Ch1 Metrology

|nnovanve - entrepreneur|a| - g|oba|
Chapter 1: Metrology
Dr. An|ta Ahmad
Iacu|ty of L|ectr|ca| Lng|neer|ng
Un|vers|n 1ekno|og| Ma|ays|a
81310 U1M Skuda|, Iohor
Ma|ays|a
1
www.utm.my |nnovanve - entrepreneur|a| - g|oba|
Introducnon
2
Metrology definition:

1. International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM)
the science of measurement, embracing both experiment
and theoretical determinations at any level of uncertainty in
any field of Science and Technology.

2. International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML)

Science of Measurement that concerns units, instruments &
method performed by competent bodies.
3. Generally defined as Science of Measurement.

Introducnon
3
Metrology may be divided into 3 subfields:

Scientific or fundamental metrology
concerns the establishment of measurement units, new measurement
methods, measurement standards and the transfer of traceability*
identification from these standards to users in society.

Applied or industrial metrology
concerns the application of measurement science to manufacturing,
suitability of measurement instruments, calibration and quality control of
measurements.

Legal metrology
concerns regulation of measurements and instruments for the protection
of health, public safety, the environment, enabling taxation & consumers
*Traceability-the ability to verify the history, location, or application of an item by means of recorded
1erm|no|ogy
4
Accuracy the closeness
agreement between a test result
& accepted reference value
Precision the closeness with a
repeated set of measurements of
the same variable agrees with the
average of the set of
measurements
Bias the difference between the
expectation of the test result & an
accepted reference value
I||| up the
target
accord|ng to
the |abe|s
5
1erm|no|ogy
6
Calibration the process of
adjusting the output or
indication on a measurement
instrument to agree with
value of the applied
standard, within a specified
accuracy
Measurement set of operations having the object of
determining a value of a quantity
1erm|no|ogy
7
Certification process performed by a third party that confirms
product, process or service to the standard (i.e ISO, HALAL etc.)
1erm|no|ogy
8
Metrological confirmation a set of operations required to
ensure that measuring equip. complied the requirement.
Correction - is an action to rectify, compensates for
uncorrected result of measurement.
Drift a slow change of a metrological characteristic of instr.
1erm|no|ogy
9
Error - difference between actual
behavior or measurement
Measurand - defined by a
particular method of measurement
and indicate what that method is
(i.e heart rate)
Metrology science of
measurement
National standard standard
recognized by a national decision
(i.e SIRIM, EU for UK)
1erm|no|ogy
(the study of terms and the|r use )
10
Nominal value
approximate value of instr.
that provides a guide to its
use

Repeatability the
closeness of agreement
between successive
measurements carried out
under the same conditions
1erm|no|ogy
11
Reproducibility The closeness of agreement between
measurement of the same quantity carried out with a stated
change in conditions. The ability of a test or experiment to be
accurately reproduced, or replicated, by someone else
working independently.

Result by Alice Result by Abu
1erm|no|ogy
12
Resolution The smallest change in a measured
variable to which and instrument will respond
1erm|no|ogy
13
Stability ability of equip. to maintain constant its
metrological characteristic
1erm|no|ogy
14
Traceability the
completeness of the
information about every
step in a process chain.
The ability to verify the
history, location, or
application of an item by
means of documented
recorded identification.
1erm|no|ogy
15
Uncertainty lack of certainty, range of values within which
the true value of a measurand lies.
Certainty vs uncertainty
1erm|no|ogy
16
Inspection involves measurement, investigation, testing in
order to fulfilled requirement
Quality relates to all characteristic that meet requirement/
need
Reference established quantity/entity/theory for comparison
Trueness the closeness agreement between test result and
reference
Verification investigation that specified requirements
fulfilled
Un|ts

17
of measurement define the definite magnitude of
physical quantity which adopt convention and law.
! Eg. Unit for physical quantity length is metre
The International System of units (SI unit) is a form of
metric sys. & divided in 3 classes
base units
derived units
supplementary units
Un|ts

