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ENS/ELT466
TelecommunicationSystemsLab
Fall2013
Week6 Oct.8
PleaseturninLabReport#5now!
Frequency&PhaseModulation
TelecommunicationSystemsLab(ENS466)
Fall2013
Week6 Oct.8
10/8/2013
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AmplitudeModulation(AM)
Theoldestformatforradiobroadcastisamplitudemodulation(AM).InAM
signaling,theamplitudeofthecarrierisvariedaccordingtothemessagesignalm(t).
Intheaboveformulas,weassumethatthemessagem(t) hasbeenscaledsothatits
maximumandminimumvaluesare+1and1,respectively.Thenthemodulation
index=1whens
min
=0.
s t = 1 + pm t c(t)
message
carrierwave
modulationindex
s
max
s
min
Foracosinemessage,
max min
max min
s s
s s

=
+
FrequencyModulation(FM)
Infrequencymodulation(FM),theinstantaneousfrequencyofthecarrierisvaried
accordingtothe(analog)messagesignalm(t).
( ) cos[2 ( ) ], where ( ) ( )
c i i c f
g t A f t t f t f k m t t = = +
|g|
max
=|g|
min
FMisaconstantamplitude
format.
Message
Frequency-modulated wave
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
FMindex
message
carrierfrequency
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FMRadioBroadcast
Duetotheirhighcarrierfrequency,FMradiobroadcastchannelsareallotted
200kHzslots,enablinghigheraudiofidelity(stereomessagesignalsupto15kHz).
Classification Frequency(f) Wavelength()
Lowfrequency(LF) 30KHz300KHz 10km1km
Mediumfrequency(MF) 300KHz3MHz 1km100m
Highfrequency(HF) 3MHz30MHz 100m10m
Veryhighfrequency(VHF) 30MHz300MHz 10m1m
Ultrahighfrequency(UHF) 300MHz3GHz 1m10cm
Superhighfrequency(SHF) 3GHz30GHz 10cm1cm
Extremelyhighfrequency(EHF) 30GHz300GHz 1cm1mm
AMradiobroadcastat5351610kHz(mediumwaveband)
H
i
s
t
o
r
y
FMradiobroadcastat87.5107.9MHz(VHFband)
SinceVHFtravelsmostlybylineofsightpaths,FMtransmitterantennasarelocated
ontallbuildings,suchastheEmpireStateBuilding.
PhaseModulation(PM)
Inphasemodulation(PM),theinstantaneousphase|(t) ofthecarrierisvaried
accordingtothe(analog)messagesignalm(t).
( ) cos[2 ( )], where ( ) ( )
c c p
g t A f t t t k m t t | | = + =
PMindex
message
PMisalsoaconstant
amplitudeformat.
Message
Phase-modulated wave
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
|g|
max
=|g|
min
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AngleModulation
ForbothFMandPM,thetimingofthecarrierwaveisadjustedtocarrythemessage.
Indeed,itispossibletoexpressFMinthesamemathematicalformasPM:
FMindex
0
( ) cos[2 ( )], where ( ) 2 ( )
t
c c f
g t A f t t t k m x dx t | | t = + =
}
message
( ) cos[2 ( )], where ( ) ( )
c c p
g t A f t t t k m t t | | = + =
PMindex
message
{FM}
{PM}
message
m
(
t
)
|
(
t
)
t
|
(
t
)
|(t) forFM
|(t) forPM
NarrowBandAngleModulation
Wecanusetrigidentitiestowrite:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( ) cos[2 ( )] cos 2 cos ( ) sin 2 sin ( )
c c c c c
g t A f t t A f t t f t t t | t | t | = + =
( ) ( ) { }
cos( ( )) 1, sin( ( )) ( ), ( ) cos 2 ( )sin 2
c c c
t t t g t A f t t f t | | | t | t
Whenthephaseshiftstayssmall(i.e.,||(t)| <<1),weapproximate:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2
( )
where for FM;
( ) for PM;
and ( ) is the F.T. of the message.
c
c c c c
f
p
A
G t f f f f j f f j f f
M f
f jk
f
f k M f
M f
o o + + + u u + (

u =
u =

ApplyingtheFouriertransformtothisequation,wefind:
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NarrowBandFM&PMSpectra
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
( ) ( ) ( )
2
c c c
NBFM c c f f
c c
c
NBPM c c p c p c
A M f f M f f
G t f f f f k k
f f f f
A
G t f f f f jk M f f jk M f f
o o
o o
( +
+ + +
(
+

( + + + +

WecanwritetheF.T.ofnarrowbandanglemodulatedsignalsas:
Whichimpliesthemagnitudespectrashownbelow:
Messagespectrum
NBFMspectrum
NBPMspectrum
NarrowBandSingleToneFM&PM
Considerthesinusoidalmessagesignals:
( ) ( ) cos 2 for FM
m m
m t A f t t = ( ) ( ) sin 2 for PM
m m
m t A f t t =
where
( ) ( ) sin 2
m
t f t | | t =
Thenthetimedependentphaseis:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) cos 2 sin 2 sin 2
c c c m c
g t A f t A f t f t t | t t = +
Andthe(narrowband)modulatedsignalsare:
max
for PM; for FM
f m
p m
m m
k A
f
k A
f f
| |
A
= = =
( ) ( ) ( )
,
( ) cos 2 cos 2 cos 2
2 2
c c
NBFM NBPM c c c m c m
A A
g t A f t f f t f f t
| |
t t t = + + ( (

