INTRODUCTION

Electronic Ticket Machine

The Kerala State Road Transport Corporation is introducing ticket machines on buses. The ticket
machines would end the use of the hefty 1.5-kg ticket racks carried by KSRTC conductors. t would
also end the practice of tearing out tickets and marking fare stages.
nstead! the KSRTC conductor would "ust ha#e to key in the details about the fare stage and the ticket
machine would print out the ticket. The machine weighs only $%% grams and is con#enient to carry. The
parameters are almost like that of a railway ticket! the only difference being that the machine is
portable.
The machine can print out &!'%% tickets! including the "ourney report in order to facilitate inspection by
the corporation(s checking inspectors. )ach machine costs Rs. 1%!%%% to Rs. 1&!%%%. The KSRTC has
budgeted Rs. & cores for this inno#ati#e step which would ha#e the support of the nformation
Technology *epartment. n old days the KSRTC was spending Rs. $5 lakhs on printing tickets. The
ticket machines would help pre#ent loss on account of malpractice. t would also help in pro#iding
ade+uate data to the corporation! particularly with regard to the boarding of passengers from fare stages
and important points. This would help the corporation prepare and organi,e its schedules more
efficiently on the basis of traffic demand. -esides! it would pro#ide data on concessions gi#en to
#arious sections. .nother additional feature is that the data in the ticket machine could be fed into the
computer. /ore o#er the depots of the corporation would be fully computeri,ed so we want to add
some other modules in our domain for depot0s #erification.
1
1. OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT
Electronic B! Ticketin"
The ticket machines would end the use of the hefty 1.5-kg ticket racks carried by conductors. t
would also end the practice of tearing out tickets and marking fare stages. The Conductor would
"ust ha#e to key in the details about the fare stage and the ticket machine would print out the
ticket. The machine weighs only $%% grams and is con#enient to carry. The parameters are
almost like that of a railway ticket! the only difference being that the machine is portable. The
machine can print out &!'%% tickets! including the "ourney report in order to facilitate inspection
by the corporation(s checking inspectors. The ticket machines would help pre#ent loss on
account of malpractice. t would also help in pro#iding ade+uate data to the corporation!
particularly with regard to the boarding of passengers from fare stages and important points.
This would help the corporation prepare and organi,e its schedules more efficiently on the basis
of traffic demand. -esides! it would pro#ide data on concessions gi#en to #arious sections.
.nother additional feature is that the data in the ticket machine could be fed into the computer.
/ore o#er the depots of the corporation would be fully computeri,ed so we want to add some
other modules in our domain for depot0s #erification.
This pro"ect is modulari,ed as the following1
Mana"e#ent o$ Rote
Tri% Detail!
B! Detail!
B! &to%!
B! Ticketin"
1. Mana"e#ent o$ Rote!
This module include information about how we can /anage the routes for a particular bus ser#ices so
n the case of Route management module we must know the details about route number! number of
stops !fare stages and running time of the particular bus more o#er we want to manipulate and
stored these information successfully.
&
'. Tri% in$or#ation
)ach "ourney is identified as a trip. )ach ticket must contain the trip no so that calculation of passenger
can be done easily. 2ere in this section we want to know start time and route no of the bus this
information can be manipulate and stored successfully.
(. B! Detail
n this module all bus details are stored and manipulated! in bus detail module contains minimum
charge! type! depot! fare increment! bus number! and passenger0s states 3child or adult4 are manipulate
and stored.
5. B! &to%!
-us Stops module includes information about what are the main bus stops of a particular bus. This
module connected to the route of the bus and it is used to store stop number! stop name and fare stages
and Route number
). B! Ticketin"
Ticketing is the most important module in this 6ro"ect which uses all the tables together and calculates
fare for the passengers. 7enting the tickets is done using the route number! bus type! beginning stop!
end stop! ticket number! persons3.dult8child4rate! date and time also we want to print the all these
information. n order to do the calculation data has to be pulled out from stops! bus! trip and route.
