FATIGUE TEST

INTRODU
UCTION
Fatigue off metals is a well kno
own situattion where yielding (aand then rupture)
r
can be ca
aused by a large n
number of stress va
ariations (m
magnitude and/or
direction) at a point even thou
ugh the ma
ax stress is
s less thann the yield stress,
and respectively the ultimate sstress.
A fatigue failure
f
starrts on a m
microscopic
c scale as a minute ccrack or defect in
the materrial and this
t
gradu
ually grow
ws under the actioon of the stress
fluctuation
ns until com
mplete fraccture occurrs.
It has bee
en estimate
ed that at least 75% of all mac
chine and structural failures
have been
n caused by
b some fo
orm of fatigue. It is therefore
t
eevident tha
at every
engineer should
s
be aware of this phen
nomenon, and have some idea of its
mechanicss and wha
at can be d
done to minimize
m
orr avoid thee risk of th
his type
of failure.
Figure 1(a
a) shows a typical siituation wh
here fatigu
ue failures can arise due to
geometrica
al configurations, an
nd Fig. 1((b) illustrattes the apppearance of the
fracture su
urface in su
uch cases..

Fig
gure 1: Fatig
gue cracks in
n an engine crankshaft.

MICRO-MECHANIS
SMS OF FA
ATIGUE
The fatigu
ue mechan
nism has two distin
nct phases
s, initiationn of a cra
ack and
propagatio
on of this crack
c
to fina
al rupture of the mate
erial.
Above a certain value of cycclic stress (fatigue limit) somee crystals on the
surface off the specimen deve
elop bands during cy
ycling. Theese bands are the
result of sliding or sh
hearing of atomic pla
anes within
n the crystaal and are termed
slip band
ds. With continued
c
cyclic acttion these
e slip bannds broade
en and

intensify to the point where separation occurs within one of the slip bands and
a crack is formed.

Once started, the crack will develop at a point of discontinuity in the material,
such as a change in cross section, a key way, or a hole. Less obvious points
at which fatigue failure is likely to begin are internal cracks, or even
irregularities caused by machining. In other words, when a load below the
yield strength of a material is applied repeatedly to a metallic specimen,
Localized Hardening occurs. Then a small crack appears, this crack is a
Line of Stress Concentration, which causes it to grow. As the crack grows,
the cross sectional area of the metal gets smaller until it can no longer support
the load. When fracture takes place, the loading is called Fatigue Loading
and the fracture is called Fatigue Failure.

Cracks generally starts at the surface of the metallic material. As the crack
grows, the two surfaces rub against each other, polishing both faces to a dull
metallic finish, whereas the fractured surface show signs of plastic
deformation and a crystalline finish.

TEST METHODS
Fatigue failures occur most often in moving machinery parts such as shafts,
connecting rods, valves, springs, etc. However, the wings and fuselage of an
airplane or the hull of a submarine are also susceptible to fatigue failures
because in service they are subjected to variations of stress. As it is not
always possible to predict where fatigue failures will occur in service and
because it is essential to avoid premature fractures in articles as aircraft
components, it is common to do full-scale testing on aircraft wings, fuselage,
engine pods, etc. This involves supporting the particular airplane section in
jigs and applying cycling varying stresses using hydraulic cylinders with
specially controlled valves.
Laboratory tests are also carried out on particular materials to establish their
fatigue characteristics and to study factors such as their susceptibility to
stress concentrations. Fatigue can be generated in direct stress due to axial
loading or bending or shear stress due to cyclic torsion or any combination of
these.
To determine the strength of materials under the action of fatigue loads,
specimens are subjected to repeated or varying forces of specified
magnitudes while the cycles of stress reversals are counted to destruction. To
establish the fatigue strength of a material, quite number of tests are
necessary. For the rotating test, a constant bending load is applied, and the
number of revolutions (Stress Reversals) of the beam required for failure is
recorded. The first test is made at a stress which is somewhat under the
ultimate strength of the material. The second test is made with a stress which
is less than that used in the first. This process is continued, and the results

plotted ass an S-N curve. Fig

gure 2 sh
hows the three
t
wayys of plottting the
variables.

