HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC AND ANTIOXIDANT PLANTS

It is now widely accepted that atherosclerosis is a complex

multicellular process involving oxidation of cholesterol
and the intracellular accumulation of oxidized cholesterol. This
accumulation causes a cascade of inflammatory processes, resulting
in an unstable atherosclerotic plaque that ultimately bursts,
causing myocardial infarction. From ancient times, botanicals have
played a major role in the lifestyle of people. The active
phytochemicals derived from these herbs and plants have provided
protection against atherosclarosis. The association of hyperlipidemia
with the development of atherosclerotic lesion has promoted
widespread search for plant based compounds which efectively
control the lipid profile in the blood and tissues with least or no toxic
efect. Around eighty percent of the global population still relies on
botanical drugs and herbal medicines have advanced to clinical use in
modern times. Based on these findings, present
INTRODUCTION
therosclerosis is the most frequent cause of morbidity and
mortality in the entire world. therosclerosis is a multi!factorial disease
and about "#$ di%erent ris& factors have been recognized. It is
thought that atherosclerosis is caused by a response to damage to the
endothelium from high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and cigarette
smo&ing
'(, ")
. There are the several main issues to be
addressed in atherosclerosis, viz., hyperlipidemia, clotting factors,
oxidation of low!density lipoproteins *+,+- and inflammation
'.)
.
These factors collectively contribute to the development and rupture
of atherosclerotic plaque
'/)
. It can also be related to a hormonal
disease such as diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism and 0ushings
syndrome1 or to the use of certain medication such as birth control
pills, hormone therapy, some diuretics *i.e., water pills-, or beta!
bloc&ers to treat cardiovascular diseases
'#)
. In blood plasma,
cholesterol is transported by lipoproteins, which can be mainly
categorized into five classes, based on the size of cholesterol!
lipoprotein complexes2 chylomicrons, the very!low!density lipoproteins
*3+,+-, the intermediate density lipoproteins *I,+-, +,+, and the high!
density lipoproteins *4,+-
'5)
. 6xperimental and clinical studies have
shown that the amount of cholesterol transported in the 0hylomicrons,
3+,+, I,+ and +,+ classes of lipoproteins, &nown as pro!atherogenic
cholesterol, is a ris& factor for the occurrence of cardiovascular disease
'7)
. 0hylomicrons transport exogenous lipids to liver, adipose,
cardiac, and s&eletal muscle tissue, where their triglyceride *T8-
components are unloaded by the activity of lipoprotein lipase *+9+-.
6pidemiologic studies have reported that Triglyceride!rich particles
such as chylomicrons and chylomicron remnants that carry dietary
derived fats may play a role in the early stages of developing
arteriosclerosis
':)
. 3+,+ is produced by the liver and some 3+,+
remnants seem to promote atherosclerosis similar to +,+
';)
. The
underlying mechanism of atherosclerosis involves the deposition and
retention of serum lipids consisting of +,+ cholesterol in the coronary
arteries, resulting in decreased blood flow to heart muscles
'($)
. The
oxidative modification of +,+ plays a pivotal role in the progression of
atherosclerosis and plaque formation. It is believed that modification of
+,+ in the arterial wall, particularly by oxidation, is crucial to the
cellular upta&e of +,+ in the first stages of atherosclerotic plaque
development
'(()
. Therefore, by preventing the oxidation of +,+, it may
be possible to reduce the incidence of atherosclerosis. +owering
plasma cholesterol concentrations reduces the availability of
atherogenic lipoproteins an also! pres"#a$l%! the
acc"#"lation o& cholesterol in the inti#a o& arteries
'()*
+ In
contrast, cholesterol transported in 4,+ particles, &nown as anti!
atherogenic cholesterol, has protective effect on cardiovascular disease
'(.)
.
The pharmacological, dietary and herbal treatment of 0oronary
4eart ,isease *04,- is based on the hypothesis that reduced
cholesterol biosynthesis will lead to lower blood levels of cholesterol.
<ost of the drugs *statins- available today are inhibitors of .!hydroxy!
.!methylgluataryl coenzyme ! reductase, which is involved in
cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver
'(/)
. +owering lipids and
cholesterol levels by a drug or dietary interventions could reduce the
ris& of 0oronary 4eart ,isease. 0urrent interest in natural products has
stimulated the search for new cholesterol!lowering agents from these
sources. <any herbal medicinal products were reported to have a
potential to reduce lipid and cholesterol in body and to enhance the
safety profile by elevating 4,+ levels and inhibiting lipid oxidation
'(#)
.
=everal synthetic hypocholesteromic agents such as statins,
fibrates, resins and nicotinic acid are capable of e%iciently reducing
plasma total cholesterol *T0- levels, but +,+ does not undergo any
significant alteration. lso, synthetic hypolipidemic agents have one or
more side e%ects and are unable to increase 4,+ levels. The major
portion of the global population in developing countries still relies on
botanical drugs to meet its health needs. The attention paid by health
authorities to the use of herbal medicines has increased considerably,
both because they are often then only medicine available in less
developed areas and because they are becoming a popular
alternative treatment in more developed areas. Thus herbal
medicines have been given a valuable status and readily available
products for primary health care, and >4? has endorsed their safe
and e%ective use. <ore than "$$$ plants have been listed in the
Traditional *4erbal@lternative- systems of medicine and some of these
are providing comprehensive relief to the people su%ering from
cardio!vascular diseases. Aotanical dietary supplements *herbs- can
ameliorate this process and prevent cardiovascular disease at many
steps in the process
'(5)
. <any herbs have antioxidant activity and can
reduce low!density lipoprotein oxidation. =ome phytosterols found in
botanicals can inhibit cholesterol absorption. Becent studies have
shown that many compounds of herbal origin are able to reduce plasma
T8 and T0 levels and elevate 4,+. These attribute in reducing the ris&
of 04,
'(7, (:)
.
9lants constitute an important source of active natural products
which di%er widely in terms of structures, biological properties and
mechanisms of actions. 3arious phytochemical components, especially
polyphenols *such as flavonoids, phyenyl propanoids, phenolic acids,
tannins, etc- are &nown to be responsible for the free radical
scavenging and antioxidant activities of plants
'(;)
. 9olyphenols
possess many biological e%ects. These effects are mainly attributed to
their antioxidant activities in scavenging free radicals, inhibition of
peroxidation and chelating transition metals. In generally, polyphenols
all share the same chemical patterns, one or more phenolic groups for
which they react as hydrogen donors and in that way neutralize free
radicals
'"$).
9lant sterols and stanols, also called phytosterols and
phytostanols, have chemical structures resembling that of cholesterol
but are only available to humans through plant foods such as
vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, cereals, legumes, fruits, and vegetables
or industrial supplements from plant origin
'"()
. Inclusion of plant
sterols@stanols in the diet was &nown to lower serum cholesterol in
man since (;#.
'"")
and the e%ects of plant sterols and stanols on
cholesterol and bile acid metabolism and their e%icacy and safety as
serum cholesterol!lowering agents have been reviewed by many
researchers
'".!"#)
.
Plants an her$s possessing lipi,lo-ering an antio.iants
properties
<edicinal plants play a major role in antiatherosclarotic activity
'"5)
. The herbal hypolipidemics have gained importance to fill the
lacunae created by the allopathic drugs. 9lants have been the
companions of man since time immemorial and formed the basis of
useful drugs since they are less toxic than synthetic drugs. =creening
of medicinal plants presents an avenue for the discovery of new drugs
'"7)
. number of plants have been found to be useful in
atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia and diabetes. =ome of the plants being
used are discussed below2
/"gg"l 0Commiphora mukul)
8uggul is an ancient Indian herb that has been shown to lower
cholesterol
'":)
and T8 levels
'";)
. 8uggul and gugulipid have a long
history in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases including
hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis
'.$)
. The medicinal activity
has been attributed to the oleogum resin *guggul- of the stem bar&,
which has been in use for thousands of years. yurvedic literature is
full of praise for guggul and its divine actions, right from healing bone
fractures and inflammations to treating cardiovascular disease, obesity
and lipid disorders. The cardiovascular therapeutic benefits of guggul
and guggulsterone appear to be due to the multiple pharmacological
activities, notably the hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory
effects. 8uggul wor&s to balance conditions of both low and high
cholesterol whether brought on by diet, lac& of exercise, chronic stress,
or genetic predilection. 8um guggul has been found to act as
hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic agents in experimental animals
li&e pigs, chic&s, rabbits and rats
'.()
. The first animal study was
conducted in rabbits over a period of " years
'.")
. <ost
of the subsequent animal studies were conducted in rats. 0onsistent
results were obtained with guggelsterone at doses ranging from # to
($$ mg@&g of body weight. In one study guggulsterone, "# mg@&g,
lowered serum cholesterol and T8 by "7C and .$C, respectively,
after a treatment period as short as ($ days
'..)
