To investigate the relationship between angle of twist of the rod and ,Torque applied,

Length of rod and Diameter of the shaft

by

Afaq-ul-Hassan 12-ME-012
Adnan Ahmed Malik 12-ME-010
Ahsan Mumaz 12-ME-015
Asadullah Turi 12-ME-020

Section-C, Group-1, SubGroup-1
10:30AM-12:30PM, 03 January, 2014









Date of Laboratory Report: 3 January, 2014



Report submitted to: Imran S.S. Ghumman














Executive Summary

In the experiment we used three different types of cylindrical rods of same material and
apply the torsional stresses several times to find out angle of twist by keeping torque , load
and length constant one by one in three cases. There we have different diameters of same
materials. The shear stress acts only in radial direction so therefore the cross section area
remains constant without deforming.




OBJECTIVES

To investigate the relationship between angle of twist of the rod and

a) Torque applied (By keeping diameter and length of the beam constant)
b) Length of rod(By keeping applied diameter & torque on the beam constant)
c) Diameter of the shaft(By keeping applied torque & length constant)


TEST DESCRIPTION

This experiment is consist of three cases to find angle of twist of rods of same material but
different diameters having different load values (Torque) and of different lengths calculated
experimentally.
We have to find angle of twist using the relation , where is in radians. By the help of
vernier caliper we had find the diameter and the moment arm from centre of the shaft and
the length of rod using meter rule.



Torsion of Rods and Bars Apparatus

Weight hangers

Torsional Stresses on cylinderical Rod
Theory


Diagram of shear stress, , as a function of the radius, , of a cross sectional area. (Adapted from
Mechanics of Materials, Wiley, 2011)
= T / J
(Equation 1)
To calculate the polar moment of inertia, J, for a solid circular shaft, employ the following equation where D
is the diameter of the cylindrical member.
J = (/32)D^4
(Equation 2)
If the shear stress induced in the member is below the proportional limit of the material, then Hookes Law
may be applied so as to calculate the materials modulus of rigidity. In other words, if the stress causes only
elastic or non-permanent deformation, the materials torsional stiffness can be determined. To apply Hookes
Law, the shear stress is related to the shear strain by the following expression:
= G

(Equation 3)
Where G is the modulus of rigidity and is the shear strain. Referencing Figure 1, a geometric interpretation
of the shear stain is represented as:
= ( / x)

= (d / dx)

(Equation 4)
Equation 4 implies that the shear strain is proportional to the product of the radius of the member and the
change in the angle of twist with respect to the longitudinal axis. Substituting Equations 1 and 4 into Hookes
Law (Equation 3) yields the separable equation:
T / J= G(d / dx)

T / GJ =d / dx

(Equation 5)
Separating Equation 5 and integrating with respect to the longitudinal axis will yield an expression that
describes the angle of twist, , for a member that is prismatic and experiencing a constant
internal torque.
d = LT/GJ dx

= TL/ GJ
CALULATION AND RESULTS


Part (a);(When length and diameter are constant)

Material used: Mild steel

Length of the rod = 270 mm

Diameter of the rod = 6.5 mm



Table And Graph 1

Sr.
No
Applied load

Torque Arm

Torque


Displacement


Angle of
twist()

(rad)
1 2 0.1 0.2

2 4 0.1 0.4

3 6 0.1 0.6

4 8 0.1 0.8

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Angle of Twist
Torque
Part (b);(When torque and diameter are constant)

Material used: Mild steel

Load applied = 4 N

Torque on rod = 0.391 Nm

Diameter of the rod = 5.43 mm




Table And Graph 2


Sr. No Length of rod

Displacement


Angle of twist()
(rad)
1 0.104

2 0.139

3 0.156

4 0.202

5 0.223

Part (c); (When torque and length are constant)

Material used: Mild steel

Load applied =13 N

Torque on rod = 1.274 Nm

Length of the rod = 270 mm

0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Length of Rod
Length of Rod
Table And Graph 3

Sr. No Diameter of the
rod


Displacement

Angle of twist ()

(rad)
1

1.01
2

CONCLUSIONS

It can be seen that angle of twisting is directly proportional to the length and angle of twisting
is proportional to applied force. It is visible that angle of twist is inversely proportional to the
diameter of the rod means more the diameter less will be the observed angle of twist. But a
very small strain no doubt, occurs in the experiment but that is unmeasured able so we
neglected it.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 2 4 6 8
Diameter of rod
Angle of Twist