9umber of passengers : the states are entered by the 7enter and to produce the tickets.
'
OBJECTIVE&*
To work easily : to maintain data easily as possible as.
To ser#e the customer as possible as by using this software and fulfill their online n telephonic
+uery : demand.
To maintain all record of billing! order! sales etc by #ery easy way in same database.
To maintain all the personal records of the customers.
To pro#ide the facility to sa#e the details of customers so that it can pro#ide better facilities to
them as fast as possible.
5
'. &+&TEM &TUD+ ,ND ,N,-+&I&
'.1 INTRODUCTION
System analysis is a process of gathering and interpreting facts! diagnosing problems and the
information to recommend impro#ements on the system. t is a problem sol#ing acti#ity that
re+uires intensi#e communication between the system users and system de#elopers. System
analysis or study is an important phase of any system de#elopment process. The system is
studied to the minutest detail and analy,ed. The system analyst plays the role of the interrogator
and dwells deep into the working of the present system. The system is #iewed as a whole and
the input to the system are identified. The outputs from the organi,ations are traced to the
#arious processes. System analysis is concerned with becoming aware of the problem!
identifying the rele#ant and decisional #ariables! analy,ing and synthesi,ing the #arious factors
and determining an optimal or at least a satisfactory solution or program of action.
. detailed study of the process must be made by #arious techni+ues like inter#iews!
+uestionnaires etc. The data collected by these sources must be scrutini,ed to arri#e to a
conclusion. The conclusion is an understanding of how the system functions. This system is
called the e;isting system. 9ow the e;isting system is sub"ected to close study and problem
areas are identified. The designer now functions as a problem sol#er and tries to sort out the
difficulties that the enterprise faces. The solutions are gi#en as proposals. The proposal is then
weighed with the e;isting system analytically and the best one is selected. The proposal is
presented to the user for an endorsement by the user. The proposal is re#iewed on user re+uest
and suitable changes are made. This is loop that ends as soon as the user is satisfied with
proposal.
6reliminary study is the process of gathering and interpreting facts! using the information for
further studies on the system. 6reliminary study is problem sol#ing acti#ity that re+uires
intensi#e communication between the system users and system de#elopers. t does #arious
feasibility studies. n these studies a rough figure of the system acti#ities can be obtained! from
which the decision about the strategies to be followed for effecti#e system study and analysis
can be taken.
5
2ere in the pro"ect )-Ticketing! a detailed study of e;isting system is carried along with all the
steps in system analysis. .n idea for creating a better pro"ect was carried and the ne;t steps
were followed.
'.' &D-C.&+&TEM DEVE-OPMENT -IFE C+C-E/
S*<C is an acronym for System *e#elopment <ife Cycle! a methodology that consists of de#elopment
acti#ities that ha#e a prescribed order. =nce a problem or opportunity for a new system is recogni,ed a
re+uest for de#eloping a new system is forwarded for appro#al. f it is appro#ed! a study is carried out
to ensure that the proposed system is feasible. f it is feasible! then the system0s re+uirements are
specified and are followed by phases of system analysis! system design! system implementation! and
post implementation. . recycling of de#elopment may occur again following system e#aluation if the
system still re+uires modification or rede#elopment.To understand S>ST)/ *)7)<=6/)9Twe
need to recogni,e that candidate system that has a life cycle. System analysis and design are keyed to
the system life cycle.
The stages of system de#elopment life cycle are1

?
RECO0NITION OF THE
NEED
FE,&IBI-IT+ &TUD+
,N,-+&I&
DE&I0N
IMP-EMENT,TION
PO&T IMP-EMENT,TION
,ND M,INT,INENCE
1. RECO0NITION OF THE NEED 1WH,T I& THE PROB-EM2
=ne must know what the problem is before it can be sol#ed. The basis of the candidate system is the
recognition of a need for impro#ing an information system or a procedure. This needs leads to a
primary sur#ey or an initial in#estigation to determine whether an alternate system can sol#e the
problem.