. In another study,
gugulipid was used as a positive control agent to evaluate the
antioxidant, cardioprotective, and hypolipidemic activities of a series of
synthetic compounds. Bats received gugulipid orally at a dose of #$
mg@&g for .$ days1 gugulipid significantly decreased serum total
cholesterol *.#C- and lipid peroxide levels *#7C-. 4epatic microsomal
lipid peroxidation was also significantly reduced by gugulipid. In
addition, gugulipid significantly reversed the cardiac damage and
biochemical changes induced by isoproterenol
'./)
. The levels of
glutathione *8=4- in the brains of gugulipid!treated mice were
significantly increased, suggesting inhibition of oxidative stress in the
brain by gugulipid
'.#)
. The chemical composition of C. mukul is very
complex and has not been well defined. It may contain sugars *sucrose,
fructose-, amino acids, camphorene, cembrene allylcembrol, resin, oils,
and several steroids or sterones. ?nly some steroid components have
been purified, including D and 6 guggulsterones which have been
shown to be responsible for the cholesterol! and lipid!lowering e%ects of
C. mukul
'.5, .7)
. lthough >ang et al.
'.:)
showed that
guggulsterone alone inhibited +,+ oxidation1 C. mukul surely contains
other antioxidants because it is more e%ective in preventing +,+
oxidation than guggulsterone
'.;)
.
8uggulsteron e 6
8uggulsteron e D
Figure (2 ctive
compound of Commiphora mukul
T"r#eric (Curcuma longa)
Turmeric *Curcuma longa-, synonymous with curcumin, is a
native 6ast Indian and =outheast sian herb. Turmeric was used by
ancient practitioners in India as a stomachic, tonic and carminative. It is
used as a household remedy for local application in inflammatory
conditions and other painful infections. =tudies on the e%ect of
powdered rhizomes of C. domestica mixed in the rabbit chow */C C.
domestica, w@w, in food pellet- on the cholesterol level in
experimental hypercholesterolemic guinea pigs revealed that the
dietary inta&e of C. domestica decreased all lipid levels in the aorta
and also the serum T8 level. In addition, C. domestica also reduced
cholesterol deposition in the aorta
'/$)
and turmeric rhizome powder
*$.$, $.$#, $.($, $.(#, and $."$ C- also significantly decreased serum
T8, T0 and +,+!cholesterol of high cholesterol diet animal
'/()
.
Euiles et al.
'/")
reported that supplementation with C. longa
hydroalcoholic extract at dose level of (.5 mg@&g body wt. reduces
oxidative stress and attenuates the development of fatty strea&s in
rabbits fed a high cholesterol diet. <anjunatha and =rinivasan
'/.)
demonstrated that, individually, both dietary curcumin and capsaicin
significantly inhibited the in vivo iron!induced +,+ oxidation, as well as
copper!induced oxidation of +,+ in vitro. The most active component of
turmeric is curcumin, which ma&es up " to #C of the spice. 0urcumin is
reported to activate the rate limiting step in cholesterol catabolism, that
is, cholesterol 7!F!hydroxylase thereby stimulating the conversion of
cholesterol to bile acid, an important pathway in the degradation of
cholesterol. <ajithiya et al.,
'//)
reported the ability of curcumin at
($$, "$$ and /$$ mg@&g to inhibit +,+ oxidation and
hypocholesterolemic effect in mice. The active principles in the rhizome
of this plant viz1 curcuminoids also lower lipid peroxidation by
maintaining the activities of
antioxidant enzymes li&e
superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase at higher
levels. ntioxidant properties of C. longa are due to curcumin and
its two derivatives *demethoxy curcumin, and bisdemethoxy
curcumin-
'/#)
.
Aisdemethoxy curcumin 0urcumin
,emethoxy curcumin
Figure "2 ctive compound of
Curcuma longa
Corianer 0Coriandrum
sativum1
Coraindrum sativum is a very commonly used spice in Indian
cuisines. The biochemical e%ects of this seed on lipid parameters in (,
"!dimethyl hydrazine *,<4- induced colon cancer in rats has been
reported
'/5)
. The cholesterol@phospholipids ratio is closely related to
membrane fluidity. The lower ratio of cholesterol@phospholipids in the
spice!fed group is closely associated with membrane stability.
change in the concentration of cholesterol will greatly a%ect the fluidity
of the membrane and thereby can bring about abnormal changes in
the
membrane
properties and
function. The
spice also
prevents changes in the ratio of cholesterol@phospholipid, thereby
maintaining the membrane fluidity, integrity and function.
0oriander wor&s by improving the bile production in the liver and
brea&ing down cholesterol so that it can be flushed out of the system.
,hanapa&iam et al.
'/7)
reported that the administration of coriander
seeds had a profound influence on the metabolism of lipids in animals
fed on cholesterol containing diet. ,e lmeida et al.
'/:)
concluded
that aqueous and etheric coriander extracts contain phenolics and
carotenoids which exhibit a considerable antioxidant action.
dditionally,
coriander has been advocated as an anti!diabetic remedy
'/;)
. C.
sativum is well &nown for its antioxidant properties and some of its
active components have been identified. 0oriander contains active
phenolic acid compounds, including ca%eic and chlorogenic acid. The
flavonoids include quercetin, &eampferol, rhamnetin and apigenin. <ost
of these compounds are &nown to inhibit free radicals generated in the
cellular system, when they are obtained through the diet
'#$)
.
0a%eic
acid Euercetine
Bhamnetin
0hlorogeni
c acid
Gaem pfer
ol
pigenin
Figure .2 ctive compound of
Coriandrum sativum
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";
mla (mblica oficinalis!
mblica oficinalis belonging to the 6uphorbiaceae family is popularly
&nown as amlaor, amla&i in India. . oficinalis has been reported to exert
hypolipidemic activity. . oficinalis has been found to reduce serum total
cholesterol, aortic cholesterol and hepatic cholesterol significantly
'#(,
#")
. Beversal of
dyslipidemia and atheromatous plaques achieved by amla extract seems to
be brought about by a number of factors, such as its ability to prevent low!
density lipoprotein oxidation, its antioxidant action, besides decreasing
synthesis of cholesterol by inhibiting .!hydroxy!.!methylglutaryl!0oenzyme!
! reductase activity and elevating high!density lipoprotein level to
enhance reverse cholesterol transport
'#.)
. The e%ect of standardized
amla extract on atherosclerosis and dyslipidemia on animals is well studied.
The tannoid principles of fruits of . oficinalis have been traced to its
antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo
'#/)
. study conducted in rats found
that emblicanin! and emblicanin!A enriched fractions of fresh juice of emblica
fruits showed antioxidant activity in ischemia!reperfusion!induced oxidative
stress in rat heart
'##)
.
6mblicanin
6mblicanin A
Figure /2 ctive compound
of mblica officinalis
/arlic 0Allium sativum)
8arlic is an herb that has a lot of medicinal uses. It can lower the +,+
cholesterol levels *by up to (#C provided a person ta&es a clove of garlic
daily- while increasing the good or 4,+ cholesterol levels
'#5)
. In a study, men
with coronary artery disease who were also being treated with statin drugs and
low!dose aspirin, two wee&s of supplementation with aged garlic extract
significantly improved blood flow by improving endothelial function
'#7)
. ged
garlic extract *"./ gm daily for 7 days- has been shown to prevent oxidation of
+,+ cholesterol in humans
'#:)
. 8arlic indirectly e%ects atherosclerosis by
reduction of hyperlipidaemia, hypertension and probably diabetes mellitus
and prevent thrombus formation. In addition, garlic *$." and $./ g@&g body
weight@day, respectively- causes direct antiatherogenic *preventive- and
antiatherosclerotic *causing regression- effects by reducing +,+ oxidation and
oxidative stress in male albino rats fed a high cholesterol diet
'#;)
. 9rotective
e%ects of organ sulphur compounds from garlic on atherosclerosis have been
attributed to its capacity to reduce lipid content in arterial wall
'5$)
. 8arlic
contains sulphur containing compound allin, which is converted to active
ingredient Jallicin when the garlic bulb is crushed. This compound has an
inhibitory effect upon the &ey enzymes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis,
such as 4<8!0o reductase
'5()
.
llicin
Figure #2 ctive compound of Allium
sativum
0ardamom (Amomum subulatum!
Amomum subulatum is one of the worlds very ancient spices and has
also been universally used for its health benefits. The hepatoprotective e%ect
of cardamom was reflected by the significantly lower level of liver enzymes
and serum lipid profile in rats pre!treated with their extract before ethanol. ?n
the other hand, <, level was significantly reduced as compared to ethanol
fed group, whereas, levels of =?, and 8=4!Bd activity and trace element level
were significantly increased by cardamom pre!treatment
'5")
. It has been
reported that spices may inhibit hepatic 4<8!0o reductase activity, resulting
in lowering hepatic and serum cholesterol levels
'5.)
.
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?ur laboratory findings show that A. subulatum to have the unique ability to
lower serum low density cholesterol levels with lowering of serum T8 levels and
antioxidant effects without causing any side e%ects and the biochemical tests
showed that all the parameters were within normal limits before and after
treatment
'5/, 5#)
. 9revious studies claimed that phenolic compounds could
able to reduce the hyperlipidemia. The seeds of A. subulatum contains the
glycosides, 9etunidin!.,#!diglucoside, +eucocyanidin!.!?!L!,!glucopyranoside,
=ubulin *Kew aurone glycoside- and (!:, 0ineole, F!terpinyl cetate
'55).