18
Un|ts (SI)
19
Principles of the SI system

SI stands for Systme International dUnits, i.e. the International
System of Units. SI is the abbreviation used in all languages to
indicate the system.
The SI is constructed from seven base units, which are defined in
physical terms.
By combining these units in accordance with simple geometrical and
physical laws, we can arrive at the derived units.
In principle, the SI covers all application areas, although certain
units outside SI are so useful that they are accepted for general use
together with the SI (e.g degree, hour, day, minute)
8ase Un|ts

20
Fundamental unit refers to quantity
NAML SM8CL UAN1I1
k||ogram kg Mass
Second s 1|me
Meter m Length
Ampere A L|ectr|ca| current
ke|v|n k 1emperature
Mo|e mo| Amount of substance
Cande|a cd Lum|nous |ntens|ty
Der|ved Un|ts

21
Derivation/further ext./combination from unit of base unit
by means of the mathematical operations of
multiplication and division.

Der|ved quannty Der|ved un|t Symbo|
Area Square meLer m
2

volume Cublc meLer m
3

Speed, veloclLy MeLer per second ms
-1

Accelerauon MeLer per second square ms
-2

Angular veloclLy 8adlan per second rads
-1

Angular accelerauon 8adlan per second square rads
-2

uenslLy kllogram per cublc meLer kgm
-3
Magneuc eld lnLenslLy,
(Llnear currenL denslLy)
Ampere per meLer Am
-1
Der|ved Un|ts

22
Der|ved quannty Der|ved un|t Symbo|
CurrenL denslLy Ampere per square meLre Am
-2
MomenL of force newLon meLre nm
3

LlecLrlc eld sLrengLh volL per meLre vm
-1

ermeablllLy Penry per meLre Pm
-1

ermlmvlLy larad per meLre lm
-1

Speclc heaL capaclLy !oule per kllogram !kg
-1
k
-1

AmounL-of-subsLance
concenLrauon
Mol per cublc meLre molm
-3
lumlnance Candela per square meLre cdm
-2
Der|ved Un|ts

23
Der|ved quannty SI der|ved un|t
name
Symbo| In SI
un|ts
In SI base un|ts
lrequency PerLz Pz s
-1
lorce newLon n mkgs
-2

ressure, sLress ascal a nm
-2
m
-1
kg s
-2

Lnergy, work, quanuLy of
heaL
!oule ! nm m
2
kg s
-2

ower, radlanL ux Wau W !/s m
2
kg s
-3

LlecLrlc charge, quanuLy of
elecLrlclLy
Coulomb C s

A

LlecLrlc poLenual
dlerence, emf
volL v W/A m
2
kg s
-3
A
-1
LlecLrlc capaclLance farad l C/v m
-2
kg
-1
s
4
A
2
LlecLrlc reslsLance ohm v/A m
2
kg s
-3
A
-2
LlecLrlc conducLance Slemens S A/v m
-2
kg
-1
s
3
A
2
Der|ved Un|ts

24
Der|ved quannty SI der|ved un|t
name
Symbo| In SI
un|ts
In SI base un|ts
Magneuc ux Weber Wb vS m
2
kg s
-2
A
-1
Magneuc lnducuon,
magneuc ux denslLy
Lesla 1 Wb/m
2
kg s
-2
A
-1
lnducLance Penry P Wb/A m
2
kg s
-2
A
-2
Lumlnous ux Lumen lm Cd sr m
2
m
-2
cd=cd

lllumlnance Lux lx Lm/m
2
m
2
m
-4
cd=m
-2
cd

8adloacuvlLy (of a
radlonucllde)
becquerel 8q s
-1
Absorbed dose, kerma,
speclc energy
gray Cy !/kg m
2
s
-2
uose equlvalenL SleverL Sv !/kg m
2
s
-2
lane angle 8adlan rad m
1
m
-1
=1

Solld angle SLeradlan sr m
2
m
-2
=1

CaLalyuc acuvlLy kaLal kaL s
-1
mol

Der|ved Un|ts

25
Der|ved quannty SI der|ved un|t name Symbo| In SI base un|ts
uynamlc vlscoslLy ascal second as m
-1
kg s
-1
MomenL of force newLon meLre nm m
2
kg s
-2
Surface Lenslon newLon per meLre n/m kg s
-2
Angular veloclLy 8adlan per second rad/s m
1
m
-1
s
-1
= s
-1
Angular accelerauon 8adlan per second
squared
rad/s
2
m