'. FE,&IBI-IT+ &TUD+*
*epending on the result of the initial in#estigation! the sur#ey is e;panded to more detailed feasibility
study. . feasibility study is a test of system proposal according to its work ability impact on the
organi,ation! ability to meet the users need and effecti#e user or resources.
t focuses on three ma"or +uestions1 -
1/ @hat are the users demonstrable needs and how does the candidate system meet themA
'/ @hat resources are a#ailable for a gi#en candidate system and is the problem worth sol#ingA
(/ @hat is the likely impact of the candidate system on the organi,ationA 2ow well does it fit
within the organi,ation master /S plansA
The result of the feasibility study is a formal proposal. This is simply a report-a formal document
detailing the nature and scope of proposed solution. The proposal summari,es what is known and what
is going to be done.
The following aspects ha#e to be kept in #iew while conducting the feasibility study for any pro"ect1
3a4 Technical Fea!i3ilit41 The current manual system could be made computeri,ed to benefits for
members as well as the administrator. The con#enience and additional features were the bonus.
3b4 O%erational Fea!i3ilit41 -eing a highly userBfriendly system! both members and the
administrator could easily use the system with minimal training.
3c4 Econo#ic Fea!i3ilit41 The system is +uit economical since the cost of hardware and software is
not #ery high. The e;isting 6Cs are utili,ed and the additional costs are far o#erweighed by the
ad#antages.
C
3d4 Beha5ioral Fea!i3ilit41 Since the system brings benefits to both members and the administrator
in terms of ease of operation and greater con#enience no resistance to introduction of this system is
apprehended.
(. ,N,-+&I&
t is a detailed study of the #arious operations performed by a system and their relationships within and
outside of the system. . key +uestion is1 What #!t 3e 6one to !ol5e a %ro3le#2
*uring analysis! data are collected on the a#ailable files! decision points and transactions handled by
the present system. *ata flow diagrams! inter#iews! on site obser#ations! +uestionnaires are system
models and tools that are used in .nalysis. Training e;perience and common sense are re+uired for the
collection of the information needed to do the analysis.
7.DE&I0N
The term design refers to the technical specification that will be applied and implementing the
candidate system. t also includes the construction of programs and program testing.
The first step is to determine how to output is to be produced and in what format samples of output are
also presented.
Second input data and master files ha#e to be designed to meet the re+uirements of the proposed
output. The operational phases are handled through program construction and testing! including the list
of programs needed to meet the system ob"ecti#e and complete documentation.
Dinally details related to "ustification and estimate of the impact of the candidate system of the user and
organi,ation are documented and e#aluated by management as a step towards implementation.
$
).IMP-EMENT,TION*
t is primary concern with the user training! site preparation and file con#ersion. *uring the final testing
user acceptance is tested! followed by user training. *epending on the nature of the system! e;tensi#e
user training may be re+uired. System testing checks the readiness and accuracy of the system to access
update and re#iew from new files. =nce the programs become a#ailable! test data are read into the
computer and processed against the files pro#ided for testing. f successful! the programs are then run
with li#e data. =therwise! a diagnostic procedure is user to locate and correct errors in the program.
8. PO&T9IMP-EMENT,TION ,ND M,INT,INENCE*
.fter the installation phase is completed and user staff is ad"usted to the changes created by the
candidate system! e#aluation and maintenance begin. The importance of maintenance is to continue to
bring the new system to standard. <ike any other systems! there is an aging process that re+uires
periodic maintenance of hardware and software. f the new information is inconsistent with the design
specifications! then changes ha#e to be made. 2ardware also re+uires periodic maintenance to continue
to bring the new system to standards. Eser priorities! changes in organi,ational re+uirements! or
en#ironmental factors also call for system enhancements.