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9etunidin!., #!diglucoside +eucocyanidin!.!?!L!,!
glucopyranoside
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=ubulin (, :!0ineole
Figure 52 ctive compound of Amomum subulatum
0innamon (Cinnamomum verum!
=tudies indicated that cinnamon suppresses lipid peroxidation via the
enhancement of hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities
'57)
. ntioxidant
4
activities of volatile extracts isolated from cinnamon were evaluated by
various isolated in vitro assays
'5:)
. <oselhy and li
'5;)
reported that
ethanolic extract of cinnamon has more potent antioxidant activity than
water extract. The antioxidant properties of cinnamon extracts are
attributable to the ability of its phenolic constituents to quench reactive
oxygen species. 0iftci et al.
'7$)
showed that supplementing di%erent
concentrations of cinnamon oil in diet *especially ($$$ ppm- decreased
cholesterol levels of serum and chic&en meat. Aecause of the hypolipidemic
and antioxidative properties of cinnamon oil in diets, polyunsaturated fatty acid
ratios may increase in serum and meat lipids. 0innamon oil had positive
e%ects on antioxidant metabolism, besides increased the antioxidant enzyme
activity and decreased the serum <, level. 9henolic compounds, such as
hydroxy cinnamaldehyde and hydroxycinnamic acid, present in the cinnamon
extract, act as scavengers of peroxide radicals and prevent oxidative damages
'7()
. In addition, the effect of cinnamate, a phenolic compound found in
cinnamon bar& and other plant materials, on lipid metabolism and
antioxidant enzyme activities in rats fed a high cholesterol diet has been
studied and indicated that cinnamon suppresses lipid peroxidation via the
enhancement of hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities
'57)
.
4 ydroxy
ci nnamald ehyde
0innamate
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4ydroxycinnamic acid
Figure 72 ctive compound of Cinnamomum verum
Tea *Camellia sinensis-
Camellia sinensis *+.- *Theaceae- is commonly &nown as green tea in
the India. Tea supplemented with vitamin 6, administered to male hamsters,
reduced plasma +,+ cholesterol concentrations, +,+ oxidation, and early
atherosclerosis compared to the consumption of tea alone by the hamsters
'7")
. It has been reported that lipid lowering e%ect of blac& tea administration
in hyperlipidaemic rats through reactivation of +9+, increased faecal excretion
of cholesterol and bile acids
'7.)
. +9+ in the heart is involved in the upta&e of
T8 rich +ipoproteins from circulation. It is shown that high cholesterol diet
elevates serum T8 levels essentially by preventing its upta&e and clearance
by inhibiting catabolising enzymes li&e +9+
'7/)
. Mpaganlawar and
Aalaraman
'7#)
reported that hypertriglyceridemia is due to decrease
activity of +9+ in the myocardium resulting in decreased upta&e of T8 from the
circulation. 8reen tea and vitamin 6 in combination alters the activities of +9+
near to the normal by increasing 4,+ and decreasing T8 and cholesterol
levels, indicating the potential lipid lowering e%ects of green tea and vitamin
6 combination. Nang and Goo
'75)
also demonstrated that after administration
of 0hinese green tea for eight wee&s significantly lowered the serum
cholesterol by increasing faecal bile acids and cholesterol excretions.
Increased activity of +9+ would promote the metabolism of total
cholesterols, including T8. In addition, the excretion of faecal bile acids was
observed to be increased significantly in animals simultaneously and
sequentially fed with a high!lipid diet and plant product. This increased
excretion of bile acid in faeces might be associated with ability of plants
activating the important enzyme, 7F!hydroxylase, in the conversion of
cholesterol into bile acids
'77)
. Tea is a rich source of polyphenol called
flavonoids, e%ective antioxidants found throughout the plant &ingdom
'7:)
. The
slight astringent, bitter taste of green tea is attributed to polyphenol. group
of flavonoids in green tea are &nown as catechins, which are quic&ly
absorbed into the body and are thought to contribute to some of the
potential health benefits of tea. The fresh tea leaves contain four major
catechins as colorless water soluble compounds2 6picatechin *60-,
epicatechingallate *608-, epigallocatechin *680- and epigallocatechin
gallate *6808-. 6pidemiologic observations and laboratory studies have
indicated that tea polyphenol act as antioxidants in vitro by scavenging
reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and chelating redox active transition
metal ions and hence tea may reduce the ris& of a variety of illnesses,
including cancer and coronary heart disease
'7;)
. Inami et al.
':$)
demonstrated that tea catechin *#$$ mg2 equivalent to 5 or 7 cups of green tea
for / wee&s- decreased the plasma oxidized +,+ concentration without
significant change in plasma +,+ concentration. The mechanism of the
beneficial effects of green tea on coronary artery disease might result from a
decrease in plasma oxidized +,+.
6picatechin
6picatechin gallate
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6pigallocatec hin
6pigallocatec hin gallate
Figure :2 ctive
compound of Camellia sinensis
Tulsi *"cimum sanctum-
"cimum sanctum +inn, *+abiatae- commonly &nown as OTulsiP in 4indi
is a medicinal plant commonly grown in India. It has been observed that
tulsi leaves exert hypocholesterolemic, hypotriglyceridemic and
hypophospholipidemic e%ects in the rabbits and rats
':(, :")
. =ome scientists
also reported significantly increased activity of two antioxidant enzymes in
liver i.e. =?, and catalase following treatment with aqueous extract of ".
sanctum
':., :/)
. Becent chromatographic studies have showed that ".
sanctum contain various
active
constituents viz. eugenol, luteolin, ursolic acid, and oleanolic acid among
which eugenol content ranged from $.(7# to $..5"C *w@w -. 6ugenol *(!
hydroxy!"!methoxy!/! allylbenzene- the active constituent present in ".
sanctum has been found to be largely responsible for the therapeutic
potentials of Tulsi
':#)
.
6ugenol
Figure ;2 ctive compound of "cimum sanctum
Galonji (#igella sativa!
#igella sativa belongs to family Banunculaceae. It is an annual, erect
herb, .$!/$ cm high. =eeds of #. sativa are commonly &nown as &alonji has a
long history of use in fol& medicine as a diuretic and hypotensive agent. The
essential oil of #. sativa seed has an antioxidant property that ma&es it useful
in treating cardiovascular disorders
':5)
. The powder of seeds of #. sativa were
orally administrated to hypercholesterolaemic patients *nQ($- at the dose of (
gm before brea&fast for " months and was found to reduce cholesterol, +,+,
T8 to a highly significant extant
':7)
. Tasawar et al.
'::)
reported that there
was significant *9R$.$#- decrease in cholesterol, +,+, 3+,+ and triglycerides,
and significant increase of 4,+ in interventional group *#. sativa seed powder
#$$ mg@daily along with statin ($!"$ mg for (:$ days- as compared to non
interventional group *statin ($!"$ mg@daily-. Kader et al.
':;)
suggested the
potential beneficial e%ects of thymoquinone *TE, active constituent of #. $ativa
seeds oil- in diminishing the ris& of atherosclerosis via antioxidant mechanism.
Thymoquinone
Figure ($2 ctive compound of #igella sativa
=ome plants and herbs possessing lipid!lowering and
antioxidants properties have been listed in the table *Table!(-.
BBHD= I 3olume ( I Issue " I ?ctober!,ecember, "$(. ..
e!I==K2 "."(!5(;$ p!I==K2 "./7!"";/
Table!(2 9lants and herbs used as 4ypolipidaemic@ antiatherosclarotic agents
Kame ofctivity ,ose and ,uration <odel Beferen
Achillea wilhelmsii 4ypolipidaem
ic@hypot
ensive
4ydroalcoholic extract
in the form of
(#!"$ drops twice daily
for more than 5
4uman
beings
';$)
':5)
Aegle marmelos
*Aael-
ntioxidant queous extract at ("#
and "#$ mg &gS(
twice a day for / wee&s
Bats ';()
Allium cepa (onion! Inhibits
platelet
aggregation
?nion slices *57.5!;..5
mg@day- with meals for
( wee&
4uman
beings
';.)
';/)
Allium sativum
(8arlic!
4ypolipidaem
ic
Inhibits lipid
peroxidation,
increase 8=4
8arlic powder tablets
with ;.5 mg allicin!
releasing potential for
(" wee&s
Fresh garlic
homogenate daily in
4uman
beings
Bats
';5)
';7)
'(/)
Amomum
subulatum
+owering
serum lipid
profile and
antioxidant
" C cardamom flour for
five wee&s <ethanolic
extract of A.
subulatum seeds at
Bats
Babbts
'5/)
'5.)