m
-1
s
-2
= s
-2
PeaL ux denslLy Wau per square meLre w/m
2
kg s
-3
ermlmvlLy larad per meLre l/m

m
-3
kg
-1
s
4
A
2
ermeablllLy Penry per meLre P/m

m

kg s
-2
A
-2
Molar energy !oule per mole !/mol

m
2
kg s
-2
mol
-1
Molar enLropy, molar
heaL capaclLy
!oule per mole kelvln !/(molk)

m
2
kg s
-2
k
-1
mol
-1
Lxposure (and rays) Coulomb per kllogram C/kg

kg
-1
s

A

Absorbed dose raLe Cray per second Cy/s

m
2
s
-3
Der|ved Un|ts

26
Der|ved quannty SI der|ved un|t name Symbo| In SI base un|ts
8adlanL lnLenslLy Cray per second W/sr m
2
s
-3
radlance Wau per sLeradlan W/(m
2
sr) m
2
m
-2
kg s
-3
= kg
s
-3
CaLalyuc (acuvlLy)
concenLrauon
kaLal per cublc meLre kaL/m
3
m
-3
s
-1
mol

PeaL capaclLy, enLropy !oule per kelvln !/k m
2
kg s
-2
k
-1
Speclc heaL capaclLy,
speclc enLropy
!oule per kllogram
kelvln
!/(kg k) m
2
s
-2
k
-1
Speclc energy !/kg

m
2
s
-2
1hermal conducuvlLy Wau per meLre kelvln W/(m k)

m kg s
-3
k
-1
Lnergy denslLy !oule per cublc meLre !/m
3
m
-1
kg s
-2
LlecLrlc eld sLrengLh volL per meLre v/m

m kg s
-2
LlecLrlc charge denslLy Coulomb per cublc
meLre
C/m
3
m
-3
s

A

LlecLrlc ux denslLy Coulomb per square
meLre
C/m
2
m
-2
s

A

Supp|ementary Un|ts

27
Unit that is outside of SI but accepted
uannty Un|t Symbo| Va|ue |n SI un|ts
1lme MlnuLe, hour,
day
Mln, h, d 1 mln = 60 s
1 h = 60 mln = 3600s
1 day = 24 h = 1440 mln =
86400 s
lane angle uegree, mlnuLe,
second, grad
' " gon 1 = (n/180) rad
1' = (1/60)' = (n/10 800) rad
1" = (1/60)" (n/648 000) rad
1 gon = (n/200) rad ,
400 gon = 360
volume llLre l, L 1 l = 1 dm
3
= 10
-3
m
3
Mass MeLrlc Lonne L 1 L = 103 kg
ressure ln alr, uld bar bar 1 bar = 103 a
rehx

28
SI Prefix (for decimal multiple or submultiple - exponent
10
n
rehx Sym Short sca|e Long sca|e Dec|ma| equ|va|ent
10
24
youa ? sepulllon Cuadrllllon 1 000 000 000 000 000
000 000 000
10
21
zeua Z sexulllon 1rllllard (Lhousand
Lrllllon)
1 000 000 000 000 000
000 000
10
18
exa L Culnulllon 1rllllon 1 000 000 000 000 000
000
10
13
peLa Cuadrllllon 8llllard (Lhousand
bllllon)
1 000 000 000 000 000
10
12
Lera 1 1rllllon 8llllon 1 000 000 000 000
10
9
glga C 8llllon Mllllard (Lhousand
mllllon)
1 000 000 000
10
6
mega M Mllllon 1 000 000
10
3
kllo k 1housand 1 000
10
2
hecLo h Pundred 100
10
1
deca da 1en 10
rehx

29
SI Prefix (for decimal multiple or submultiple)
10
n
rehx Sym Short sca|e Long sca|e Dec|ma| equ|va|ent
10
0
none none one 1
10
-1
uecl d LenLh 0.1
10
-2
cenu c hundredLh 0.01
10
-3
mllll m LhousandLh 0.001
10
-6
mlcro mllllonLh 0.000 001
10
-9
nano n 8llllonLh MllllardLh 0.000 000 001
10
-12
plco p 1rllllonLh 8llllonLh 0.000 000 000 001
10
-13
LemLo f CuadrllllonL 8llllardLh 0.000 000 000 000 001
10
-18
auo a CulnulllonLh 1rllllonLh 0.000 000 000 000 000 001
10
-21
zapLo z SexulllonLh LrllllardLh 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 001
10
-24
yocLo y sepulllonLh quadrllllonLh 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000
0001
D|mens|on