Figure 2: Typicall methods of presenting fatigue

f
curvees.

The ordina
ate of the S-N curve
e (Fig. 3) is called the fatiguee strength
h; (, the
stress abo
ove endura
ance limit at which failure
f
is likely to occcur after a given
number off cycles) a statemen
nt of this sttrength mu
ust always be accom
mpanied
by a statem
ment of the
e number o
of cycles, N,
N to which
h it correspponds.
In the casse of Stee
els, a kne
ee occurs in the gra
aph, and bbeyond this knee
failure will not occurr, no matte
er how grea
at the num
mber of cyccles. The strength
s
corresponding to the
e knee is ca
alled the endurance
e
e limit , or tthe fatigue
e limit.
Processorrs of alum
minum an
nd magnesium alloy
ys publishh very co
omplete
tabulationss of the prroperties off these ma
aterials, inc
cluding thee fatigue sttrength,
which ord
dinarily run
n from ab out 30 to 40 perce
ent of the tensile sttrength,
depending
g whether the materrial is castt or wrought. These materials do not
have an endurance
e
limit, and the fatigue
e strength is usuallyy based on
n 108 or
5(108) cyccles of stres
ss reversa
als.

Nu
umber of stre
ess cycles, N
Figure 3: An
A S-N diagrram plotted frrom the resu
ults of comple
etely reverseed axial fatigu
ue test.
Material U
UNS G41300
0 steel norma
alized.

Approximation of the S-N curve

For many situations, in preliminary design work, it is necessary to
approximate the S-N curve without actually running a fatigue test. For Steel it
has been found that a good approximation of the S-N curve can be drawn if
the following rules are used:
1. Obtain of the specimen (from a simple tension test, or from tables).
2. On a log-log diagram, plot S against N as follows:
at zero reversals.
0.9 at N = 103 reversals.
0.5 at N = 106 reversals.
3. Join these points together to form an S-N curve.

Fatigue and Design

Fatigue must be considered in the design of all structural and machine
components which are subjected to repeated or fluctuating loads:
1. Usage of endurance limit: The value of the endurance limit is usually
obtained using a specimen prepared very carefully and tested under
closely controlled conditions. It is unrealistic to expect the endurance
limit of a mechanical or structural member to match values obtained in
the laboratory; there are several factors that modifies the endurance
limit (Table 1). To account for the most important of these conditions a
variety of modifying factors are employed. Using this fact:
Se = Ka Kb Kc Kd Ke Kf Se
Where

Se : endurance limit of mechanical element.

Se : endurance limit of rotating beam specimen.
Ka : surface factor.
Kb : size factor.
Kc : reliability factor.
Kd : temperature factor.
Ke : modifying factor for stress concentration.
Kf : miscellaneous-effect factor.

With a material like mild steel, the actual stress range could be kept
below the endurance limit.
TABLE 1: CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE ENDURANCE LIMIT
Material:
Chemical composition, basis of failure, variability.
Manufacturing:
Method of manufacturing, heat treatment, surface
condition, stress concentration.
Environment:
Corrosion, temperature, stress state, relaxation
times.
Design:
Size,
shape,
life,
stress
state,
stress
concentration, speed.

2. Usage of number of reversals, N: Alternatively, one can design for a

specified number of stress variations (magnitude and direction) on
condition that the element will be replaced at that stage.
3. Increasing fatigue life of parts: Cracks occur usually under the action
of tensile stresses. Therefore, reduction of tensile stresses will prevent fatigue
and thus make the part life longer. Tensile stress reduction can be achieved
through creating a constant compressive stress (compressive stresses closes
cracks). Two methods for creating constant compressive stresses are known:
Cutting-slots method.
Shot-peening method.

