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CCSB354
CCSB354
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Chapter 2
Logic
Chapter 2
Logic
lnsfucfo: A11c1a 1ang Y. C.
COIT, UNITEN
2
LOGIC
LOGIC
A formalization of some aspect of language.
A representation of knowledge.
A structure at the symbol level.
First Order Predicate Logic
COIT, UNITEN
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1kADl1lONAL LOGlC
1kADl1lONAL LOGlC
Identity
is
Contradiction
is not
Excluded Middle
is not both and
COIT, UNITEN
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Four Statement Forms
Four Statement Forms
A11 5 1s P
No 5 1s P
5ome 5 1s P
5ome 5 1s nof P
1he 5y11og1sm:
1s a sef of u1es goven1ng Whaf
conc1us1on can be eached fom a sef
of sfafemenfs W1ffen 1n fhe fou-
sfafemenf fom
COIT, UNITEN
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Reasoning by Pattern
Reasoning by Pattern
A11 x ae y . A11 x ae y . A11 x ae y . A11 x ae y .
A11 y ae z . A11 y ae z . A11 y ae z . A11 y ae z .
1heefoe,a11 x ae z . 1heefoe,a11 x ae z . 1heefoe,a11 x ae z . 1heefoe,a11 x ae z .
COIT, UNITEN
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Unsound Patterns
Unsound Patterns
COIT, UNITEN
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Cont..
Cont..
Nof so good: Nof so good: Nof so good: Nof so good:
A11 1oyofas ae cas.
5ome cas ae Iea1.
1heefoe,some 1oyofas ae
Iea1. --- buf fh1s 1s a
Wong conc1us1on!
COIT, UNITEN
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The Syllogism (I)
COIT, UNITEN
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Syllogism (III)
ALL or NO are known as universal
quantifiers that refers to every
element of the subject class.
"SOME is known as an existential
quantifier.
COIT, UNITEN
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Example of
Fragments of Information
(Symbolic description)
The red block is ON the green block.
The green block is somewhere ABOVE
the blue block.
The green block is NOT on the blue block.
The yellow block is on the green OR the
blue.
The blue block is on SOME other block.
COIT, UNITEN
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We will obtain these
We will obtain these
Premises
Premises