30
parameter or measurement used to
describe some relevant characteristic of
an object.
dimensions is describing the size or
spatial characteristic of an object: length,
width, and height
also for other physical parameters such
as the mass and electric charge of an
object
D|mens|on

31
Dimension of Physical Quantities
Uses symbol M (mass), L (length), T (time) known as mech.
unit, Q (e charge), I - or A (current)
A derived unit of physical quantity
Example 1;
- Dimension of physical quantity SPEED is L/T (or in
units m/s, km/h, mph)

QUANTITY UNIT DIMENSION

SPEED m/s L/T
ulmenslon of a physlcal quanuLy ls Lhe LoLal of
all unlLs auached Lo lL.
lor example, speed ls glven as dlsLance ! ume,
meLres/second (m/s) MkS and cenumeLres/
second (cm/s) ln CCS sysLem.
ulmenslon of measuremenL of speed ,
[v] = [L]/[1]

D|mens|on

32
D|mens|on

33
Dimension of Physical Quantities

Example 2;
Velocity = length/time
[v] = [L]/[T] = [LT
-1
]

Acceleration = velocity/time
[a] = [v]/[T] = [LT
-1
]/[T
1
] = [LT
-2
]

Force = mass ! acceleration
[F] = [M] [LT
-2
] = [MLT
-2
]

D|mens|on

34
Dimensional Consistency

Dimensions and units must be handled consistently in any
algebraic calculation. Two quantities must have the same
dimensions and units.
CGS Un|t System

35
CGS (centimeter-gram-second) is a physical unit (similar
to mech. Units)

to include electric variants;
Electromagnetic unit mass, length, time &
permeability ()
Electrostatic unit mass, length, time &
permittivity (!)
D|mens|on Lqua. - L.S.U D|m.

36
E.S.U Electrostatic unit
Electrostatic units (cgs-esu) are defined in a way that simplifies the
description of interactions between static electric charges; there are no
corresponding magnetic units in this system.

a) Charge - Based on Coulombs law, the force
between two charges, Q1 and Q2 is F = Q
1
Q
2
/"d
2

where d = distance between two charge Q
1
and
Q
2
.

[MLT
-2
] = [Q
2
] / [".L
2
]
Dimension for charge, [Q] = ([MLT
-2
] [".L
2
] )
1/2
[Q] = ([M
1/2
L
3/2
T
-1
] ["
1/2
] )

" = 1/(4# "
0
) ; "
0
= 8.854187817!10
$12
F%m
$1

Coulomb constant = 8.9875 10
9
N%m
2
%C
-2


37
b) Current
[I] = [Q]/[T] = ["
1/2
M
1/2
L
3/2
T
-1
]/[T]
[I] = ["
1/2
M
1/2
L
3/2
T
-2
]

c) e.m.f. (electromotive force) or potential difference
[E] = [W]/[Q]
[E] = [ML
2
T
-2
]/["
1/2
M
1/2
L
3/2
T
-1
]
[E] = ["
-1/2
M
1/2
L
1/2
T
-1
]

W = work (Joule)


38
d) Capacitance, C
C = Q / E
[C] = [Q] / [E] = ["
1/2
M
1/2
L
3/2
T
-1
] / ["
-1/2
M
1/2
L
1/2
T
-1
]
[C] = ["L]

e) Resistance, R
[R] = [E]/ [ I ]
[R] = ["
-1/2
M
1/2
L
1/2
T
-1
] / ["
1/2
M
1/2
L
3/2
T
-2
]
[R] = ["
-1
L
-1
T]

39

f) Inductance, L

2 1 1
2 2 / 3 2 / 1 2 / 1
1 2 / 1 2 / 1 2 / 1
] [
] ][ [
] /[ ] [
] [
! ! !
!
! !
= = =
"
#
$
%
&
'
=
T L
T L M
T T L M
T I
E
L
dt
dI
E
L
(
(
(
D|mens|on Lqua. - L.M.U D|m.