F
'.( &+&TEM &PECIFIC,TION
'.(.1 Har6:are &%eci$ication
6rocessor 1 ntel 6entium 7 &.5 G2H or abo#e
Clock speed 1 5%% /2H
System bus 1 '& bits
R./ 1 &5?/- of R./
2** 1 5% G- or higher
/onitor 1 S7G. C=<=R
Keyboard 1 1%$ keys
/ouse 1 & button mouse
'.(.' &o$t:are &%eci$ication
=S 1 /S @9*=@S I6 S6&
Dront )nd 1 7isual -asic ?.%
-ack )nd 1 /S .CC)SS
'.7 E;I&TIN0 &+&TEM
);isting system refers to the system that is being followed till now. The e;isting system
re+uires more computational time! more manual calculations! and the comple;ity in#ol#ed in
Selection of features is high. The other disad#antages are lack of security of data! *eficiency of
*ata accuracy! Time consuming etc. To a#oid all these limitations and make the working more
accurately the system needs to be computeri,ed. 2ere in the )lectronic bus ticketing! a
detailed study of e;isting system is carried along with all the steps in system analysis
'.7.1 Dra: 3ack! o$ e<i!tin" !4!te#.
2ere in the )lectronic bus ticketing! a detailed study of e;isting system is carried along with all the
steps in system analysis. .n idea for creating a better pro"ect was carried and the ne;t steps were
followed.
1%
<ack of security of data.
/ore man power.
Time consuming.
Consumes large #olume of pare work.
9eeds manual calculations.
9o direct role for the higher officials.
*amage of machines due to lack of attention.
To a#oid all these limitations and make the working more accurately the system needs to be
computeri,ed.
'.) PROPO&ED &+&TEM
The aim of proposed system is to de#elop a system of impro#ed facilities. The proposed system can
o#ercome all the limitations of the e;isting system. The system pro#ides proper security and reduces
the manual work. The e;isting system has se#eral disad#antages and many more difficulties to work
well. The proposed system tries to eliminate or reduce these difficulties up to some e;tent. The
proposed system will help the user to reduce the workload and mental conflict. The proposed system
helps the user to work user friendly and he can easily do his "obs without time lagging.
'.).1 ,65anta"e! o$ Pro%o!e6 &4!te#
The system is #ery simple in design and to implement. The system re+uires #ery low system resources
and the system will work in almost all configurations. t has got following features 1

)nsure data accuracy.
/inimi,e manual data entry.
/inimum time needed for the #arious processing
Greater efficiency
-etter Ser#ice
/inimum time re+uired
The ticket machines would help pre#ent loss on account of malpractice
t would also help in pro#iding ade+uate data to the corporation! particularly with
regard to boarding of passengers from fare stages and important points
11
This would help the corporation prepare and organi,e its schedules more efficiently on
the basis of traffic demand.
t would pro#ide data on concessions gi#en to #arious sections.
.nother additional feature is that the data in the ticket machine could be fed into the
computer.
(. &+&TEM DE&I0N
'.1 INTRODUCTION
System *esign is the most creati#e and challenging phase in the system life cycle. *esign is
the first step into the de#elopment phase for any engineered product or system. *esign is a
creati#e process. . good design is the key to effecti#e system. System design is a solution how
to approach the creation of a new system. System design transforms a logic representation of
what is re+uired to do into the physical specification. The specification is con#erted into
physical reality during de#elopment.
(.' -O0IC,- DE&I0N
The logical flow of a system and define the boundaries of a system. t includes the following
steps1
Re#iews the current physical system B its data flows! file content! #olumes!
fre+uencies etc.
6repares output specifications B that is! determines the format! content and Dre+uency of
reports.
6repares input specifications B format! content and most of the input functions.
6repares edit! security and control specifications.
Specifies the implementation plan.
6repares a logical design walk through of the information flow! output! input! controls
and implementation plan.
Re#iews benefits! costs! target dates and system constraints.
1&
'.' PH+&IC,- DE&I0N
6hysical system produces the working systems by define the design specifications that tell the
programmers e;actly what the candidate system must do. t includes the following steps.
