this regard.
- Corporate farming like giving lands to Mitchells, Nestle and Multinational companies is
also a good idea that will also help those who own a large area of fertile land but cant
manage it.
- Surplus vegetables and fruits must be exported. A Rs 39 million scheme has been
approved for the current fiscal year for establishment of agro export processing zone for
fruits, vegetables and flowers. This will also help in commercializing agriculture
- Latest machinery should be provided to the farmers to increase the per acre yield. This
provision should be on easy installments so that the farmers can avoid the burden of loans.
If possible subsidy should be given by the government of modern machinery.- Modern
techniques of irrigation can solve the problems of irrigation in Pakistan. This includes drip
irrigation and sprinkle irrigation methods. By using this technique the farmers can save a
huge sum of money which he pays for irrigation through tube wells and tractors.
- More dams should be constructed on Indus, Jehlum and Chenab rivers. This will enhance the
storage capacity of water and reduce the per acre cost of all the crops. This step will also reduce
the salinity chances of the lands as less tube well water will be flooded to the lands which cause
salinity.

Q-10
Relations between Pakistan & Saudi Arabia
The bilateral relations between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of
Pakistan are close and friendly. As two of the world's leading Islamic countries, Saudi Arabia
and Pakistan have sought to develop extensive commercial, cultural, religious and strategic
relations. A Muslim-majority state, Pakistan has sought to develop close bilateral ties with Saudi
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Arabia, the largest country on the Arabian Peninsula and home to the two holiest cities
of Islam, Makah and Medina and the destination of Muslim pilgrims from across the world.
Bilateral Relations
Saudi Arabia and Pakistan are leading members of the Organization of the Islamic
Conference (OIC). Saudi Arabia was one of the strongest supporters of Pakistan during
Pakistan's wars with India, especially opposing the creation of Bangladesh from
Pakistan's eastern wing in 1971. While it had supported Pakistan's stance on the Kashmir
conflict, it has since endorsed the Indo-Pakistani peace process. With Pakistan, it provided
extensive financial and political support to the Taliban and the Afghan mujahideen fighting
the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s. During the 1990-1991 Persian Gulf War,
Pakistan sent troops to protect the Islamic holy sites in Saudi Arabia, but strains developed when
some Pakistani politicians and Gen. Mirza Aslam Beg, the then-chief of staff of the Pakistani
army openly expressed support for Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq and its invasion
of Kuwait. Along with the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan were the only states
to recognize Taliban rule in Afghanistan. In May 1998, before Pakistan's Chagai-I nuclear tests,
Saudi Arabia promised to supply 50,000 barrels per day of free oil to help Pakistan cope with
likely economic sanctions in the aftermath.
Military Cooperation
Pakistan maintains close military ties with Saudi Arabia, providing extensive support, arms and
training for the Military of Saudi Arabia. Pilots of the Pakistan Air Force flew aircraft of
the Royal Saudi Air Force to repel an incursion from South Yemen in 1969. In the 1970s and
1980s, approximately 15,000 Pakistani soldiers were stationed in the kingdom. Saudi Arabia has
negotiated the purchase of Pakistani ballistic missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads. It is
also speculated that Saudi Arabia secretly funded Pakistan's and seeks to purchase atomic
weapons from Pakistan to enable it to counteract possible threats from arsenals of the weapons of
mass destruction possessed by Iran, Iraq and Israel. Both nations have received high-level
delegations of scientists, government and military experts seeking to study the development of a
nuclear program.
Cultural & Commercial Ties
Saudi Arabia has also provided extensive religious and educational aid to Pakistan, being a major
contributor to the construction of mosques and madrassas (religious schools) across Pakistan, the
Faisal Mosque (dedicated to King Faisal of Saudi Arabia) in Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan.