40
E.M.U Electromagnetic unit
Electromagnetic units (cgs-emu) are defined especially for the
description of phenomena associated with moving electric
charges, i.e., electric currents and magnetic poles.

a) Pole strength
] [ ] [
] ][ [
] [
] [
2 / 1 1 2 / 3 2 / 1 2 2
2
2
2
2
2 1

! !
!
= =
=
= =
T L M L MLT m
L
m
MLT
d
m m
F Force

41

b) Magnetic force, H

c) Current d) Charge
] [
] [
] [
] [
] [
] [
1 2 / 1 2 / 1 2 / 1
1 2 / 3 2 / 1 2 / 1
2
! ! !
!
!
= = = T L M
T L M
MLT
m
F
H
] [ ] [
] [
] [
] [
2
1 2 / 1 2 / 1 2 / 1
1 2 / 1 2 / 1 2 / 1
! !
! ! !
=
=
=
T L M I
L
I
T L M
r
I
H
"
] [ ] [
] [ ] [ ] [
] ][ [ ] [
time current Charge
2 / 1 2 / 1 2 / 1
1 2 / 1 2 / 1 2 / 1
L M Q
T T L M Q
T I Q
!
! !
=
=
=
" =


42
E.M.U Electromagnetic unit
e) Potential voltage / Potential difference
Potential voltage = work/charge

f) Capacitance, C

] [
] [
] [
] [
] [
] [
2 2 / 3 2 / 1 2 / 1
2 / 1 2 / 1 2 / 1
2 2
!
!
!
= = = T L M
L M
T ML
Q
W
E
] [
] [
] [
] [
] [
] [
] [
2 1 1
2 2 / 3 2 / 1 2 / 1
2 / 1 2 / 1 2 / 1
T L
T L M
L M
C
E
Q
C
! !
!
!
= =
=


43
g) Resistance, R

h) Inductance, L

] [
] [
] [
] [
] [
] [
] [
1
1 2 / 1 2 / 1 2 / 1
2 2 / 3 2 / 1 2 / 1
!
! !
!
= =
=
LT
T L M
T L M
R
I
E
R
] [
] [
] ][ [
] [
] [
] /[ ] [
] /[ ] [
] [
] [
/
1 2 / 1 2 / 1 2 / 1
2 2 / 3 2 / 1 2 / 1
L
T L M
T T L M
L
I
T E
T I
E
L
dt dI
E
L
= =
= =
=
! !
!
MkS Un|t System

44
a) Charge
[Q] =[&
-1/2
M
1/2
L
1/2
]

MKS unit for length, meter (m),
1 m = 100 cm = 100 ! C.G.S. length unit
MKS unit for mass, kilogram (kg)
1 kg = 1000 g = 1000 ! C.G.S. mass unit
MKS unit for time, second (s)
1 s = 1 ! C.G.S. time unit
MKS unit for charge, kilogram (kg)
1 kg = 1000 g = 1000 ! C.G.S. mass unit
MKS unit for charge/CGS unit for charge = [&
-1/2
M
1/2
L
1/2
]
MKS charge unit = 10
-1
! C.G.S. e.m. unit charge
MKS charge unit = practical charge unit = 1 coulomb

1
2 / 1 2 / 1
2 / 1
7
10
1
100
1
1000
1
10
!
!
=
"
#
$
%
&
'
"
#
$
%
&
'
"
"
#
$
%
%
&
'
MkS Un|t System

45
b) Current
[I] = [&
-1/2
M
1/2
L
1/2
T
-1
]

MKS unit for current/ C.G.S. unit for current

MKS current unit = 10
-1
! C.G.S. current unit = 1 A

c) Emf
[E] = [&
1/2
M
1/2
L
3/2
T
-2
]
MKS unit for emf / C.G.S. unit got e.m.f =

MKS emf unit = 10
8
! C.G.S. Emf unit = 1 G volt

1
1 2 / 1 2 / 1
2 / 1
7
10
1
1
1
100
1
1000
1
10
!
!
!
=
"
#
$
%
&
'
"
#
$
%
&
'
"
#
$
%
&
'
"
"
#
$
%
%
&
'
8
1 2 / 3 2 / 1
2 / 1
7
10
1
1
1
100
1
1000
1
10
=
!
"
#
$
%
&
!
"
#
$
%
&
!
"
#
$
%
&
!
!
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
MkS Un|t System

d) Resistance, R
[R] =[&LT
-1
]