Argania spinosa 4ypolipidaem
ic and
cholesterol
rgan oil *(ml@($$ g
weight- daily during 7
wee&s
Bats ';:)
Avena sativa *oat- 4ypocholeste
rolaemic
"$ gm oat bran for :
wee&s
4uman
beings
'($$)
Bacopa monniera
*Arahmi-
ntioxidant
action
6xtract administered in
doses of # and ($
mg@&g, orally for 7, (/
Bats '($")
Camellia sinensis
*8reen tea-
0holesterol
lowering
e%ect
,aily capsule
containing theaflavin!
enriched green tea
4uman
beings
'($/)
Capparis decidua
*&er-
4ypolipidaem
ic@
ntiatheroscl
lcohol extract of C.
decidua at #$$ mg@&g
body weight for 5$
Babbits '($5)
Cinnamomum
verum *0innamon-
Inhibit lipid
peroxidation
and elevating
queous and ethanolic
extracts of cinnamon
"$$ mg@&g for 7 days
Bats '5;)
BBHD= I 3olume ( I Issue " I ?ctober!,ecember, "$(. ./
e!I==K2 "."(!5(;$ p!I==K2 "./7!"";/
Commiphora mukul
*8uggul-
Inhibit
platelet
aggregation
and maintain
lcoholic extract of C.
mukul at dose of ($$,
"$$, /$$mg@&g@day for
.( days
Bats '.7)
Coriandrum
sativum
*0oriander-
Beduce
plasma lipids
profile
/C C. sativum fruits
powder for one month
Bats '($;)
Crataegus
pinnatifida
*4awthorn-
4ypocholeste
rolemic e%ect
,iet supplemented
with $.#C hawthorn
fruit aqueous ethanolic
4amsters '(($)
Croton ca%ucara 4ypolipidaem
ic e%ect
0lerodane diterpene
trans!dehydrocrotonin
extracted from the
stem bar& of 0roton
<ice '((")
Curcuma longa
*Turmeric-
4ypocholeste
rolemic
action
$." g
curcuminoids@($$ g
diet and (.$ g
Bats '((/)
Cyamopsis
tetragonolobus
*8uar gum-
0holesterol!
lowering
e%ects
#C guar gum *88-
diets
Bats '((#)
mblica oficinalis
*mla-
ntioxidant
action
($ and "$ mg of .
oficinalis for "( days
Bats '((7)
&inkgo biloba Inhibit lipid
peroxidation
:.7#, (7.#, "5."#
mg@&g intravenously to
the experimental
groups respectively .$
Bats
4uman
'((:)
'((;)
'ordeum vulgare
*Aarley-
ntioxidative
e%ect
=ame diet as the group
control but containing
(C *w@w- Aarley +eaf
6ssence for (" wee&s
Babbits
4amsters
'("$)
'("()
(edicago sativa
*lfalfa-
4ypocholeste
rolaemic and
antiatheroscl
arotic
properties
( T "C o f . $C
alcoholic and ( T "C of
aqueous extract of
alfalfa for ": days
Babbits
Babbits
'(".)
'("/)
(yristica fragrans
(Kutmeg-
ntioxidant
potential
($$!#$$ mg@&g body
weight of the aqueous
extract for a period of
Bats '("#)
BBHD= I 3olume ( I Issue " I ?ctober!,ecember, "$(. .#
e!I==K2 "."(!5(;$ p!I==K2 "./7!"";/
(omordica
charantia *Garela-
4ypolipidaem
ic action
,iets for (/ days
containing (.
charantia freeze!dried
Bats '("7)
(oringa oleifera 4ypocholeste
rolaemic
action
+eaves extract at
concentration of "$$
mg@ml for .$ days
Bats '(";)
#igella sativa <odify the
plasma lipid
profile
4ypocholeste
9owder of seeds of #.
$ativa at the dose of (
gm before brea&fast for
" months
,iet supplemented
4uman
beings
Babbits
':7)
'(.()
"cimum sanctum
*Tulsi-
4ypocholeste
rolaemic and
antioxidant
potential
+ipid!
dministration of ".
sanctum seed oil
*$.:g@&g b.w.@day- for /
wee&s
Babbits
Bats
':()
':")
)anax ginseng
*8inseng-
Beduction of
bile flow and
in bile
secretion of
=ingle intraperitoneal
injection of ginseng at
"#, #$ or ($$ mg &g
S(
*( ml
S(
- .$ min
Bats '(.")
)lantago ovata
*9syllium-
4ypolipidemi
c e%ect
,iets containing 7.# or
($ g@($$ g ). ovata for
/ wee&s
8uinea
9igs
'(./)
)aeonia lactiflora +owering
effect on +,+
<ethanol extract of ).
lactiflora at the dose of
Bats '(.5)
)hyllanthus niruri +ipid lowering
e%ect
). niruri extract orally
fed at ($$ mg@&g b.w.
for .$ days
Bats '(.7)
$esamum indicum nti!
atherogenic
e%ects
therogenic diet
reformulated with
sesame oil (7C
*contain (7$g@ &g
<ice
Bats
'(.;)
'(/$)
$olanum
melongena
<odest
hypocholeste
rolemic e%ect
$. melongena "C *w@v-
infusion for five wee&s
4uman
beings
'(/()
*erminalia ar%una
*erminalia chebula
Beduce
dyslipidaemia
and act as
antioxidant
6thanolic extract of *.
ar%una at the dose of
"#$ mg@&g per oral for
once a day from day /
Bats and
hamsters
'(/.)
'(//)
BBHD= I 3olume ( I Issue " I ?ctober!,ecember, "$(. .5
e!I==K2 "."(!5(;$ p!I==K2 "./7!"";/
*rigonella
foenumgraecum
*Fenugree&-
4ypolipidemi
c and
hypocholeste
rolaemic
4exane and ethyl
alcohol extract of
fenugree& at "# and #$
gm for "$ days
4uman
beings
'(/#)
'(/5)
+ithania somnifera
*shwagandha-
0ardioprotect
ive e%ects
($$ mg@&g for (:$
days
Bats and
Frogs
'(/7)
'(/:)
,ingiber oficinale ntiatheroscl
erotic,
triglycerides,
cholesterol,
6thanolic extract of
"#, "#$ microg of
ginger @day in (.(C
alcohol and water for
<ice '(/;)
0?K0+M=I?K=
therosclerosis is a condition in which patchy deposits of fatty material
*atheromas or atherosclerotic plaques- develop in the walls of medium sized
and large arteries, leading to reduced or bloc&ed blood flow to the heart or the
brain. 4yperlipidemia constitutes a major etiopathological factor for
atherosclerosis. <ost recent findings indicate a multi!faceted cause to the
problem of cardiovascular disease, including excessive inta&e of saturated
fats, carbohydrate metabolic dysfunction, nutritional deficiencies, hormonal
imbalance, and a high!stress lifestyle. Kature has provided specific
compounds capable of augmenting dietary and lifestyle changes for
improved cardiovascular health and may a%ord a way to lower cholesterol
without resorting to synthetic drug preparations and their potential side
effects. 4erbs have been used as medical treatments since the beginning of
civilization and some herbal derivatives *e.g., aspirin, reserpine, and digitalis-
have become a mainstay of human pharmacotherapy. From the reports on
their potential e%ectiveness against hypercholesterolemia, it is assumed that
the botanicals have a major role to play in the management of hyperlipidemia,
which need further exploration for necessary development of drugs and
nutraceuticals from natural resources. 4owever, many herbal remedies used
today have not undergone careful scientific assessment. 0ontinuing research
is necessary to elucidate the pharmacological activities of the many herbal
remedies now being used to treat atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia and other
cardiovascular diseases. 0urrently used hypolipidaemic synthetic drugs are
e%ective but they lag behind the desired properties since they frequently
produced side e%ects, have poor patient compliance and are expensive. In
contrast, plant U derived drugs are effective hypolipidaemic agent in terms of
e%icacy, safety on long term use, cost and simplicity of administration in
prevention of atherosclerosis. 4owever, for the foreseeable future, long term
tolerance studies are needed before being recommended for human use.
B6F6B6K06=
(. Hoshi =0, =harma <, Hain =. "$$# 4ypolipidemic e%ects of (yristica fragrans
seeds in cholesterol fed rabbits. 9roceeding of Aotanical 9roducts seminar and
6xpo. India1 (/$!(/.1 "$$#.
". Gabiri K, sgary =, <adani 4, <ahzouni 9. 6%ects of Amaranthus caudatus l.
extract and lovastatin on atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. H <ed
9lant Bes. "$($1 /2.##!.5(.
.. 4ansson 8G. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease.
K6H<. "$$#1 .#"2(5:#!(5;#. /. ,=ouza T, <engi =, 4assarajani =,
0hattopadhayay =. 6%icacy study of the bioactive fraction *F!.- of
Acorus calamus in hyperlipedemia. Indian H 9harmacol. "$$71 .;;2(;5!"$$.
#. Greisberg B, Beusch H6A. 4yperlipidemia *4igh Alood Fat-. H 0lin 6ndocri
<etabol. "$$#1 ;$2(!($.
5. =teinberg ,. Thematic review series2 The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. n
interpretive history of the cholesterol controversy2 9art II2 the early evidence
lin&ing hypercholesterolemia to coronary disease in humans. H +ipid Bes. "$$#1
/52(7;!(;$.
7. Buden&o 8, 4uang =, 4enery +, 9ownall 4H, 4o NG. <echanism of +,+
binding and release probed by structure!based mutagensis of the +,+
receptor. H +ipid Bes. "$($1 #(2";7!.$:.
:. >ilhelm <8, 0ooper ,. Induction of atherosclerosis by human chylomicron
remnants2 a hypothesis. H theroscler Thromb. "$$.1 ($2(."!(..
