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Nervous System Test Review

1. What part of the nervous system are the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
What are their functions?
Both are part of the autonomic nervous system and so both are involuntary responses.
Sympathetic Nervous Systemflight or flight response, which causes increased heart
muscle contraction, increased sweating, the release of glucose from liver > all
responses to help with quick action
Parasympathetic Nervous Systemrest and digest system, where digestion occurs,
body in resting state

2. Draw and label a neuron with the following: synaptic cleft (synapse), axon, and
dendrite. What is the function of each part of the neuron?







3. Describe afferent and efferent neurons?
Afferent(sensory neurons) receive information from the outside (sensory receptors)
and sends them to other neurons so the body can produce a response
Efferent(motor neurons) receive information from other neurons and sends that
information to effectors (muscles, glands), which produce a response

4. Where do you find bipolar neurons?
Retina, vestibular nerve, spinal ganglia
**sensory organs> transmit nerves

5. What are ganglia and where do you find them?
- Structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies
- Located in the peripheral nervous system

6. What is the role of a neurotransmitter? Give two example?
Transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell
a) ACh
b) Dopamine

7. What is the function of acetylcholinesterase (ACh)?
-Destroy ACh brief period after its release by the axon endings
-Breaks ACh down
-Breaks Sedocoline

8. What is the tissue separating the cerebral hemispheres called?
Longitudinal fissure


9. What 3 areas make up the brain stem?
Medulla
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Pons
Midbrain

10. What part of the brain controls heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure?
Medulla Oblongata

11. What is a shallow groove on the surface of the cortex called?
Sulcus

12. What are the ridges in the surface of the cerebral cortex called?
Gyri

13. What is the fissure separating the cerebral hemisphere called?
Longitudinal fissure

14. What is the frontal lobe separated from the temporal lobe by?
Lateral Sulcus

15. What makes up the brain stem? What are their functions?
Medullacontrols breathing, swallowing, BP, and heart rate
Ponslink cerebellum to the cerebrum
Midbraincontrols vision and hearing

16. What is the function of the hypothalamus?





17. What is the arbor vitae?
White matter of the cerebellum

18. What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?
Separation of circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluids to the central nervous
systembrings diseases: meningitis, epilepsy, Alzheimers and Rabies

19. What REM is associated with?




20. Where in the spinal cord is the grey matter and white matter found?
Grey> inside White> outside
Where in the brain is it found?
Grey> outer surface White> inner


21. Where is the subarachnoid space found?
Between the arachnoid matter and the Pia matter

22. What is Huntingtons disease?
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A hereditary disease marked by degeneration of brain cells and causing chorea and
dementia
When does it first appear?




23. What is Parkinsons diseases?
Affects a persons motor system, usually happens to older people

24. Which lobes does the central sulcus separate?
Parietal lobe from the frontal lobe

25. What is the function of the limbic system?




26. Where is the primary auditory cortex found?
Temporal Lobe of the brain

27. What would happen if your hypothalamus were injured?
Affect the normal bodily functionscan cause uncontrollable urination and failure to
regulate your metabolic base temperature

28. What structures make up the midbrain?
-Located between forebrain and hindbrain
-Reticular formation located in midbrain
Region of brainstem influences motor function

29. What is involved in motor activity?
-Primary motor cortex in the pre-central gyrus
if region is electrically stimulated = muscles contract

30. Where is cerebrospinal fluid found?
Found in subarachnoid space (region between the arachnoid and pia maters,
surrounding brain and spinal cord)
Where is it made?
Choroid plexus networks of capillaries in walls of ventricles

31. What is meningitis?
A disease involving inflammation (swelling) or irritation, of meninges



32. Where are the following found?
a) Motor Speech Area: Frontal Lobe
b) Visual Area:
c) Taste (gustatory) Area:
d) Auditory Area: Temporal Lobe
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e) Primary Sensory Cortex: Part of the post-central gyrus, part of parietal lobe
f) Place of intelligence, abstract reasoning: Frontal Lobe


33. Distinguish between the following:
a) Central Nervous System:
b) Peripheral Nervous System:
c) Autonomic Nervous System:
d) Somatic Nervous System:

34. List the major structures of a neuron and describe their function. Identify each part
on a diagram.
35. What is the sheath of a Schwann cell also known as?
36. Explain the importance of the myelin sheath.
37. What does a neurotransmitter do?
38. Explain how action potentials are generated and propagated along neurons.
39. Describe the effects of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
40. What are reflexes a result of?
41. Describe the organization of the nervous system.
42. What is the function of the various glial cells?