Factors affecting fatigue life of materials

Fatigue behavior of engineering materials is highly sensitive to a number of
variables. Some of these factors include:
1. Mean Stress: It is half the algebraic sum of the maximum stress and the
minimum stress. Usually the dependence of fatigue life on stress amplitude
is studied at a constant mean stress m, often for the reverses cycle
situation (m = 0). As may be noted, increasing the mean stress level leads
to a decrease in fatigue life.
2. Surface condition of material: It is known that highly polished elements
withstand fatigue much better than normally machined ones.
3. Influence of the shape of specimen on stress flow: The shape of the
specimen is very important, since at corners ant notches the local stress
can be several times more than the calculated average value.
4. Imperfections inside the material and at the surface: In certain
materials, failure as a result of repeatedly cycled stress generates
localized slip pattern. Each slip segment work so that very small cracks
form in the material. The notch effect causes the cracks to multiply until
a network develops to cause fracture. If these cracks are reversible
(sealed) with the cycle, the material is said to be ductile. If not, it will
fracture. It is, therefore, important that when a structure is to be cycled,
sharp corners, surface scratches, or notches must be avoided by the
designer.
5. Environmental effects: such as thermal fatigue and Corrosion fatigue.

Instruction Manual
WP 140

Fatigue Testing
Apparatus

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Hamburg

WP 140 Fatigue Testing Apparatus

Test instructions

Publication No.: 912. 000 00A 140 12

07/93

WP 140 Fatigue Testing Apparatus

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Hamburg

Table of contents
1

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Function and layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1

Alternating cyclic stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3.2

Loading of the sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3.3

Fatigue strength under complete stress reversal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3.4

Fatigue limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3.5

Endurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.6

Stress-number diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1

Commissioning and test run . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

4.2

Performing the experiment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4.3

5.

4.2.1

Insert the test bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4.2.2

Start the experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4.2.3

Terminate the experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Evaluation of the experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4.3.1

The influence of various curvature radii and

surface qualities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4.3.2

Producing a stress-number diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5.1

Work sheet, stress-number diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5.2

Technical specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

5.3

Test bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

5.4

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

WP 140 Fatigue Testing Apparatus

Introduction
With this machine, it is possible to demonstrate the
basic principles of fatigue strength testing, including the production of a stress-number diagram. The sample is subjected to a pure
reversed bending stress in the machine.
Via different sample shapes, it is possible to show
the influence of the notch effect and the influence
of surface quality on fatigue strength.

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Hamburg

The amplitude of the reversed stress is infinitely

adjustable.
The machine switches off automatically if the sample ruptures. The number of load cycles is displayed via a digital counter.

WP 140 Fatigue Testing Apparatus

Function and layout

In the revolving fatigue testing machine, a rotating
sample which is clamped on one side is loaded with
a concentrated force. As a result, an alternating
bending stress is created in the cylindrical sample.
Following a certain number of load cycles, the sample will rupture as a result of material fatigue.

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Hamburg

The revolving fatigue testing machine essentially

consists of

Spindle with sample receptacle (1)

Drive motor (2)

Load device (3)

Switch box with the electrical control and

counter (4)

Protective hood (8)

The spindle is mounted on two amply dimensioned

rolling-contact bearings.
The spindle is driven by a smooth running a.c.
motor with a speed of approximately 2880 RPM.

WP 140 Fatigue Testing Apparatus

The test bar (7) is clamped in the spindle on one

side by a collet chuck (5) and guided on the other
side in a floating bearing (6).
Collet
Test bar (7)
chuck (5)

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10

Floating
bearing (6)

Loading of the sample is performed using a spring

balance (9) and the floating bearing (6).

Pre-stressing of the spring balance and hence

adjustment of the load is performed via a threaded
spindle with a hand wheel (10).

Scale
6

The set load can be read from a scale on the spring

balance.

A digital, 8-digit counter (11) records the number

of load cycles. The counter may also be switched
to rotational speed measurement. The rotational
speed is then displayed in revolutions/minute.

The pulses for the counter are supplied by an

inductive proximity sensor (12) on the motor
coupling.

12

16

If the sample ruptures, the motor and the counter

are halted automatically via the stop switch (16).

15

11

The master switch (13), emergency off switch (14),

motor control switch (15) and counter (11) are
housed in the switch box (4).

13

14

WP 140 Fatigue Testing Apparatus

Theory
Oscillating stresses are far more dangerous for
structural parts and components than a static force
applied once.