MKS unit for resistance / C.G.S. unit for resistance

MKS resistance unit= 10
9
! C.G.S. resistance unit = 10 G'

e) Inductance, L
[L] = [&L]

MKS unit for inductance / C.G.S. unit for inductance

MKS inductance unit = 10
9
! C.G.S. inductance unit = 10 GH
9
1
7
10
1
1
1
100
1
10
=
!
"
#
$
%
&
!
"
#
$
%
&
!
!
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
9
7
10
1
100
1
10
=
!
"
#
$
%
&
!
!
"
#
$
$
%
&
MkS Un|t System

47
f) Capacitance, C
[C] = [&
-1
L
-1
T
2
]

MKS unit for capacitance / C.G.S. unit for capacitance =

MKS capacitance unit = 10
-9
! C.G.S. capacitance unit = 10 nF

9
2 1
1
7
10
1
1
1
100
1
10
!
!
!
=
"
#
$
%
&
'
"
#
$
%
&
'
"
"
#
$
%
%
&
'
racnca| Un|t

48
Unit representing physical quantities
No uannty racnca|
Un|t
Symbo| No of e.m. C.G.S. un|t |n
one pracnca| un|t
Dehn|non
1 Charge Coulumb C 10
-1
# $ % &
2 CurrenL Ampere l 10
-1

3 volLage volL L 10
8
' $ % (
4 8eslsLance Chm 8 10
9

3 lnducLance Penry L 10
9
' $ )*+,*&
6 CapaclLance larad C 10
-9
# $ - '
7 ower Wau 1 Wau = 10
7
energy/sec
8 Lnergy !oule W 1 !oule = 10
7
erg
1 kWh = 3.6 10
3
erg
MkS Un|t System

49
Example
While solving for Hay Bridge
resistance it was found that
In E.M.U dimension,

R, R1, R2, R3 = [&LT
-1
]

C = [&
-1
L
-1
T
2
] ( =[T
-1
]
2
2
2
1
2
2
1 3 2 1
2
1 R C
C R R R
R
x
!
!
+
=
MkS Un|t System

50
Example (cont).)
analyse the equation using dimensional analysis
2
2
2
1
2
2
1 3 2 1
2
1 R C
C R R R
R
x
!
!
+
=
1 1
] [
] ][ ][ [ 1
] [ ] ][[ [
] [ ] [ ] [ 1
] [ ] [ ] [ ] [[ ] [
] [
1
2 2 2 4 2 2 2
4 2 2 3 1 2
2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1
2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
1
+
=
+
=
+
=
!
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
!
LT
T L T L T
T L LT T
LT T L T
T L LT LT LT T
LT

A LraceablllLy chaln, ls an unbroken chaln of comparlsons
whlch all have sLaLed uncerLalnues. 1hls ensures LhaL a
measuremenL resulL or Lhe value of a sLandard ls relaLed Lo
references aL Lhe hlgher levels, endlng aL Lhe prlmary
sLandard.
An end user may obLaln LraceablllLy Lo Lhe hlghesL
lnLernauonal level elLher dlrecLly from a nauonal MeLrology
lnsuLuLe or from secondary callbrauon laboraLory.
As a resulL of varlous muLual recognluon arrangemenLs,
LraceablllLy maybe be obLalned from laboraLorles ouLslde Lhe
user's own counLry.
1raceab|||ty
51
1he 1raceab|||ty Cha|n
52
1raceablllLy ls a characLerlsuc of a callbrauon or a
measuremenL. A baslc Lool ln ensurlng Lhe LraceablllLy of a
measuremenL ls Lhe callbrauon of a measurlng lnsLrumenL or
reference maLerlal. Callbrauon deLermlnes Lhe performance
characLerlsucs of an lnsLrumenL or reference maLerlal. lL ls
achleved by means of a dlrecL comparlson agalnsL
measuremenL sLandards or cerued reference maLerlals. A
callbrauon cerucaLe ls lssued and ln mosL cases, a sucker ls
auached Lo Lhe callbrauon lnsLrumenL.
1hree ma|n reasons for hav|ng an |nstrument ca||brated:
1. 1o ensure read|ngs from the |nstrument are cons|stent w|th other
measurements.
2. 1o determ|ne the accuracy of the |nstrument read|ngs.
3. 1o estab||sh the re||ab|||ty of the |nstrument |.e. that |t can be trusted.
1raceab|||ty - Ca||branon
53
Nanona| Metro|ogy Insntutes

