STUDIES ON ACACIA NILOTICA PODS REPLACING ENERGY

SOURCES IN RATION OF DAIRY COWS ON PRODUCTION

PERFORMANCE AND NEUTRACEUTICAL VALUE OF MILK AND
MILK PRODUCTS

THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE

NATIONAL DAIRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, KARNAL
(DEEMED UNIVERSITY)
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN
DAIRYING
(ANIMAL NUTRITION)

BY
MAYANK TANDON

DIVISION OF DAIRY CATTLE NUTRITION

NATIONAL DAIRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
(I.C.A.R.)
KARNAL-132001, HARYANA, INDIA
2009
Regn. No. 1080503
 CONTENTS

CHAPTERS TITLE PAGE

NO
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-3
2.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4-45
2.1 Un-conventional feeds in livestock production 4
2.2 Incorporation of un-conventional feeds -babul pods 5
2.2.1 Babul pods (Acacia nilotica) - chemical
composition
2.2.2 Advantages of Acacia spp. Over its feeding
values
2.2.3 Disadvantages of Acacia spp.
2.3 Nature of tannins in tanniniferous feeds 7
2.3.1 Nature of tannins in babul (Acacia nilotica) pod 8
2.4 Rumen metabolism of tannins 9
2.4.1 Tannins interaction with rumen 10
microorganisms
2.5 Effect of babul pods on in vitro digestibility and gas 11
production in cattle
2.6 Effect of babul pods on different rumen parameters in 12
cattle
2.6.1 Effect on total volatile fatty acid 12
2.6.2 Effect on total – N 13
2.6.3 Effect on NH3-N 13
2.6.4 Effect on NPN 14
2.6.5 Effect on TCA-ppt N 14
2.7 Nutrients intake and digestibility 14
2.8 Effects of tannins on animal production 17
2.8.1 Milk yield and composition 17
2.8.2 Effects of tannins on nitrogen balance 19
2.8.3 Tannins and microbial protein and amino acids 20
absorption

Contd….
 2.9 Biodegradation of tannins in ruminant system 22
2.9.1 Microbial degradation of tannins 22
2.9.2 Degradation of hydrolysable tannins 23
2.9.3 Biodegradation of condensed tannins and their 25
monomers
2.9.4 Catechin degrading anaerobic bacteria 27
2.9.5 Catabolic pathway of catechin 29
2.9.6 In Anaerobic Bacteria 29
2.10 Therapeutic value of tannin metabolites 30
2.11 Acacia tannins as ayurvedic medicine 32
2.12 Metabolism and absorption 32
2.12.1 Approaches to increase bioavailability 33
2.13 Drug potential of these tannin metabolites 34
2.13.1 Cardiovascular diseases and catechins 35
2.13.2 Effect on antioxidant markers and oxidative 36
stress
2.13.3 Tannin monomers and antioxidant activity 37
2.13.4 Effects on lipid metabolism 39
2.13.5 Effect on carbohydrate metabolism 40
2.13.6 Effect on vascular disease 41
2.14 Milk as a therapeutic agent 42
2.14.1 Milk 42
2.14.2 Tannin its degraded products and isoflavones 43
in milk
2.14.3 Occurrence of other phenolic compounds in 44
milk
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 46-75
3.1 Replacement of cereal energy using babul pod in 46
concentrate mixtures
3.2 Proximate analysis and fiber fractionation of TMRs 46
3.3 Tannins estimation 46
3.4 In vitro nutrient digestibility and gas production of 49
TMRs
3.5 Estimation of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) 51
Contd….
 3.6 Determination of various nitrogen fractions (total-N, 52
NH3-N, TCA ppt-N and NPN)
3.7 In vitro degradation of condensed tannins i.e. Catechin 53
and epicatechin over a period of 96 h. Incubation
3.8 Statistical analysis 53
3.9 Evaluation of various TMRs on milk production of 54
crossbred cows
3.10 Estimation of microbial protein synthesis from purine 58
derivatives excreted through urine
3.11 Estimation of tannins degraded products in 61
different biological samples
3.12 Identification and quantification of tannins 61
monomers in “condense milk” “khoa” and “milk powder”
3.13 Statistical analysis 63
3.14 Sensory evaluation 63
3.15 Rat studies 67
3.16 Analysis for hypocholesterolemic, antioxidative and 68
hypoglycemic effect
3.17 Analysis of RBC lysate 70
3.18 Estimation of total antioxidant activity 74
3.19 Statistical analysis 75
4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 76-115
4.1 Replacement of cereal energy using babul pods in 76
concentrate mixtures
4.2 Proximate analysis and fiber fractionation of TMRs 76
4.3 Tannins partitioning 77
4.4 Nitrogen Partitioning as per CNCP System for 78
Concentrates
4.5 In-vitro nutrient digestibility and gas production for 79
barley replacement groups
4.6 In-vitro nutrient digestibility and gas production for 80
sorghum replacement groups
4.7 Digestibility of Condense Tannin in vitro 83