The major Pakistani city of Lyallpur was also renamed Faisalabad in honor of King Faisal in
1977. Saudi Arabia remains a major destination for immigration amongst Pakistanis, the number
of whom living in Saudi Arabia stands between 900,000 and 1 million (see Pakistanis in Saudi
Arabia). Saudi Arabia was a major supporter of the "Islamisation" program of the military ruler
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Gen. Zia-ul-Haq in the 1970s. In 2006, King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia was awarded the Nishan-
e-Pakistan, the highest civilian decoration of Pakistan.
Q-11
Socio Economic Problems of Pakistan

The most beautiful moment in the life of humans is when someone of their own blood calls them
mama or papa. Parents want to provide the newborn with the best of everything. He is
pampered, protected and taken care of. The blissful period of childhood soon gets over, and the
little human infant grows up to be an adult ready to face the challenges of the world he was born
in. He sees around him with a hope of finding the same perfection in everything which his
parents had provided him with. In no time, he realizes that the Utopian concept of a perfect
world should be confined to the fictional Island created by Thomas More in his widely renowned
novel only. That Utopia was far from reality and had nothing to do with the world around us. Its
a world abound with countless problems- social, economic, legal, political, spiritual and the list
goes on.
A. Social Problems
Pakistan has been facing a lot of social problems since its inception in 1947. In the start there
were the problems of lack of funds, rehabilitation of refugees, poor infrastructure and widespread
poverty of masses. Quaid-e-Azam tried his best to solve these problems and get the state
machinery working but due to his sudden death, he could not eradicate these problems
completely. Subsequent governments didnt pay considerable attention towards solution of
various social problems and thus they grew with the passage of time and became social evils.

At present the gravest problem that Pakistan is facing is its precarious law and order condition.
Terrorism has become a headache for federation and a nightmare for public. Government has
been helpless in eradicating terrorism despite beefing up security in metropolitan cities. Public
seeks answer to the question that what is their fault for which they are being punished by the
terrorists? People have become numerical figures, blown up in numbers every now and then.
Terrorists have not spared any place. Bazars, mosques, educational institutes, offices, hotels- you
name it and the place is not safe anymore.
Besides terrorism there are other social problems which are older and more widespread. The
biggest of these problems is poverty. 70% population of Pakistan lives in villages. Most of them
dont have access to adequate basic needs of life. They are struggling for bread and butter. A
large chunk of population lives below poverty line. They live in miserable conditions. Lack of
proper food, clothing and shelter, poor sanitation, unsafe and sometimes contaminated drinking
water are just some of their many problems. Poverty itself gives rise to various other social
problems. It deprives children of poor people to access education and healthcare. A sense of
deprivation manifests itself in form of various crimes. That is why every now and then we read
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crime stories in newspapers that are characterized by lower orders of society who adopt illegal
channels to get the financial prosperity which they cannot achieve otherwise.

Illiteracy is yet another problem of Pakistan. The literacy rate lingers on 56% and ironically it
also includes those people who can read and write their name in Urdu. Over the decades, despite
decreasing, illiteracy rate in Pakistan has shown an upward trend. Not only that but enrollment
ratio of students at primary level has shown a decreasing trend. The fact that 50 percent of
children do not complete their primary education testifies this fact. Uneducated adults contribute
negligibly to the national exchequer. Despite spending millions on it, government has failed to
achieve literacy rates comparable to other countries in South Asia. Private sector is doing
commendable job for the promotion of educational culture in Pakistan, but its main objective is
money-making. Schools and colleges are opened as a business prospect and thus many of them
lack quality.
Corruption is another huge social problem. According to latest report of Transparency
International, Pakistan has been ranked at 42nd number among the most corrupt nations of the
world. From clerical staff to higher offices and bureaucrats, all are involved in corruption of one
kind or the other. Corruption in government departments is so much deep-rooted that a common
concept prevails that the system doesnt let honest people to work peacefully. There is a lack of
accountability due to which wealthy people and those in power are sure that they cant be held
responsible for their deeds. So they keep on looting the national treasures and find ways to
legalize their black-money. Many corrupt people dont even bother to do that.