;. 3ander+aan 9, Beardon 0, Thisted B, 8etz 8=. 3+,+ best predicts aortic
root atherosclerosis in +,+ receptor deficient mice. H +ipid Bes. "$$;1 #$2.75!
:#.
($. Budling <. +owering of +,+ cholesterol prevents cardiovascular diseases.
OKormal valuesP are too highU treatment time is a crucial factor.
+a&artidningen. "$$51 ($.2."7:!:".
((. 4amad , Eureshi 4H, 4asan =, =ami >. ssessment of oxidized low density
lipoprotein, as atherosclerosis ris& mar&er in type ( diabetic children with short
history of diabetes mellitus. 9a& H 9hysiol. "$($1 52."!#.
BBHD= I 3olume ( I Issue " I ?ctober!,ecember, "$(. .7
e!I==K2 "."(!5(;$ p!I==K2 "./7!"";/
(". Hoshi =0. "$$5. ntiatherogenic and antioxidant status of )anax ginseng in
cholesterol fed rabbits. dvances in ginseng Besearch, "$$5 proceeding of
the ;th International =ymposium on 8inseng, organized by The Gorean
=ociety of 8inseng, Gorea, 6ds. oh, =ei&wan and 0hoi, Gwang!Tae, 8eumsan,
Gorea, ""#!"/51 "$$5.
(.. Fernandez <+, >ebb ,. The +,+ to 4,+ cholesterol ratio as a valuable tool to
evaluate coronary heart disease ris&. H0K. "$$:1 "72(!#.
(/. +au A4=. =uppression of +,+ oxidation by garlic compounds is a possible
mechanism of cardiovascular health benefit. HK. "$$51 (.5275#=!75:=.
(#. <ansi G, busho%a<, ,isi , burjai T. 4ypolipidemic effects of seed extract of
celery *Apium graveolens- in rats. 9harmacognosy <agazine. "$$;1 #2.$(!#.
(5. <ahmood D, =ualeh <, <ahmood =A, Garim <. 4erbal treatment for
cardiovascular disease the evidence based therapy. 9a& H 9harm =ci. "$($1
".2((;!("/.
(7. Hoshi =0. 9lant and plant products used as
hypolipidaemic@antiatherosclerotic agents2 n overview. 9roceeding of
Doological =ociety of India. "$$#1 /2"7!.".
(:. 9atel ,G, 9atel G, 9atel MG, Thounaojam <0, Hadeja BK, nsarullah, et al.
ssessment of lipid lowering e%ect of $ida rhomboidea.-oxb methanolic
extract in experimentally induced hyperlipidemia. H Noung 9harmacists. "$$;1
(2"..!:.
(;. Kic&avar A, Gamalinejad <, Izadpanah 4. .n vitro free radical scavenging
activity of five $alvia species. 9a& H 9harma =ci. "$$71 "$2";(!/.
"$. <elo 6, Filho H<, 8uerra KA. 0haracterization of antioxidant compounds in
aqueous coriander extracts *Coriander sativum +.-. +>T!Food =ci Technol.
"$$#1 .:2(#!(;.
"(. 9iironen 3, +indsay ,8, <iettinen T, Toivo H, +ampi <. 9lant =terols2
biosynthesis, biological function and their importance to human nutrition. H =ci
Food gric. "$$$1 :$2;.;!55.
"". 9olla& ?H *(;#.- =uccessful prevention of experimental
hypercholesterolemia and cholesterol atherosclerosis in the rabbit. 0irculation
72 5;5!7$(.
".. Nanni 6. Kovel plant sterol and stanol derivatives with beneficial properties2
6%icacy and safety. Becent 9atents 6ndocr <etabol Immune ,rug ,iscov.
"$$:1 "2(5!"..
"/. 0alpe!Aerdiel +, 6scolV!8il H0, Alanco!3aca F. Kew insights into the molecular
actions of plant sterols and stanols in cholesterol metabolism. theroscle.
"$$;1 "$.2(:!.(.
"#. Gamal!6ldin , <oazzami . 9lant sterols and stanols as cholesterol!lowering
ingredients in functional foods. Becent 9at Food Kutr gric. "$$;1 (2(!(/.
"5. 6lito& A. 6%icacy of 4erbal Bemedies in the Treatment of 0ardiovascular
,iseases in 4uman and nimals. Gocatepe 3et H. "$(.1 525.!:.
"7. 0ha&raborthy 8=, rora B, <ajee 0. ntidiabetic and antihyperlipidaemic e%ect
of hydroalcoholic extract of Calendula oficinalis. IBH9. "$((1 "25(!#.
":. Mrizar K+, <oore ,,. 8ugulipid1 natural cholesterol lowering agent.
nnu Bev Kutr. "$$.1 ".2.$.!(.. ";. Thompson 0oon H=, 6rnst 6. 4erbs for
serum cholesterol reduction2 a systematic view. H Fam 9ract. "$$.1
#"2/5:!7:.
.$. l! Aishri ><, l!ttas ?=. 8uggul Besin 6xtract Improve hyperglycemia and
+ipid 9rofile in =treptozotocin Induced ,iabetes<ellitus in rats. +ife =ci H. "$(.1
($2"7.#!/(.
.(. ,eng B. Therapeutic 6%ects of 8uggul and Its 0onstituent 8uggulsterone2
0ardiovascular Aenefits. 0ardiovasc ,rug Bev. "$$71 "#2.7#!.;$.
.". =atyavati 83, ,wara&anath 0, Tripathi =K. 6xperimental studies on the
hypocholesterolemic e%ect of Commiphora mukul. 6ngl. *8uggul-. Indian H <ed
Bes. (;5;1 #72(;#$!5".
... =ingh 3, Gaul =, 0hander B, Gapoor KG. =timulation of low density lipoprotein
receptor activity in liver membrane of guggulsterone treated rats. 9harmacol
Bes. (;;$1 ""2.7!//.
./. Aatra =, =rivastava =, =ingh G, 0hander B, Ghanna G, Ahaduri 9. =yntheses
and biological evaluation of .!substituted amino!(!aryl!5!hydroxy!hex!"!ene!(!
ones as antioxidant and hypolipidemic agents. Aioorg <ed 0hem. "$$$1
:2"(;#!""$;.
.#. =axena 8, =ingh =9, 9al B, =ingh =, 9ratap B, Kath 0. 8ugulipid, an extract of
Commiphora whighitii with lipid!lowering properties, has protective effects
against streptozotocin!induced memory deficits in mice. 9harmacol Aiochem
Aehav. "$$71 :527;7!:$#.
.5. 0hander B, Bizvi F, Ghanna G, 9ratap B. 0ardioprotective activity of
synthetic guggulsterone *e and z!isomers- in isoproterenol induced myocardial
ischemia in rats2 a comparative study. Ind H 0lin Aiochem. "$$.1 (:27(!;.
.7. ?jha =G, Kandave <, rora =, <ehra B,, Hoshi =, Karang B, et al. 6ffect of
Commiphora mukul extract on cardiac dysfunction and ventricular function in
isoproterenol!induced myocardial infarction. Indian H 6xp Aiol. "$$:1 /525/5!
#".
.:. >ang W, 8reilberger H, +edins&i 8, Gager 8, 9aigen A, et al. The hypolipidemic
natural product Commiphora mukul and its component guggulsterone inhibit
oxidative modification of +,+. therosclerosis. "$$/1 (7"2".;!"/5.
.;. Aellam&onda B, Basineni G, =ingareddy =B, Gasetti BA, 9asurla B,
0hippada B, ,esiredet al. ntihyperglycemic and antioxidant activities of
alcoholic extract of Commiphora mukul gum resin in streptozotocin induced
diabetic rats. 9athophysiology. "$((1 (:2"##!"5(.
BBHD= I 3olume ( I Issue " I ?ctober!,ecember, "$(. .:
e!I==K2 "."(!5(;$ p!I==K2 "./7!"";/
/$. hmad!Baus BB, bdul!+atif 6=, <ohammad HH. +owering of lipid composition in
aorta of guinea pigs by Curcuma domestica. A<0 0omplement ltern <ed.
"$$(1 (25!($.
/(. Germanshahi 4, Biasi . 6ffect of turmeric rhizome powder *Curcuma longa-
and soluble K=9 degrading enzyme on some blood parameters of laying hens.
Int H 9oultry =ci. "$$51 #2/;/!:.
/". Euiles H+, <esa <,, BamXrez!Tortosa 0+, guilera 0<, Aattino <, 8il , et al.
Curcuma longa extract supplementation reduces oxidative stress and
attenuates aortic fatty strea& development in rabbits. rterioscler Thromb
3asc Aiol. "$$"1 ""2(""#!.(.
/.. <anjunatha 4, =rinivasan G. 9rotective e%ect of dietary curcumin and
capsaicin on induced oxidation of low!density lipoprotein, iron!induced
hepatotoxicity and carrageenan!induced inflammation in experimental rats.
F6A= H. "$$51 "7.2/#":!.7.
//. <ajithiya HA, 9armar K, Aalaraman B. 6%ect of curcumin on
triton >B (..; induced hypercholesterolemia in mice. Indian H
9harmacol. "$$/1 .52.:(!/.