43. What are the different layers of the meninges?
Dura, arachnoid, pia mater

44. What are the major fissures of the brain?
Central fissures and Lateral tissues

45. What is the motor cortex? What does it do?
Pre-central gyrus of cerebrummotor information to body

46. What does the hypothalamus do?
ANS function, body temperature, thirst, metabolismmakes up roof of 3rd ventricle

47. What does the pituitary do?
Gland that regulates several physiological processes (including stress, growth,
reproduction, and lactation)

48. Describe the CSF. Where is it found? Made?
Like blood plasma, in ventricles, choroid plexus

49. What does the corpus callosum do?
Relay center between right and left cerebral hemisphere


Name Location Function Other
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Name Location Function Other
Thalamus Encloses the shallow
3rd ventricle
relay station for sensory
impulses passing
upward to the sensory
cortex
Limbic System
Emotions emotional
visceral brain

Mammillary Bodies
Sense of smell floor of
hypothalamus posterior
to
Hypothalamus Under the thalamus;
makes up floor of
diencephalon
plays a role in the
regulation of the body
temperature water
balance and metabolism

Pituitary Gland Hangs from the anterior
floor of the
hypothalamus by a
slender stalk
Stimulates contraction
of uterus and the milk
let down reflex

Epithalamus It is a segment of the
diencephalon (a part of
the middle of the brain)
-Secretion of
melatonin (pineal
gland)
-Regulation of motor
pathways and
emotions
-Connection with limbic
system and basal
ganglia
Pineal Bodysecretes
melatonin

Choroid Plexus3rd
ventricle knots of
capillaries within each
ventricle from
cerebrospinal fluid
Midbrain Small part of brain stem,
extends from
mammillary bodies to
the pons inferiorly
Portion of the CNS
associated with vision,
hearing, motor control,
sleep/wake, arousal and
temperature regulation
Cerebral Aqueducttiny
canal that travels
through connects 3rd
ventricle of
diencephalon
Pons
(Rounded structures)
Just below the midbrain
bridge, this part of
the brainstem is
mostly fibers tracts
**Have important nuclei
involved in the control of
breathing

Medulla Oblongota Most inferior part of the
brain stem, merges into
spinal cord
-Important fiber tract
-Contains many
nuclei that regulate
vital visceral
activities
-Control heart rate, BP,
breathing, swallowing
and vomiting

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Name Location Function Other
Reticular Formation Extending the entire
length of brainstem
Neurons involved in
motor activity of visceral
organs
RASRole in
consciousness and
awake/sleep cycle
Cerebellum
-Has 2 hemispheres
and a convoluted
surface
-Has an outer cortex
Projects dorsally from
under the occipital lobe
of the cerebellum
-Provides the
precise timing for
skeletal muscle
activity
-Controls out
balance,
equilibrium, and
posture


Gray Matter
Major component of
the CNS
-Deep in the brain or on
the surface in the sulci
(grooves)
Includes regions of the
brain involved in muscle
control, and sensory
perception
Contains numerous cell
bodies and few
myelinated axons
White Matter
In the CNS, brain,
and spinal cord
-
Transmit signals from
one region of the
cerebrum to another
and between the
cerebrum and lower
brain centers
Composed of long-
range myelinated
axon tracts and
contains very few
cell bodies
*Whiteness of myelin
Basal Ganglia Deep within the cerebral
hemispheres in the
telencephalon region of
the brain
Involuntary motor
movements, procedural
learning, routine
behaviors, eye
movements, and
emotion