Unemployment is also regarded as a major social problem. Major portion of Pakistans
population consists of youth and a large number of young people who have the ability and are
willing to work are unemployed. Currently rate of unemployment as per official resources is
7.4% but according to some private estimates the rate of unemployment is 12%. There are many
reasons of unemployment like influx of machinery that has replaced manpower, lack of new
industries and defective education system. But the impacts of unemployment are more serious
and dangerous. People who dont find work here migrate to other countries with better prospects.
Also, people tired of making both ends meet due to unemployment indulge in nefarious activities
and ratio of crimes increases.
Child labor is widespread in Pakistan. Whether in bigger cities or in small villages, we find
innocent malnourished children employed in various forms of labor. They are working as
welders, mechanics, plumbers, electricians and in industries like carpet-weaving, glass and
football making. Meager wages are paid to these children and no facilities for education are
provided. Media and NGOs have always condemned child labor. In past, some countries refused
to import those goods from Pakistan in whose making children were employed. But despite all
these factors, due to growing inflation and poverty, parents are bound to send their children to
work to light their stoves.
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These are just few of the many social problems Pakistan is facing today. Population expansion
has been a real issue of concern for all governments. With limited resources it is very difficult to
cater to the needs of growing population. There is a great economic disparity among the people.
Poor are committing suicides out of hunger while rich are busy amassing more and more wealth.
These social problems directly affect the masses. Apart from these there are several economic
problems which have broken the backbone of national treasury.
B. Economic Problems
Economic prosperity serves as a backbone for the overall progress of a nation. One thing is
common in all developed nations- they are economically sound. When citizens of a country are
freed from the worries of earning a livelihood to sustain their lives, they divert their attention to
more useful things. They focus on education, improvise healthcare, develop technologies that
make life easy and much more. Poor economic condition is the root cause of so many problems
that exist in a society. Unfortunately, Pakistans economic conditions are pathetic. As if power
crises, lack of foreign investment for the development of industrial zones, backward and out-
dated technology were not enough, Pakistans indulgence in war on terrorism served as a fatal
blow to the already crumbling economic state.
Result is that all our important industries that once served as an important contributor to the
national GDP have been closed down. Sugar, cement and shoe industry is on its downfall while
textile industry is breathing its last. Foreign investors are not ready to setup their businesses in
Pakistan. They have their own set of problems which include painful and lengthy procedure of
getting licenses and work permits in Pakistan, power crises, terrorism and declining exports.
Multinational Companies are reluctant to open their offices and franchises in Pakistan. More than
70 MNCs have already packed up their business from Pakistan.
Stock Exchanges also depict a true picture of economic meltdown. Instable political system,
dictatorship in its worse form and non-effective democracy badly affect the rates of stocks listed
on the three stock exchanges of Pakistan. During this year, many times Karachi Stock Exchange
has plunged to its lowest point in the history of Pakistan. Local as well as foreign investors are
hesitant of investing large sums of money in stock exchange in fear of incurring unexpected loss.
Stock exchanges showed very poor performance throughout 2008. Situation was so precarious
that government had to freeze the market during last quarter of 2008. Also, recovery state of
stocks is alarming. Earlier when stock market used to plunge, it would recover in few days or
weeks. Now share prices take a nose-dive and take considerable time to generate profits.

Rate of inflation was never a two-digit figure in Pakistan, but in recent years it has seen an
unprecedented increase. Prices of all consumer products in general and food products in
particular are rocket high. Core inflation soared to 18.85% in first quarter of year 2009 until SBP
took steps to curb inflation through tight monetary policy. Cost of production increased due to
various factors. International increase in oil prices and Pakistans internal un-favorable business
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conditions are two important factors responsible for high rates of inflation. Consumer Price
Index (CPI) as well as Wholesale Price Index (WPI) is at all-time high. In contrast, purchasing
power of masses is at an all-time low.