/#. Faizal 9, =uresh =, Gumar B=, ugusti GT. study on the hypoglycemic and
hypolipidemic effects of an ayurvedic ,rug Bajanyamala&adi in diabetic
patients. Indian H 0lin Aiochem. "$$;1 "/2:"!7.
/5. 0hithra 3, +eelamma =. Coriandrum sativum!effect on lipid metabolism in (, "!
dimethyl hydrazine induced colon cancer. H 6thnopharmacol. "$$$1 7(2/#7!/5..
/7. ,hanapa&iam 9, Hoseph H<, Bamaswamy 3G, <oorthi <, Gumar =. The
cholesterol lowering property of coriander seeds *Coriandrum sativum-2
<echanism of action. H 6nviron Aiol. "$$:1 ";2#.!5.
/:. ,e lmeida 6<, Aion F<, Filho H<, 8uerra KA. .n vivo antioxidant e%ect of
aqueous and etheric coriander *Coriandrum sativum +.- extracts. 6ur H +ipid =ci
Technol. "$$.1 ($#2/:.!7.
/;. Helodar 8, <ohsen <, =hahram =. 6%ect of walnut leaf, coriander and
pomegranate on blood glucose and histopathology of pancreas of alloxan
induced diabetic rats. fr H Tradit 0omplement ltern <ed. "$$71 /2";;!.$#.
#$. Hoshi =0, =harma K, =harma 9. ntioxidant and lipid lowering effects of
Coriandrum sativum in cholesterol fed rabbits. IH9=B. "$("1 /2".(!/.
#(. Eureshi =, sad >, =ultana 3. The 6%ect of )hyllantus emblica +inn on Type!II
diabetes, triglycerides and liverUspecific enzyme. 9a& H Kutr. "$$;1 :2("#!:.
#". =antosh&umar H, <anjunath =, =a&hare 9ranav&umar <. study of anti!
hyperlipidemia, hypolipedimic and anti!atherogenic activity of fruit of mblica
oficinalis *amla- in high fat fed albino rats. Int H <ed Bes 4ealth =ci. "$(.1
"*(-27$!77.
#.. ntony A, <erina A, =heeba 3, <u&&adan H. 6%ect of standardized Amla
extract on atherosclerosis and dyslipidemia. Indian H 9harm =ci. "$$51
5:*/-2/.7!//(.
#/. Ahattacharya =G, Ahattacharya G, =airam G, 8hosal =. 6%ect of
bioactive tannoid principles of mblica oficinalis on ischemia!reperfusion!
induced oxidative stress in rat heart. 9hytomed. "$$"1 ;2(7(!/.
##. ntony A, <erina A, =heeba 3. mlamaxY in the <anagement of ,yslipidemia
in 4umans. Indian H 9harma =ci. "$$:1 7$2#$/!7.
#5. Gojuri H, 3osoughi B, &rami <. 6%ects of anethum graveolens and garlic on
lipid profile in hyperlipidemic patients. +ipids 4ealth ,is. "$$71 52#!7.
#7. >illiams <H, =utherland >4, <c0ormic& <9, Neoman ,H, de Hong =. ged
garlic extract improves endothelial function in men with coronary artery
disease. 9hytother Bes. "$$#1 (;2.(/!(;.
#:. <unday H=, Hames G, Fray +<, Gir&wood =>, Thompson G8. ,aily
supplementation with aged garlic extract, but not raw garlic, protects +,+
against in vitro oxidation. theroscl. (;;;1 (/.2.;;!/$/.
#;. l!Kumair G=. 4ypocholesteremic and ntioxidant e%ects of 8arlic *Allium
sativum +.- extract in rate fed high cholesterol diet. 9a& H Kutr. "$$;1 :2(5(!
(55.
5$. 6l!=abban F, bouazra 4. 6ffect of garlic on atherosclerosis and its factors.
6ast <editerr 4ealth H. "$$:1 (/2(;#!"$#.
5(. 0houdhary B. Aenificial effect of Allium sativum and Allium tuberosum on
experimental hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. 9a& H 9hysiol. "$$:1 /27!;.
5". 6+!=egaey ?, b!lla , bu!l!Kman =. 6xperimental study of antioxidant and
hepatoprotective e%ects of clove and cardamom in ethanol!induced
hepatotoxicity. Tanta <ed =ci H. "$$71 "2"7!.5.
5.. =adee& 6, 6l!Baze& F4. The chemo!protective e%ect of turmeric, chili,
cloves and cardamom on correcting iron overload!induced liver injury,
oxidative stress and serum lipid profile in rat models. H merican =ci. "$($1
527$"!7(".
5/. Hoshi =0, Hoshi 3. 6%ect of Ammomum $ubulatum on oxidative stress and
atherosclerosis in cholesterol fed rabbits. 9harmacologyeline. "$$71 (2/#(!/5..
5#. Hoshi =0, Aairwa 8+, =harma K. 6%ect of Amomum subulatum on oxidative
stress and serum lipids in cholesterol fed rabbits. Int H Kat 9rod Bes. "$("1 (2(!
5.
55. Gapoor I9=, =ingh A, =ingh 8, Isidorov 3, =zczepania& +. 0hemistry, antifungal
and antioxidant activities of cardamom *Amomum subulatum- essential oil and
oleoresins. Int H 6ssential ?il Therap. "$$:1 "2";!/$.
57. +ee H=, Heon =<, 9ar& 6<, 4uh T+, Gwon ?=, +ee <G, et al. 0innamate
supplementation enhances hepatic lipid metabolism and antioxidant defense
systems in high cholesterol!fed rats. H <ed Food. "$$.1 52(:.!(;(.
5:. <athew =, braham T6. =tudies on the antioxidant activities of cinnamon
*Cinnamomum verum- bar& extracts, through various in vitro models. Food
0hem. "$$51 ;/2#"$!:.
BBHD= I 3olume ( I Issue " I ?ctober!,ecember, "$(. .;
e!I==K2 "."(!5(;$ p!I==K2 "./7!"";/
5;. <oselhy ==, li 4G. 4epatoprotective e%ect of 0innamon extracts against
carbon tetrachloride induced oxidative stress and liver injury in rats. Aiol Bes.
"$$;1 /"2;.!:.
7$. 0iftci <, =imse& M8, Nuce , Nilmaz, ?, ,al&ilic A. 6%ects of dietary
antibiotic and cinnamon oil supplementation on antioxidant enzyme activities,
cholesterol levels and fatty acid compositions of serum and meat in broiler
chic&ens. cta 3eterinaria Arno. "$($1 7;2..!/$.
7(. Faix =, FaixovZ D, 9lachZ I, Goppel H. 6ffect of Cinnamomum
/eylanicum essential oil on antioxidatives=tatus in broiler chic&ens. cta
3eterinaria Arno. "$$;1 7:2/((!7.
7". Ahatt 9B, 9andya GA, =heth KB. Camellia sinensis *+-2 The medicinal
beverage2 a review. IH9=BB. "$($1 .25!;.
7.. Behrah ,, hmedna <, Nu H, 8o&tepe I, 4urley =, 4anner T, et al. 6nhanced
cholesterol! and triglyceride!lowering e%ect of >est frican green tea. H =ci Food
gri. "$$71 :72(.".!";.
7/. <aruthappan 3, =a&thi =hree G. Alood cholesterol lowering e%ect of
Adenanthera pavonina seed extract on atherogenic diet induced
hyperlipidemia rats. IH9=. "$($1 (2 :7!;/.
7#. Mpaganlawar , Aalaraman B. 0ombined e%ect of green tea extract and
vitamin e on serum and heart tissue lipids, lipid metabolizing enzymes and
histopathological alteration in isoproterenol!induced myocardial infarction in
rats. =ci 9harm. "$$;1 7727;(!:$..
75. Nang TT0, Goo <>+. 0hinese green tea lowers cholesterol level through an
increase in fecal lipid excretion. +ife =ci. (;;;1 552/((!/"..
77. Dhang E, >ang 8H, HN, >u ,, Dhu ++, <a A, et al. pplication of 80@<=!based
metabonomic profiling in studying the lipid!regulating e%ects of &inkgo biloba
extract on diet!induced hyperlipidemia in rats. cta 9harmacol =in. "$$;1
.$2(57/!:7.
7:. l!ttar <, bu Deid I<. 6ffect of Tea *Camellia sinensis- and ?live *"lea
europaea +.- +eaves 6xtracts on <ale <ice 6xposed to ,iazinon. Aiomed Bes
Int. "$(.1 "$(.2/5(/(#.
7;. 8upta H, =iddique N4, Aeg T, ra 8, fzal <. 9rotective role of green tea extract
against genotoxic damage induced by anabolic steroids in cultured human
lymphocytes. Aiol <ed. "$$;1 (2:7!;;.
:$. Inami =, Ta&ano <, Namamoto <, <ura&ami ,, Taji&a G, Nodogawa G, et al.
Tea catechin consumption reduces circulating oxidized low!density lipoprotein.
Int 4eart H. "$$71 /:27"#!.".