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) cos 2 cos 2 cos 2
2 2
c c
AM c c c m c m
A A
g t A f t f f t f f t

t t t = + + + ( (

Thisisalmostidenticaltoourresultforamplitudemodulation:
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NarrowBandSingleToneF.T.
Hambley usesphasors tocompareAMandFM,butIprefertheFouriertransform:
NBFMorNBPM F.T. AM F.T.
( ) ( ) ( )
,
( ) cos 2 cos 2 cos 2
2 2
c c
NBFM NBPM c c c m c m
A A
g t A f t f f t f f t
| |
t t t = + + ( (

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) cos 2 cos 2 cos 2
2 2
c c
AM c c c m c m
A A
g t A f t f f t f f t

t t t = + + + ( (

G
(
f
)
Frequency
0
f
c
f
c
+f
m
f
c
-f
m
G
(
f
)
Frequency
0
f
c
f
c
+f
m
f
c
-f
m
WideBandSingleToneFM
ForwidebandFM(i.e.,| max(|(t)) 0.5),thenonlinearcharacteroffrequency
modulationbecomesevidentinthegenerationofmanynewfrequencycomponents
inthespectrum.
| =0.5
| =5.0
| =2.0
f
m
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VoltageControlledOscillators
ThereareseveralwaystogenerateFMsignals.Perhapsthemostdirectistousea
voltagecontrolledoscillator(VCO),whoseoutputfrequencyislinearlyproportional
toitscontrolvoltageinput.
ThereisahugevarietyofVCOdesigns.(Wehavealreadyseenone,usingthecontrol
inputofthe555timerinLabAssignment2.4CD).
VCO
FMsignalout messagein
Control
voltage in
Variable
freqout
Varactors
AnotherapproachtoVCOdesign,usefulatRFandmicrowavefrequencies,isbased
onthevaractor diode.Thevaractor isasemiconductordiodespecificallydesignedto
havealargevariationofcapacitancewithvoltage.(Itisusedinreversebias,soit
drawsalmostnocurrent).Avaractors capacitancevarieswithvoltageas:
0
( )
J
C V
V V
k
=
+
whereV
0
isthebuiltinvoltageofthePNjunction.
C(V)characteristicof
1N4937varactor diode
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VoltageControlledRelaxationOscillator
AVCOcanalsobeconstructedbybuildingarelaxationoscillatorinwhichthecurrent
chargingthecapacitorischangedbyacontrolvoltage,asinthemultiplierbased
designbelow:
( ) ( ) 1 2 1 2
10
X X Y Y
W Z

= +

ThechargingcurrentintoC1is:
( )
1
1 1
1 1
1
10
1
1
10
con C out
C out C
f f f
con
C out C
f
V V V W
I V V
R R R
V
I V V
R
(
= + = + +
(

( | |
= +
| (
\ .

1
out
C
f
V
I
R
=
1
1
out C
C
f
V V
I
R
+
=
1
1
2
out C
C
f
V V
I
R
+
=
forV
con
=+10
forV
con
=0
forV
con
=10
Summary
Infrequencymodulation(FM),theinstantaneousfrequencyofthecarrierisvaried
accordingtothemessagesignalm(t).
Inphasemodulation(PM),theinstantaneousphase|(t) ofthecarrierisvaried
accordingtothemessagesignalm(t).
BothFMandPMareconstantpowerformats.
FMandPMcanbeexpressedwithinthesamemathematicalform,andtreatedas
anglemodulation.
FornarrowbandPM(i.e.,| max(||(t)|) <<1),themessagespectrumisreplicated
assidebandsoneithersideofthecarrierfrequency.
FornarrowbandFM,thesidebandsemphasizethelowerfrequencycomponents
ofthemessage.
NarrowbandPMforasingletonehasthesamepowerspectrumasAM,butthe
signofthelowersidebanddiffersintheFouriertransform.
ForwidebandPMorFM,morefrequencysidebandsappearatfrequenciesfarther
fromthecarrier.
FMsignalscanbegeneratedwithavoltagecontrolledoscillator(VCO),whose
outputfrequencyislinearlyproportionaltoitscontrolvoltageinput.
Varactors arespecialsemiconductordiodesusedasvoltagecontrolledcapacitors.
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ENS466/ELT466 Assignmentsdue10/15
LabReport:
Labreport#6willcoverLabAssignment3.2;itisdueatmyoffice,mailbox,orby
emailon10/15.
HomeworkAssignment:
Nonethisweek.
Reading:
ENS466notesonPhaseLockedLoops,tobepostedonBlackboardbyThursday.
Noclass.Oct.15(butLabReport#6willbedue)
MidtermscheduledforOct.29
75minquiz
Followedbya(short)lab
Backups/Alternates
TelecommunicationSystemsLab
(ENS466)
Fall2013