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Hamburg

In the event of frequent repetition of a static load

which is in itself permissible, a machine part may
rupture as a result of material fatigue. As the
number of load cycles increases, the permissible
stress level declines.

Residual fracture
surface: rough

Fatigue fracture
surface: smooth
with lines of rest

Appearance of the fracture

surface of a sample

Even stresses which are below the yield point of

the material in the elastic range may lead to minor
plastic deformations as a result of local peak stresses inside the part. This effect gradually destroys
the material due to the constant repetition and
eventually results in rupture. The absolute number of load cycles is a more decisive factor for
failure than the frequency.
With the WP140 revolving fatigue testing machine,
it is possible to monitor fatigue strength under
reversed bending stresses.
Via various curvature radii and degrees of surface roughness of the sample used, it is also possible to examine the influence of the notch effect
on fatigue strength.

WP 140 Fatigue Testing Apparatus

3.1

Alternating cyclic stress

The cyclic stress is composed of a constant part,
the mean stress
m caused by an initial load, and
a superimposed cyclic part with the alternating
stress amplitude
a .

The largest stress occurring is termed maximum

stress
o 
m 
a, and the smallest stress is
termed minimum stress
u 
m 
a .

o a
m

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Hamburg

u a

Three ranges are distinguished in alternating cyclic

stress:


Range of pulsating stresses (tensile force)

Mean stress larger than the alternating stress
amplitude
m 
a

Range of alternating stresses

Mean stress is smaller in total than the alternating stress amplitude |
m| 
a

Range of pulsating stresses (compression)

Mean stress is smaller than the negative alternating stress amplitude
m  
a

t


3.2

Loading of the sample

Mb

Loading of the sample corresponds to a clamped

bending bar under a concentrated force F. This
induces a triangular bending moment Mb in the
sample.
As the bending moment is fixed but the sample is
rotating, it is loaded by an alternating, sine-shaped
bending stress. The highest bending stress occurs on the shoulder of the sample.

WP 140 Fatigue Testing Apparatus

This is a pure reversed bending stress without

mean stress. For this reason, it is only possible to
determine fatigue strength under complete stress
reversal
W with a revolving fatigue testing machine.
It represents a special case of fatigue strength
D.
The bending moment is calculated with the load
and the lever arm as follows:

Mb  F  a

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Hamburg

By using the section modulus of the sample

Wb 

d3

32 it is possible to calculate the alternating stress amplitude.

M
32  100.5 mm

a  Wb
32 a3  F 
F
b
d
 8 3mm 3

a  2.0 1/mm 2
 F
3.3

Fatigue strength under complete stress reversal

Fatigue strength under complete stress reversal

W is the strength at which the material does not
fail even after N  10  106 load cycles (steel). It
can be assumed that failure as a result of material
fatigue will no longer occur, and the endurance is
infinite.

3.4

Fatigue limit
Stresses at which the material fails below the load
cycle limit of 10  106 are termed fatigue limit.
The corresponding number of load cycles N until
rupture should be given in brackets, e.g.

W

5

5
10 

 220 N/mm2.

WP 140 Fatigue Testing Apparatus

3.5

Endurance
Endurance refers to the number N of load cycles
until rupture at a certain load. The magnitude of
the load according to mean stress and alternating
stress amplitude is given in brackets, e.g.

N
50 100
2.6  105

3.6

Stress-number diagram
The stress-number diagram (S-N diagram) portrays the correlation between the number of load
cycles until rupture and the corresponding load
stress in graph form. This clearly shows that as
the number of load cycles increases, the permissible load asymptotically approaches the fatigue
strength
w .

a

Alternating stress amplitude

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Hamburg

w

0
102

103
104
105
106
107
Number of load cycles N (logarithmic)

When plotting a stress-number curve, it is important that with alternating stress, the mean stress,
or with pulsating stress, the ratio of maximum or
minimum stress to mean stress, is kept constant
for the various loads.
As the mean stress is zero in the revolving fatigue
testing machine, this condition is automatically
fulfilled.