A nauonal MeLrology lnsuLuLe, nMl ls an lnsuLuLe deslgnaLed
by nauonal declslon Lo develop and malnLaln nauonal
measuremenL sLandards for one or more quanuues.
Some counLrles operaLe a cenLrallsed meLrology organlsauon
wlLh one nMl. 1he nMl may devolve Lhe malnLenance of
speclc sLandards Lo cerLaln laboraLorles wlLhouL Lhese
havlng Lhe sLaLus of a nMl. CLher counLrles operaLe a
decenLrallsed organlsauon wlLh a mulupllclLy of lnsuLuLes, all
havlng Lhe sLaLus of a nMl.
1raceab|||ty
54
1he ko|e of Metro|og|ca| Insntunons

1he world economy and Lhe quallLy of our everyday llfe depend on
re||ab|e measuremenLs and LesLs whlch are trusted and accepted
lnLernauonally and whlch do noL form a barrler Lo Lrade.
ln addluon Lo Lhose regulauons requlrlng |ega||y ver|hed
|nstruments, many regulaLed areas requlre measuremenLs and
Lesung Lo assess compllance, elLher wlLh Lhe regulauons or
mandaLed documenLary sLandards e.g. avlauon, car safeLy Lesung,
envlronmenLal and polluuon conLrol and Lhe safeLy of chlldren's
Loys. uaLa quallLy, measuremenLs and Lesung are an lmporLanL parL
of many regulauons.
1raceab|||ty
55
Nanona| Metro|ogy Insntutes and other organ|sanons prov|de
adv|ce and gu|dance on measurement |ssues to the users.
kegu|atory gu|de Lo besL measuremenL, pracuse MeasuremenL
may be requlred aL any sLage durlng Lhe regulaLory process.
Cood regulauons requlre an approprlaLe approach Lo
measuremenL/Lesung when
- LsLabllshlng Lhe rauonale for leglslauon
- Wrlung Lhe regulauon and esLabllshlng Lhe Lechnlcal llmlLs
- underLaklng markeL survelllance

1raceab|||ty
56
Accred|ted |aborator|es

AccredlLauon ls a Lhlrd-parLy recognluon of a laboraLory's Lechnlcal
compeLence, quallLy sysLem and lmparuallLy. ubllc as well as prlvaLe
laboraLorles can be accredlLed. AccredlLauon ls volunLary, buL a number of
lnLernauonal, Luropean and nauonal auLhorlues assure Lhe quallLy of Lesung
and callbrauon laboraLorles wlLhln Lhelr area of compeLence by requlrlng
accredlLauon by an accredlLauon body.
ln some counLrles, for example, accredlLauon ls requlred for laboraLorles
worklng ln Lhe food secLor or for Lhe callbrauon of welghLs used ln reLall
sLores. AccredlLauon ls granLed on Lhe basls of laboraLory assessmenL and
regular survelllance.
AccredlLauon generally based on reglonal and lnLernauonal sLandards, e.g.
lSC/lLC 17023 Ceneral requlremenLs for Lhe compeLence of Lesung and
callbrauon laboraLorles", and Lechnlcal speclcauons and guldellnes relevanL
for Lhe lndlvldual laboraLory.

1raceab|||ty
57
Des|gnated nanona| |aborator|es

ueslgnaLed laboraLorles ln mosL counLrles are nomlnaLed by Lhe nMl ln
accordance wlLh Lhe meLrologlcal plan of acuon for Lhe dlerenL sub[ecL
elds and ln accordance wlLh Lhe meLrologlcal pollcy of Lhe counLry
1herefore, accredlLauon bodles have lnLernauonally and reglonally agreed
mululaLerlal agreemenLs of each oLher's sysLems and of cerucaLed and
LesL reporLs lssued by Lhe organlsauons accredlLed.

1raceab|||ty
58

Ch1 Metrology

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