Northern areas of Pakistan have been a place of great tourist attraction. The beautiful hills, the
lush green valleys, shimmering lakes and flowing waterfalls brought many a tourist from all over
the world to Pakistan. This contributed to foreign exchange. Tourism Industry was one of the
booming industries of Pakistan. Besides attracting foreign exchange, it also provided
employment to local people. Also, tourist industry was a source of friendly relations with other
countries. Nevertheless, war on terrorism has served as a serious blow to the tourism industry of
Pakistan. Local as well as foreign media has projected Pakistan as a dangerous and unsafe
country. Its poor law and order situation has alarmed the tourist and thus Northern areas no more
receive many tourists.
Due to war on terror, local people of war-ridden areas are migrating to other areas of Pakistan.
Country has seen the largest migration since independence in 1947. These people have left their
homes, businesses, possessions and property back home. This large influx of people and their
rehabilitation is an economic burden for Pakistan. Unemployment is already prevalent and now
the question of providing employment to these migrants has also become a serious concern. This
portion of population is contributing nothing worthwhile to the national income yet they have to
be benefited from it. This unproductive lot of people is a growing economic problem of Pakistan.

C. Remedies
Successive governments have taken steps to solve various socio-economic problems. But these
problems are so deep-rooted that they have not been successful in putting an end to these
problems. The problem lies in the fact that government focuses on one factor and ignores the
others related to it. For example, much emphasis is laid on beefing up security in big cities in
wake of terrorism. But nothing serious has been done to seal the unlawful entrance of arms from
across the border. Acids and explosive materials used for destruction by atomic bombs are easily
available in market at cheap prices. Ministers and other government officials enjoy the facilities
of squads of armed body guards while public places like markets, roads, shopping centers, bus
stands etc. are not adequately protected. To control terrorism, government needs to stop fighting
the proxy war on behalf of USA.
Secondly, there is a sheer need to curb corruption at all levels. The institutions of NAB and FIA
should be made more powerful to curb corruption. Culprits should not be allowed to escape out
of country. Rather strict punishments should be imposed on them. Not only they should be
strictly dealt with, but the wealth looted by them should be recovered and employed for the
welfare of people. Judiciary should be an independent institution. Currently Pakistan has
experienced a new era in the history of its judicial set-up. Judiciary is powerful but we have yet
to wait and see the results of independence of judiciary in Pakistan.
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Thirdly, poverty reduction should be top priority of government. Cottage industry and self-
business should be promoted. Agriculture is the backbone of Pakistans economy. It should be
strengthened by providing loans to farmers. Free of cost educations should be provided to
children in villages. Overall standard of living needs to be improved and inflation should be
controlled.
Lastly, for economic development, energy crises should be controlled. New dams should be built
and new methods of producing electricity should be utilized.
Conclusion:
As stated in the start of essay, no country is free from socio-economic problems. These problems
are present in every country but the winners are those who overcome most if not all of them.
Though Pakistan is currently facing a lot of socio-political and socio-economic problems but it
doesnt mean that it is going towards its end. Nations face multifarious problems but together
they work for towards the solution. The same is the need of hour. Government as well as every
single citizen of Pakistan has to play its own specific role to bring about a positive change.
Q-06
Injustices of Redcliff Award & Accession of princely states
Boundary-making procedures
All lawyers by trade, Radcliffe and the other commissioners had all of the polish and none of the
specialized knowledge needed for the task. They had no advisers to inform them of the well-
established procedures and information needed to draw a boundary. Nor was there time to gather
the survey and regional information. The absence of some experts and advisers, such as the
United Nations, was deliberate, to avoid delay. Britain's new Labor government "deep in
wartime debt, simply couldnt afford to hold on to its increasingly unstable empire. The absence
of outside participantsfor example, from the United Nationsalso satisfied the British
Government's urgent desire to save face by avoiding the appearance that it required outside help
to governor stop governingits own empire."
