Thermodynamic Design Formulae

Sr.
No.
EQUATION FORMULAE
1 F = m a Newton's law of motion
2 P = F / A Pressure
3 = m / V Density
4 W = F d Work
5 PE = m g H Potential energy
6 KE = m V
2
Kinetic energy
7 Q = m Cp( t2 - t1 ) Sensible heat
8 Q = m ( h2 - h1 ) Total heat
9 W - Q = dE 1st law of thermodynamics
10 Cpa = 1.005 kJ/kgK Heat capacity of dry air
11 Cpw = 4.193 kJ/kgK Heat capacity of water
12 Cpv = 1.884 kJ/kgK Heat capacity of water vapor
Heat Transfer Formulae
13 Q = - k A dt/dx Conduction
14 Q = hc A ( ts - tf ) Convection
15 Q= A F FA (t1-t2) Radiation
16 Re = V Dh / Reynolds number
17 Pr = Cp / k Prandtl number
18 Nu = hc D / k Nusselt number
19 Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.4 Dittus-Boelter
Moist Air Phase Formulae
20 P = Pa + Pv Dalton's Law of partial pressure
21 Pv = R T Perfect gas law
22 Ra = 0.287 kJ/kgK Gas constant of dry air
23 Rv = 0.4615 kJ/kgK Gas constant of water vapor
24 W = 0.622 Pv / (P - Pv) Humidity
25 Pv = P / [1+0.622/W] Vapor pressure from humidity
26 r = (1+W) / v True density of moist air
27
Ps = 0.6105 exp [ 17.27 t /
(237.3+t) ]
Magnus saturation pressure
28
t = 237.3 / [17.27 / - 1]
where = ln (Ps / 0.6105)
Dew point temperature using the
Magnus equation
29 f = Pv / Ps Relative humidity
30
Pv = Psw - 1.8( P- Psw )( db -
wb )/( 2800 - 1.3 wb )
Carrier vapor pressure
31
H = 1.005 db + W [ 2500.6 + 1.85
db - 0.023 wb]
Enthalpy
32 hfg = 2501.9 - 2.4189 t Latent heat of water vapor
Air Psychometric Formulae
33 ma = Qa Mass flow of dry air
34 Qs = ma Cpm ( t2 - t1 ) Sensible duty
35 Cpm = 1.023 kJ/kgK at typical air-conditioning conditions
36 Qt = ma (h2 - h1 ) Total duty
37 SHR = Qs / Qt Sensible heat ratio
38 b = ( db0 - adp ) / ( dbi - adp ) Bypass factor
39 Qs = h A (db - wb) Sensible heat at wet wick
40 Ql = hd A (Ws,w - W) hfg,w Latent heat at wet wick
41 hd = hc / Cpm Mass transfer coefficient
Room Heat Formulae
42 Q = Uo Ao ( to - ti ) Heat conduction through a wall
43 r = ro + t/K + ri Wall resistance
44 Qsg = SHGF SC A CLF Solar heat gain
45 Q = U A CLTD
Cooling load temperature difference
method
Cold Room Formulae
46 Qpulldown = m C dT Pull down load
47 Qlatent = m W Latent load
48 Qrespiration = m R Heat of respiration
Solar Angle Formulae
49 d = 23.45 sin ( 360 (284+n) / 365) Solar Declination
50
LST = CT + (Lstd - Lloc)/15 + E +
DT
Local Solar Time
51
E = 0.165 sin 2B - 0.126 c os B -
0.025 sin B
Equation of Time
52 B = 360 (n- 81) / 364 Parameter in E
53 h = 15 (LST - 12) Hour angle
54 sin = cos l c osh cos d + sin l sin d Altitude angle
55
cos = (cos d sin l cos h - sin d cos
l) / cos
Solar Azimuth
56
cos = cos cos sin + sin cos

Angle to surface normal
Solar Radiation Formulae
57 IDN = A e -B / sin Direct Normal Solar Flux
58 IdH = C IDN Diffuse Horizontal Solar Flux
59 ID = IDN cos Direct Solar Flux on Surface
Coil Calculation Formulae
60 dQ = hd dA ( ha - hi ) Heat flow on the c oil air side
61 dQ = hr dAi ( ti - tr ) Heat flow on the c oil fluid side
62 dQs = hc dA ( ta - ti ) Air sensible heat
63 Q = U A lmtd Duty from UA LMTD method
64 Lmtd = (dti - dto) / Ln( dti / dto ) Log mean temperature difference
65 Q = e Qmax Effectiveness method
66
e = (1 - exp(- Ntu (1- Cr)) / (1 - Cr
exp(- Ntu (1-Cr))
Counter-flow effectiveness
67 Cr = Cmin / Cmax Capacity ratio
68 Ntu = U A / Cmin Number of transfer units
Steam Formulae
69 = 2164 kJ/kgK
Latent heat of vaporization at 2 bar
gauge pressure
70 = 333.6 kJ/kg Latent heat of freezing
Fluid Flow in Pipes Formulae
71 dPfriction = L V2 / Dh D'Arcy Weisbach friction equation
72
1/ = -2 Log [ / (3.7 Dh) + 2.51
/ (Re ) ]
Colebrook friction factor
73 Dh = 4 A / P Hydraulic diameter
Duct Design Calculation Formulae
74 P + V2 + g H = constant Bernoulli equation
75
P1 + V2 + r g H1 = P1 +
V2 + g H1 + Ploss
Modified Bernoulli
76 dP = Vd2 [ 0.4 ( 1 - Vd/Vu)2 ] Branch straight through dp
77 Def = 1.3 (ab)0.625 / (a+b)0.25
Effective diameter of rectangular
duct
78 dP = V2 [ (A1/A2)2 - 1 ] dP for ideal flow through a nozzle
79 dP = V2 [ 1 - (A1/A2) ]2 dP for sudden enlargement
81 Re 67 V Dh
standard air with V (m/s) and Dh
(mm)
Fan Laws
82 Law 1 = const Q ~ SP ~ 2 Pw ~ 3
83 Law 2 = c onst Q = const SP ~ Pw ~
84 Law 3 ~ 1/ Q ~ 1/ SP = const Pw ~ 1/