Contd….
4.8 Effect of different replacement level of grains with 84
Babul Pods on Different in vitro Rumen Parameters in
Cattle
4.9 Degradation of catechin and epicatechin over a period 87
of 96 hours incubation in vitro
4.10 Evaluation of Milk Production of Crossbred Cows 89
Maintained on Various TMRs Based on Barley and
Sorghum Energy Replacement
4.11 Effects of different TMRs on fortnightly dry matter 89
intake, body weight change and feed conversion
efficiency in lactating cows
4.12 Effect of different TMRs on milk yield in lactating cows 91
during whole trial period
4.13 Effect of Different Diets on Fortnightly Milk Composition 92
in Lactating Cows
4.14 Effect of Different tmrs on Fortnightly Yield of Milk 94
Constituents In Lactating Cows
4.15 Chemical composition and Tannin content of the 95
experimental TMRs
4.16 Effect of different diets on digestible nutrient intake and 96
digestibility coefficient in lactating cows
4.17 Effect of different diets on nutrient intake in lactating 97
cows during metabolic trial
4.18 Effect of different TMRs on feed conversion efficiency, 98
energy and protein utilization efficiency in lactating
cows during metabolic trial
4.19 Effect of TMRs on N-balance in Lactating Cows 99
4.20 Effect of different TMRs on Microbial Protein Synthesis 100
4.21 Effect of Different TMRs on Degradation Products of 101
Tannins from Babul Pods
4.22 Effect of different diets on degradation of tannins from 103
babul pods in lactating cows
4.23 Effects of babul pods containing TMRs on appearance 104
of tannins monomers in Khoa and milk powder
4.24 Sensory evaluation of Milk and Milk products like Khoa 105
and milk powder

Contd….
 4.25 Assessment of the hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic 106
and anti-oxidative activities of the milk powder
containing tannin monomers in rats
4.26 Chemical composition of experimental diets 106
4.27 Body weight (g) and DMI (g/ d) of experimental rats 107
4.28 Effect of feeding on lipid profile in plasma 107
4.29 Haemoglobin concentration 110
4.30 Effect of feeding on glycemic profile in plasma 111
4.31 Effect of feeding on anti-oxidative activities 112
5.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 116-135
6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY i - xxvi
 ABSTRACT
In the present study, Acacia nilotica pods were used to replace the barley and
sorghum grains energy in concentrate at various replacement levels i.e. 0, 40, 60, 80 and
100 percent in such a manner that the tannins were equivalent to 6 %. The concentrates
were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. TMRs were prepared from these concentrates at
50:50 with the help of oat green and straw (33:17) and were evaluated for in vitro nutrients
digestibility, gas production and nitrogen fractions. In vitro DM, OM and CP digestibilities
over a period of 48 hours incubation ranged from 55.30 to 62.47; 60.44 to 63.25 and
48.14 to 52.18 percent respectively for barley replacement groups and in vitro DM, OM
and CP digestibilities form sorghum replacement groups were 49.98 to 57.25; 57.09 to
62.44 and 55.25 and 50.06 to 54.68 per cent respectively. In vitro N-fractions like total-N,
NH3-N, TCA-N, NPN and TVFA concentration remained similar in all the replacement
groups of both barley and sorghum. The above results concluded that barley and sorghum
both can be replaced @ 100 percent in the concentrate mixtures.
Based on in vitro results, 80 per cent replacement level was selected both for
barley and sorghum groups and were evaluated on lactating cows along with control. Over
all mean DMI was 12.09, 12.13 and 12.13 (kg/d) for respective treatments, while DMI per
cent B.W. was 2.99, 3.00 and 2.96 respectively. The mean milk yield was 14.15, 14.72
and 14.14 (kg/d) in T1, T2 and T3, respectively, and FCM yield also remained similar in all
the groups. Over all protein per cent in milk was 3.34, 3.37 and 3.33 in T1, T2 and T3
respectively, while milk fat was 4.14, 4.37 and 3.62 per cent, both remained similar in all
the groups. The feed conversion efficiency (DMI, kg/kg MY) remained similar across
different treatments. The DMI, DDMI and DOMI in terms of kg/ day or kg/ 100 kg body
weight remained similar among treatment groups. Similarly, DCP and TDN intake in terms
of kg/day remained similar among treatment groups. Dry matter digestibility was 60.83,
58.73 and 59.85 per cent in T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Digestibility of DM, OM, CP, CF,
NFE, NDF and ADF remained unchanged due to dietary treatments. Energetic efficiency
for milk production increased from 39.59 in T1 to 43.89 and 43.66 per cent in T2 and T3
respectively. Tannin monomers like phloroglucinol, gallic acid, resorcinol, catechin,
epicatechin and epigallocatechingallate were identified and quantified in different
biological samples namely faeces, urine, milk and milk products (condense milk, khoa and
milk powder). This also indicates the increased nutraceutical value of milk and milk
products.
The tannin monomers enriched milk powder was evaluated in rats for assessing its
hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic and anti-oxidative activities over a period of 90 days.
Daily DMI (g/ d) was 15.64, 14.99, 15.12 and 15.17 in groups from T1 to T4 respectively.
Lipid profile i.e. TG, Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index did not
influenced with dietary treatments, Similar was observed for glucose and insulin
concentration. Antioxidant parameters like catalase and GPx were similar, while an
increasing trend was observed for FRAP and SOD activities. Thus showed a potential of
milk powder enriched with tannin monomers for increasing anti-oxidative status in the rats.
The results revealed that incorporation of milk powder enriched with bioactive compounds
emanated from dietary tannins improved the antioxidant status (SOD activity) in the rats.
Reference:
Mayank Tandon. 2009. Studies on Acacia nilotica Pods Replacing Energy
Sources in Ration of Dairy Cows on Production Performance and
Neutraceutical Value of Milk and Milk Products. Ph.D thesis. Submitted to
National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) Deemed University, Karnal,
Haryana, India.