:(. 8upta =, <ediratta 9G, =ingh =, =harma GG, =hu&la B. ntidiabetic,
antihypercholesterolemic and antioxidant e%ect of "cimum sanctum *linn.-
seed oil. Indian H 6xperi Aiol. "$$51 //2.$$!/.
:". =uanarunsawat T, >acharaporn ,K, =ongsa& T, Battanamahaphoom H. nti!
lipidemic actions of essential oil extracted from "cimum sanctum +. leaves in
rats fed with high cholesterol diet. H pplied Aiomed. "$$;1 72/#!#..
:.. 4ussain 64<, Hamil G, Bao <. 4ypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant
properties of Tulsi *"cimum $anctum +inn- on streptozotocin induced diabetes
in rats. Indian H 0li Aiochem. "$$(1 (52(;$!/.
:/. =ethi H, =ood =, =eth =, Talwar . 6valuation of hypoglycemic and antioxidant
e%ect of "cimum sanctum. Indian H 0lin Aiochem. "$$/1 (;2(#"!#.
:#. Ghanna K, rora ,, 4alder =, <ehta G, 8arg 8B, =harma A=, et al.
0omparative effect of "cmium sanctum, Commiphora mukul, folic acid and
ramipril on lipid peroxidation in experimentally!induced hyperlipidemia. Indian
H 6xp Aio. "$($1 /:2";;!.$#.
:5. grawal <, Kandini ,, =harma 3, 0hauhan K=. 4erbal remedies for
treatment of hypertension. IH9=B. "$($1 (2(!"(.
:7. Ahatti IM, Behman FM, Ghan <, <arwat =G. 6%ect of prophetic medicine
&alonji *#igella sativa- on lipid profile of human beings2 an in vivo approach. >
ppl =ci H. "$$;1 52($#.!7.
::. Tasawar D, =iraj D, hmad K, +ashari <+. The e%ects of #igella sativa *Galonji-
on lipid profile in patients with stable coronary artery disease in <ultan,
9a&istan. 9a& H Kutr. "$((1 ($2(5"!7.
:;. Kader <, ,ina =, 6l!gamy ,=, =udde& 8<. 9rotective e%ects of propolis
and thymoquinone on development of atherosclerosis in cholesterol!fed
rabbits. rchives of 9harmacal Besc. "$($1 ..25.7!5/..
;$. sgary =, Kaderi 84, =arrafzadegan K, <ohammadifard K, <ostafavi =, 3a&ili
B. ntihypertensive and antihyperlipidemic effects of Achillea wilhelmsii. ,rugs
6xp 0lin Bes. "$$$1 "52:;!;..
;(. Gamala&&annan K, 9rince 9=. 4ypoglycaemic effect of water extracts of
Aegle marmelos fruits in streptozotocin diabetic rats. H 6thnopharmacol. "$$.1
:72"$7!"($.
;". 3ijaya 0, Bamanathan <, =uresh A. +ipid lowering activity of ethanolic extract
of leaves of Aegle marmelos *+inn.- in hyperlipidaemic models of wistar albino
rats. Indian H 6xp Aiol. "$$;1 /72(:"!#.
;.. <oon H4, Ka&ata B, ?shima =, Ina&umae T, Terao H. ccumulation of quercetin
conjugates in blood plasma after the short term injection of onion by women.
H9 !Begu 9hysiol. "$$$1 "7;2/5(!7.
;/. 0ampos G6, ,iniz N=, 0ataneo 0, Faine +, lves <H, Kovelli 6+.
4ypoglycaemic and antioxidant e%ect of onion, Allium cepa2 dietary onion
addition, antioxidant activity and hypoglycaemic e%ect on diabetic rats. Int H
Food =ci Kutr. "$$.1 #2"/(!5.
;#. ?zougwu H0, Kwachi M6, 6yo H6. 0omparative hypolipidaemic e%ects of Allium
cepa, Allium sativum and ,ingiber oficinale aqueous extracts on alloxan!
induced diabetic -attus novergicus. Aio!Besearch. "$$:1 52.:/!;(.
;5. Gannar ,, >attanapenpaiboon K, =avige 8=, >ahlqvist <+.
4ypercholesterolemic e%ect of an enteric!coated garlic supplement. H0K.
"$$(1 "$2""#!".(.
BBHD= I 3olume ( I Issue " I ?ctober!,ecember, "$(. /$
e!I==K2 "."(!5(;$ p!I==K2 "./7!"";/
;7. Aanerjee =G, <auli& <, <anchanda =0, ,inda G, ,as TG, <auli& =G. 8arlic!
induced alteration in rat liver and &idney morphology and associated changes
in endogenous antioxidant status. Food 0hem Toxicol. "$$(1 .;27;.!7.
;:. Aerrougui 4, 6ttaib , 4errera 8onzalez <,, lvarez de =otomayor <,
Aennani!Gabchi K, 4mamouchi <. 4ypolipidemic and hypocholesterolemic
e%ect of argan oil *Argania spinosa- in meriones shawi rats. H
6thnopharmacol. "$$.1 :;2(#!(:.
;;. Aerrougui 4, lvarez de =otomayor <, 9[rez!8uerrero 0, 6ttaib ,
4mamouchi <, <arhuenda 6, et al. rgan *Argania spinosa- oil lowers blood
pressure and improves endothelial dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive
rats. Ar H Kutr. "$$/1 ;"2;"(!;.
($$. +ovegrove H, 0lohessy , <ilon 4, >illiams 0<. <odest doses of beta!
glucan do not reduce concentrations of potentially atherogenic lipoproteins.
m H 0lin Kutr. "$$$1 7"2/;!##.
($(. +!Bawi <<. 6%icacy of oat bran *Avena sativa +.- in comparison with
atorvastatin in treatment of hypercholesterolemia in albino rat liver. 6gypt H
4ospital <ed. "$$71 ";2#((!#"(.
($". Ahattacharya =G, Ahattacharya , Gumar , 8hosal =. ntioxidant activity of
Bacopa monniera in rat frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus. 9hytother
Bes. "$$$1 (/2(7/!;.
($.. 8hosh T, <aity TG, =engupta 9, ,ash ,G, Aose . ntidiabetic and .n 0ivo
antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Bacopa monnieri linn. aerial parts2
possible mechanism of action. IH9B. "$$:1 725(!:.
($/. <aron ,H, +u 89, 0ai K=, >u D8, +i N4, 0hen 4, et al. 0holesterol!lowering
e%ect of a theaflavin!enriched green tea extract2 a randomized controlled trial.
rch Intern <ed. "$$.1 (5.2(//:!#..
($#. Aertipaglia de =antana <, <andarino <8, 0ardoso HB, ,ichi I, ,ichi HA,
0amargo 6, et al. ssociation between soy and green tea *Camellia
sinensis- diminishes hypercholesterolemia and increases total
plasmaantioxidant potential in dyslipidemic subjects. Kutr. "$$:1 "/2#5"!:.
($5. 9urohit , 3yas GA. ntiatherosclerotic e%ect of Capparis decidua fruit extract
in cholesterol!fed rabbits. 9harma Aiol. "$$51 //2(7"!(77.
($7. 0hahlia K. 6valuation of hypolipidaemic activity of Capparis deciduas.
IHA=. "$$;1 #27$!..
($:. Gim =4, 0houng =N. ntihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidaemic action of
Cinnamomi Cassiae *0innamon bar&- extract in 0#7A+@Gs db@db mice. rch
9harm Bes. "$($1 ..2."#!....
($;. =uliman =4, 6l <ahdi A, buelgasim . The e%ect of feeding Coriandrum
sativum fruits powder on the plasma lipids profile in cholesterol fed rats. Bes. H
ni T 3et =ci. "$$:1 .2"/!":.
(($. Dhang D, 4o >GG, 4uang N, 0hen D. 4ypocholesterolemic activity of
hawthorn fruit is mediated by regulation of cholesterol!7F!hydroxylase and
acyl 0o2 cholesterol acyltransferase. Food Bes Int. "$$"1 .#2::#!;(.
(((. +in N, 3ermeer <, Trautwein 6. Triterpenic cids 9resent in 4awthorn
+ower 9lasma 0holesterol by Inhibiting Intestinal 0T ctivity in 4amsters.
e0<. "$$;1 "$((2(!;.
((". =ilva B<, =antos F, Bao 3=K, <aciel <<, 9into 0. The lipid! lowering e%ect
of trans!dehydrocrotonin, a clerodane diterpene from Croton ca%ucara Aenth in
mice fed on high! fat diet. H 9harma 9harmacol. "$$(1 #.2#.#!;.
((.. Tieppo <, 9oraws&i <, =alvador <, <oreira H, 0ollado 9=, 8onzZlez!8allego
H, et al. Croton ca%ucara Aenth. +eaf extract scavenges the stable free radical
dpph and protects against oxidative stress induced by paraquat. Aiol 9harm
Aull. "$$51 ";2(5(!#.
((/. sai , <iyazawa T. ,ietary curcuminoids prevent high!fat dietUinduced lipid
accumulation in rat liver and epididymal adipose tissue. H Kutr. "$$(1
(.(2";."!#.
((#. <oriceau =, Aesson 0, +evrat <, <oundras 0, B[m[sy 0, <orand 0, et al.
