Appendix E

HCA/240 Version 4
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Associate Level Material
Appendix E
For this assignment, complete this chart to create an easy-to-read reference that will help you understand how the two forms of
diabetes mellitus differ. Maintaining proper levels of insulin is critical for diabetes patients. The means by which insulin can be
regulated depends upon which type of diabetes a patient has.
Complete the chart with a 25- to 50-word response for each bo.
Form of diabetes
Age of
onset
Defects in insulin and
effects on glucose
metabolism
Risk factors
Prevention and
treatment
Type I: Insulin-
dependent diabetes
mellitus
!sually
prior to
age "0
The pancreas stop
producing insulin when
the bodies own immune
system attac#s and
destroys the insulin-
producing beta cells of
the pancreas. Therefore,
it is an autoimmune
disease.
$estroyed cells will not
ever ma#e the hormone
insulin again. %t has not
been established yet, as
to why this happens.
&owever it is thought to
be in connection with
'ometimes family
members of people with
type ( diabetes are tested
for the presence of
diabetes autoantibodies.
%f you have these
autoantibodies, you have
an increased ris# of
developing type (
diabetes. )ut, not
everyone who has these
autoantibodies develops
type (
$espite a great deal of
ongoing research, there
are currently no
interventions before
diagnosis that have
shown any benefit.
There is now an
emerging interest as to
whether vaccination can
be applied in
autoimmune and
inflammatory conditions.
*accination may have a
future role in the
prevention of type (
diabetes.
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Appendix E
HCA/240 Version 4
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genes, though having the
right gene is not enough.
Type II: oninsulin-
dependent diabetes
mellitus
!sually
after
age +5
The defects in insulin action
on s#eletal muscle are the
primary reasons for the
decreased whole body
glucose upta#e, some of
these defects may be due to
impaired insulin-receptor
tyrosine #inase activity,
diminished glucose
phosphorylation -via
heo#inase. and transport
-via glucose transporter-+.,
and reduced glycogen
synthase and pyruvate
dehydrogenase activities
-/erseghin et al.,
200",/etersen 0 'hulman,
2002.. The defects in these
pathways account for all
three common disturbances
seen in the insulin-resistant
s#eletal muscle -e.g. glucose
disposal, glycogen synthesis
and glucose oidation.
-$eFron1o et al.,
(222,/erseghin et al.,
200",/etersen 0 'hulman,
There are many ris# factor
of type 2 diabetes such as3
obesity. 4ac# of physical
activity. 5thnicity3 people of
'outh 6sian, 6frican,
6frican-7aribbean.
/olynesian, Middle-5astern
and 6merican-%ndian
descent are at greater ris# of
type 2 diabetes, compared
with the white population.
&istory of gestational
diabetes. %mpaired glucose
tolerance.
8ral medications, other
medications, and9or
insulin replacement
therapy, as directed by
your doctor. There are
various types of
medications that may be
used to treat type 2
diabetes when lifestyle
changes such as diet,
eercise, and weight loss
are not enough. 8ral
medications of several
different types are
available, with each type
wor#ing in a different
manner to lower blood
sugar. 8ne medication
may be combined with
another one to improve
blood sugar control.
:hen oral medications
are no longer effective,
insulin may be re;uired.
<ew medications for
treating diabetes are in
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Appendix E
HCA/240 Version 4
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2002..
development.
=egular monitoring of
the hemoglobin 6(c
levels. The hemoglobin
6(c test -also called
&b6(c test. shows the
average amount of sugar
in the blood over the last
three months. The result
will indicate if the blood
sugar level is under
control. The fre;uency of
&b6(c testing will be
determined by your
doctor. %t is
recommended that
testing occur at least
twice a year if the blood
sugar level is in the
target range and stable,
and more fre;uently if
the blood sugar level is
unstable
HCA/240