Stress-number diagram for

two different materials

WP 140 Fatigue Testing Apparatus

Experiments

4.1

Commissioning and test run

The following checks should be performed before
carrying out experiments
-

Erect the revolving fatigue testing machine and

connect to the power supply

Remove the protective hood (unlock the fasteners by rotating the knobs to the left)

Relieve the load device using the hand wheel

(move the floating bearing down to the bottom)

Remove any samples which may be in position

Lightly tighten the union nut on the collet chuck

Mount the protective hood and lock with all four

knobs

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Hamburg

Knobs

DANGER!

DANGER!

Never operate the revolving fatigue testing machine without the protective guard! Parts of the sample could fly off when it ruptures. Rotating machine
parts must be protected against accidental contact.

WP 140 Fatigue Testing Apparatus

15

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Hamburg

13

11

Check whether the EMERGENCY OFF switch

(14) is released (pull out)

Switch on the machine using the master switch

(13)

Reset the counter (11) using the RST button.

The counter must display zero

Start up the motor using the motor control

switch (15)

Check whether the spindle is running smoothly

14

Reset here

and true
-

Check whether the counter is counting correctly (approximately 2800 load cycles per minute).
It is possible to display the revolutionary speed
in RPM by switching over with the SEL button.

Check whether the automatic stop device is

functioning.
To do so, raise the floating bearing on the load
device by rotating the hand wheel.
The motor should then be stopped by the stop
switch (16)

Switch over to rev.

speed display here

Twist floating
bearing upwards

Stopswitch(16)

Once safe functioning of all components has been

established, the experiments can begin.

WP 140 Fatigue Testing Apparatus

Performing the experiment

4.2.1

Insert the test bar

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Hamburg

4.2

Relieve the load device using the hand wheel

(the floating bearing must be at the height of
the spindle)

First insert the test bar in the floating bearing

of the load device

Then insert the test bar in the collet chuck and

push in as far as the end stop

Carefully tighten the collet chuck using a

wrench
SW30:
Union nut
SW21:
Steady spindle

Check concentricity of the sample by rotating

the spindle by hand (correctly seated in the
collet chuck, sample not deformed)

IMPORTANT!
Ensure that the sample is firmly seated in the collet
chuck. The sample receptacle must be clean
IMPORTANT

10

WP 140 Fatigue Testing Apparatus

Mount the protective hood and lock with the

knobs

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Hamburg

DANGER!

DANGER!

4.2.2

Never operate the revolving fatigue testing machine without the protective guard.
Parts of the sample could fly off and cause injuries
when it ruptures. Rotating machine parts must be
protected against accidental contact.

Start the experiment

Scale

Switch on the motor

Swiftly apply the required load by rotating the

hand wheel. Read off the load from the scale
on the spring balance

IMPORTANT!

IMPORTANT

Never apply the load when the machine is idle,

since there is a risk of plastic deformation and
untrue running.
Bring the load to the final level as quickly as
possible, because the sample is already under an
alternating load but the load cycles cannot yet be
counted because the load is too small.

Reset the counter using the RST button in

order to begin counting

11

WP 140 Fatigue Testing Apparatus

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Hamburg

4.2.3

Terminate the experiment

-

The motor halts automatically when the sample

ruptures. Read off the number of load cycles
from the counter and make a note of the number

or manually stop the experiment after the required number of load cycles (no rupture) by
switching off the motor

Remove the sample. Proceed in the same

manner as when inserting the test bar.

DANGER!
Risk of burns! The sample may be very hot immediately after the experiment.
DANGER!

4.3

Evaluation of the experiment

4.3.1

The influence of various curvature radii and surface qualities

Test bars 1 to 3 are examined
Test bars, material Ck 35
Type Curvature
radius r in mm

Surface roughness Rt in
m

Notes

0.5

Small radius, smooth

2.0

Large radius, smooth

2.0

25

Large radius, rough

In all cases, the load F = 200N corresponding to

a  400 N/mm2. 3 samples of each type are examined.