0holesterol!lowering e%ects of guar gum2 changes in bile acid pools and
intestinal reabsorption. +ipids. "$$$1 .#2/.7!///.
((5. Bideout T0, Nuan D, Aa&ovic <, +iu E, +i BG, <ine N, et al. 8uar gum
consumption increases hepatic nuclear =B6A9" and +,+ receptor expression in
pigs fed an atherogenic diet. H Kutr. "$$71 (.72#5:!7".
((7. Ahattacharya , 8hosal =, Ahattacharya =G. ntioxidant activity of tannoid
principles of mblica oficinalis *amla- in chronic stress induced changes in rat
brain. Indian H 6xp Aiol. "$$$1 .:2:77!:$.
((:. 0hen =4, +iang N0, 0hao H0, Tsai +4, 0hang 00, >ang 00, et al. 9rotective
effects of &inkgo biloba extract on the ethanol!induced gastric ulcer in rats.
>orld H 8astroenterol. "$$#1 ((2.7/5!#$.
((;. BodrXguez <, Bingstad +, =ch\fer 9, Hust =, 4ofer 4>, <almsten <, =iegel 8.
Beduction of atherosclerotic nanoplaque formation and size by &inkgo
biloba *68b 75(- in cardiovascular high!ris& patients. therosclerosis. "$$71
(;"2/.:!///.
("$. Nu N<, >u 04, Tseng N4, Tsai 06, 0hang >0. ntioxidative and
hypolipidemic effects of barley leaf essence in a rabbit model of
atherosclerosis. Hpn H 9harmacol. "$$"1 :;2(/"!:.
("(. ,elaney A, Kicolosi BH, >ilson T, 0arlson T, Frazer =, Dheng 84, et al. L!
glucan fractions from barley and oats are similarly antiatherogenic in
hypercholesterolemic =yrian golden hamsters. H Kutr. "$$.1 (..2/5:!/7#.
("". Aehall G<, =cholfield ,H, 4allfrisch H. ,iets containing barley significantly
reduce lipids in mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women. m H 0lin Kutr.
"$$/1 :$2((:#!;..
(".. Ghaleel 6, 8ad <D, 6l!<araghy =, 4ifnawy <=, bdel!=attar 6. =tudy of
hypocholesterolemic and antiatherosclerotic properties of (edicago sativa +.
cultivated in 6gypt. HF,. "$$#1 (.2"("!(:.
("/. sgary =, <oshtaghian H, 4osseini <, =iadat 4. 6%ects of alfalfa on lipoproteins
and fatty strea& formation in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. 9a& H 9harm =ci.
"$$:1 "(2/5$!/.
BBHD= I 3olume ( I Issue " I ?ctober!,ecember, "$(. /(
e!I==K2 "."(!5(;$ p!I==K2 "./7!"";/
("#. ?laleye <T, &inmoladun 0, &indahunsi . ntioxidant properties of
(yristica fragrans *4outt- and its e%ect on selected organs of albino rats. H?+.
"$$51 #2("7/!7:.
("5. rulmozhi ,G, Gurian B, 3eeranjaneyulu , Aodhan&ar =+. ntidiabetic and
antihyperlipidemic e%ects of (yristica fragrans in animal models. 9harma Aiol.
"$$71 /#25/!:.
("7. Hayasooriya 9, =a&ono <, Nu&iza&i 0, Gawano <, Namamoto G, Fu&uda K.
6%ects of (omordica charantia powder on serum glucose levels and various
lipid parameters in rats fed with cholesterol!free and cholesterol!enriched
diets. H 6thnopharmacol. "$$$1 7"2..(!5.
(":. =athishse&ar ,, =ubramanian =. ntioxidant properties of (omordica
charantia *bitter gourd- seeds on =treptozotocin induced diabetic rats. sia 9ac
H 0lin Kutr. "$$#1 (/2(#.!:.
(";. 8hasi =, Kwobodo 6, ?fili H?. 4ypocholesterolemic e%ects of crude extract of
leaf of (oringa oleifera +am in high!fat diet fed wistar rats. H 6thnopharmacol.
"$$$1 5;2"(!#.
(.$. Hain 98, 9atil =,, 4aswani K8, 8irase <3, =uran =H. 4ypolipidemic activity of
(oringa oleifera +am., <oringaceae, on high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia in
albino rats. Araz H 9harmacogn. "$($1 "$2;5;!7..
(.(. l!Kaqeep 8, l!Dubairi =, Ismail <, mom D4, 6sa K<. ntiatherogenic
potential of #igella sativa seeds and oil in diet!induced hypercholesterolemia in
rabbits. eCA( . "$($1 "$((2(!;.
(.". bdel =alam ?<6, Kada =, rbid <=. The e%ect of ginseng on bile!
pancreatic secretion in the rat. Increase in proteins and inhibition of total
lipids and cholesterol secretion. 9harmacol Bes. "$$"1 /#2./;!#..
(... Gim =4, 9ar& G=. 6%ects of )anax ginseng extract on lipid metabolism in
humans. 9harmacol Bes. "$$.1 /:2#((!..
(./. Bomero!Aaranzini +, Bodriguez ?8, Nanez!Farias 8, Aarron!4oyos H<,
Bayas!,uarte 9. 0hemical, 9hysicochemical, and Kutritional 6valuation of
9lantago *)lantago ovata Fors&-. 0ereal 0hem. "$$51 :.2.#:!5".
(.#. 3ega!+opez =, Frea&e 40, Fernandez <+. =ex and hormonal status modulate
the e%ects of psyllium on plasma lipids and monocyte gene expression in
humans. H Kutr. "$$.1 (..257!7$.
(.5. Nang 4?, Go >G, Gim HN, Bo 4=. 9aeoniflorin2 an antihyperlipidemic agent
from )aeonia lactifilora. Fitoterapia. "$$/1 7#2/#!;.
(.7. Ghanna , Bizvi F, 0hander B. +ipid lowering activity of )hyllanthus niruri
in hyperlipemic rats. H
6thnopharmacol. "$$"1 :"2(;!"".
(.:. <azunder M9, 8upta <, Bajeshwar N. ntihyperglycemic e%ect and
antioxidant potential of )hyllanthus niruri *6uphorbiaceae- in streptozotocin
induced diabetic rats. 6urop Aull ,rug Besc. "$$#1 (.2(#!"..
(.;. Ahas&aran =, =antanam K, 9enumetcha <, 9arthasarathy =. Inhibition of
atherosclerosis in low!density lipoprotein receptor!negative mice by sesame oil.
H <ed Food. "$$51 ;2/:7!/;$.
(/$. Aiswas , ,har 9, 8hosh =. ntihyperlipidemic e%ect of =esame *$esamum
indicum +.- protein isolate in rats fed a normal and high cholesterol diet. H Food
=ci. "$($1 7#2"7/!;.
(/(. 8uimar]es 9B, 8alv]o <, Aatista 0<, zevedo 8=, ?liveira B,, +amounier B9,
et al. 6ggplant *$olanum melongena- infusion has a modest and transitory
e%ect on hypercholesterolemic subjects. Araz H <ed Aiol Bes. "$$$1 ..2($"7!
.5.
(/". ?detola , Iranloye N?, &inloye ?. 4ypolipidaemic potentials of $olanum
melongena and $olanum gilo on hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. 9a& H Kutr.
"$$/1 .2(:$!7.
(/.. 0hander <, =ingh G, Ghanna G, Gaul =<, 9uri , =axena B, et al.
ntidyslipidemic and antioxidant activities of di%erent fractions of *erminalia
ar%una stem bar&. Indian H 0lin Aiochem. "$$/1 (;2(/(!:.
(//. =uchalatha =, =hyamala ,evi 0=. ntioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of
*erminalia chebula fruit against isopropanol!induced oxidative stress in rats.
Indian H Aiochem Aiophys. "$$#1 /"2"/5!;.
(/#. 9rasanna <. 4ypolipidemic e%ect of fenugree&2 a clinical study. Indian H
9harmacol. "$$$1 ."2./!5.
(/5. <oosa =<, Bashid <M, sadi D=, ra K, Mddin <<, Ferdaus . 4ypolipidemic
effects of fenugree& seed powder. Aangladesh H 9harmacol. "$$51 (25/!7.
(/7. ,huley HK. daptogenic and cardioprotective action of ashwagandha in rats and
frogs. H 6thanopharmacol. "$$$1 7$2#7!5..
(/:. Mdaya&umar B, Gasthurirengan =, <ariashibu T=, Bajesh <, nbazhagan 3B,
Gim =0, et al. 4ypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic e%ects of withania somnifera
root and leaf extracts on alloxan!induced diabetic rats. Int H <ol =ci. "$$;1
($2".57!:".
(/;. Fuhrman A, Bosenblat <, 4aye& T, 0oleman B, viram <. 8inger extract
consumption reduces plasma cholesterol inhibits +,+ oxidation and
attenuates development of atherosclerosis in atherosclerotic, apolipoprotein
6!deficient mice. H Kutr. "$$$1 (.$2(("/!.(.
BBHD= I 3olume ( I Issue " I ?ctober!,ecember, "$(. /"