Political representation
In fact, minimizing the numbers of Hindus and Muslims on the wrong side of the line was not
the only concern to balance. The Punjab Border Commission was to draw a border through the
middle of an area home to the Sikh community. Lord Islay was rueful for the British not to give
more consideration to the community who, in his words, had "provided many thousands of
splendid recruits for the Indian Army" in its service for the crown in WWI. However, the Sikhs
were militant in their opposition to any solution which would put their community in a Muslim
ruled state. Moreover, many insisted on their own sovereign state, something no-one else would
agree to.
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Local knowledge
Before his appointment, Radcliffe had never visited India and knew no one there. To the British
and the feuding politicians alike, this liability was looked upon as an asset; he was considered to
be unbiased toward any of the parties, except of course Britain. Only his private secretary,
Christopher Beaumont, was familiar with the administration and life in the Punjab. Wanting to
preserve the appearance of impartiality, Radcliffe also kept his distance from Viceroy
Mountbatten.
Haste and indifference
Had the Commission been more careful, gaffes in the division could have been avoided? For
example, there were instances where the border was drawn leaving some parts of a village in
India and some in Pakistan. Since he had just a month, Radcliffe saw little point in being careful
to skirt villages. His border was drawn right through thickly populated areas instead of between
them. There were even instances where the dividing line passed through a single house with
some rooms in one country and others in the other.
Secrecy
To avoid disputes and delays, the division was done in secret. The final Awards were ready on 9
August and the 12 August, but not published until two days after the partition. According to
Read,
[24]
there is some circumstantial evidence that Nehru and Patel were secretly informed of
the Punjab Award's contents on August 9 or 10, either through Mountbatten or Radcliffe's Indian
assistant secretary. Regardless of how it transpired, the award was changed to put a salient east
of the Sutlej canal within India's domain instead of Pakistan's. This area consisted of two
Muslim-majority tehsils with a combined population of over half a million. There were two
apparent reasons for the switch: (1) the area housed an army arms depot and (2) contained the
headwaters of a canal which irrigated the princely state of Bikaner, which would accede to India.
Implementation
After the partition, the fledgling governments of India and Pakistan were left with all
responsibility to implement the border. After visiting Lahore in August, Viceroy Mountbatten
hastily arranged a Punjab Boundary Force to keep the peace around Lahore, but 50,000 men was
not enough to prevent thousands of killings, 77% of which were in the rural areas. Given the size
of the territory, the force amounted to less than 1 soldier per square mile. This was not enough to
protect the cities much less the caravans of the hundreds of thousands of refugees who were
fleeing their homes in what would become Pakistan.


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Major disputes regarding the Radcliffe Line
Chittagong Hill Tracts
Chittagong Hill Tracts had a majority non-Muslim population of 97% (most of them Buddhists),
but was given to Pakistan. The Chittagong Hill Tracts People's Association (CHTPA) petitioned
the Bengal Boundary Commission that, since the CHTs were inhabited largely by non-Muslims,
they should remain within India. Since they had no official representation, there was no official
discussion on the matter, and many on the Indian side assumed the CHT would be awarded to
India.
Gurdaspur District
Gurdaspur district, except for the sub-division of Shakargarh, was given to India. Gurdaspur
district consisted of the historic Islamic cities of Deoband, Bareilvi and the culture centers of
the Ahmadiyya community. Gurdaspur District had a slight Muslim majority (50.6 Muslim)
because the Ahmadiyya community was counted as Muslim, even though they had been declared
non-Muslim by Muslim clergy; there was a large concentration of Ahmediyas in that area
because their spiritual center Qadian is located in Gurdaspur district).
Malda District
Another disputed decision made by Radcliffe was division of the Malda district of Bengal. The
district overall had a slight Muslim majority, but was divided and most of it, including Malda
town, went to India. The district remained under East Pakistan administration for 34 days after
15 August 1947. It was only when the award was made public that the Pakistani flag was
replaced by the Indian flag in Malda.