12

WP 140 Fatigue Testing Apparatus

The following numbers of load cycles are achieved

until the sample ruptures:
Number of load cycles N
 200
to rupture

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Hamburg

Type Sample1

Sample 2

Sample 3

Average

11300

11300

11700

11433

17150

17300

23700

19383

14030

12800

16300

14376

As a result of the increased notch effect and the

associated increase in local stress in the groove,
the endurance with a small curvature radius (test
bar 1) is considerably lower than with test bar 2.
With an identical curvature radius, the sample with
the smoother surface (test bar 2) has a higher
endurance than the one with the rougher surface
(test bar 3).
For this reason, components subject to alternating
stress, such as crank shafts, have broadly rounded
grooves with polished surfaces as far as possible.

4.3.2

Producing a stress-number diagram

This experiment was performed with test bar 3.
The load was gradually reduced from one experiment to the next from the maximum value F = 200
N corresponding to
a  400 N/mm2. It should be
noted that the increments selected in the region of
the expected fatigue strength under reversed bending stresses should not be too large, because
otherwise the experiment will last a long time or no
rupture will occur.
If the counter display is utilised to its full capacity
(max. 9.99 x 107 load cycles), the experiment may
last up to 593 h or 24.5 days!

13

WP 140 Fatigue Testing Apparatus

No.

Load
in N

Stress a
in N/mm2

Endurance N

Duration where
n=2800 1/min

200

400

14030

5 min

170

340

48800

17 min

150

300

167000

60 min

130

260

455000

2 h 42 min

120

240

1280800

7 h 37 min

The stress is entered over the endurance in the

semi-logarithmic diagram (work sheet, stressnumber diagram 5.1 ).

a 500

Alternating stress amplitude in N/mm

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Hamburg

Number of load cycles for test bar 3 under different loads

400

300

200

100

0
104

105
106
107
Number of load cyclesl N
Stress-number diagram for test bar 3 made of Ck 35

Apparently, the fatigue strength under complete

stress reversal has not yet been reached at 240
N/mm2. It will be around 200 N/mm2. This is low
when one considers that the material of the test
bars Ck 35 has a tensile strength Rm = 560 N/mm2.

14

WP 140 Fatigue Testing Apparatus

5.

Appendix

5.1

Work sheet, stress-number diagram

400

Alternating stress amplitude N/mm

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Hamburg

a 500

300

200

100

0
104

105

106
Number of load cycles N

107

Stress-number diagram

15

WP 140 Fatigue Testing Apparatus

5.2

Technical specifications
Dimensions :
Length x width x height : 920 x 415 x 560 mm
Weight:
38 kg
Electrical power supply:
230 V,
Alternatives optional, see type plate

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Hamburg

Motor
Speed:
Capacity:
Load device
Force:
0 ....
Reversed bending stress
in the sample:
0....

2800
370

50Hz

RPM
W

300

600

N/mm2

Load cycle counter

8-digit, electronic,
may be switched over to revolutionary
speed display

16

WP 140 Fatigue Testing Apparatus

5.3

Test bars
Test bars are made of tempering steel Ck 35,
mechanical strength properties:
Rm = 560 N/mm2, Rp0.2 = 420 N/mm2

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Hamburg

Test bar 1

Bezel 1 x 45
Test bar 2

Bezel 1 x 45
Test bar 3

Bezel 1 x 45

17

WP 140 Fatigue Testing Apparatus

5.4

Index

A
Adjusting the load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Alternating cyclic stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Alternating stress amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
B
Bending moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
C
Collet chuck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Curvature radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Hamburg

D
Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
E
Electrical power supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Emergency off switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Endurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
F
Fatigue limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fatigue strength under complete stress reversal . . . . . . .
Fatigue strength under reversed bending stresses . . . . .
Floating bearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6
6
4
3

I
Inserting the test bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
L
Load cycle counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 16
Load device. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
M
Master switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Material fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mean stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Minimum stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motor control switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3
4
5
5
5
3

N
Notch effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 13
P
Protective hood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Pulse generator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
R
Range of alternating stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Range of pulsating stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

18

WP 140 Fatigue Testing Apparatus

S
Section modulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Spring balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Stop switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 9
Stress-number diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 13
Surface roughness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Switch box. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
T
Technical specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
W

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Hamburg

Work sheet, stress-number diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

19