*esign the physical system.
Specify input and output media.
*esign the database and specify backup procedures.
*esign physical information flow through the system and a physical design @alk
through.
6lan system implementation.
6repare a con#ersion schedule and target date.
*etermine training procedures! courses and timetable.
*e#ise a test and implementation plan and specify any new hardware8software.
Epdate benefits ! costs ! con#ersion date and system constraints
De!i"n=&%eci$ication acti5itie!
Concept formulation.
6roblem understanding.
2igh le#el re+uirements proposals.
Deasibility study.
Re+uirements engineering.
.rchitectural design.
'.5 INPUT DE&I0N
nput *esign deals with what data should be gi#en as input! how the data should be arranged or
code! the dialog to guide the operating personnel in pro#iding input! methods for preparing
input #alidations and steps to follow when error occur. nput *esign is the process of con#erting
a user-oriented description of the input into a computer-based system. This design is important
to a#oid errors in the data input process and show the correct direction to the management for
1'
getting correct information from the computeri,ed system. t is achie#ed by creating user-
friendly screens for the data entry to handle large #olume of data. The goal of designing input is
to make data entry easier and to be free from errors. The data entry screen is designed in such a
way that all the data manipulates can be performed. t also pro#ides record #iewing facilities.
@hen the data is entered it will check for its #alidity. *ata can be entered with the help of
screens. .ppropriate messages are pro#ided as when needed so that the user will not be in
mai,e of instant. Thus the ob"ecti#e of input design is to create an input layout that is easy to
follow.
n this pro"ect! the input design consists of a log in screen! tab for compression8 decompression!
source and destination browsing button! a menu list for selecting the algorithm!
Compress8*ecompress option! compress8decompress button.
(.) OUTPUT DE&I0N
. +uality output is one! which meets the re+uirements of the end user and presents the
information clearly. The ob"ecti#e of output design is to con#ey information about past
acti#ities! current status or pro"ections of the future! signal important e#ents! opportunities!
problems! or warnings! trigger an action! confirm an action etc. )fficient! intelligible output
design should impro#e the system0s relationship with the user and helps in decisions making. n
output design the emphasis is on displaying the output on a CRT screen in a predefined format.
The primary consideration in design of output is the information re+uirement and ob"ecti#es of
the end users. The ma"or formation of the output is to con#ey the information and so its layout
and design need a careful consideration.
There is an output display screen for showing the compressed8 decompressed file or folder
details 3=riginal file si,e! Compressed8*ecompressed file si,e! distinct characters4
(.8 D,T, F-OW DI,0R,M
*ata flow oriented techni+ues ad#ocate that the ma"or data items handled by a system must be
first identified and then the processing re+uired on these data items to produce the desired
outputs should be determined. The *D* 3also called as bubble chart4 is a simple graphical
formalism that can be used to represent a system in terms of input data to the system! #arious
processing carried out on these data! and the output generated by the system. t was introduced
15
by *e /acro 31FC$4! Gane and Sarson 31FCF4.The primiti#e symbols used for constructing
*D*0s are1
&4#3ol! !e6 in DFD
. circle represents a process.

. rectangle represents e;ternal entity
. square defines a source or destination of the system data.
.n arrow identifies dataflow.

Double line with one end closed indicates data store
15
D,T, F-OW DI,0R,M
Conte<t Dia"ra#
-e5el 1 DFD ,6#ini!trator
1?
.dministrator
)- Ticketing
.dmin id!
password
Route management
<ogin
.dmin
details
-us details
7iew -us
*etails
<ogin
7erify
7alidate
-us Ticketing
Trip information
-us Stop
.dministrator .dministrator
)- Ticketing
6assenger *etails
details
(.> D,T,B,&E DE&I0N
. database is an organi,ed mechanism that has the capability of storing information through
which a user can retrie#e stored information in an effecti#e and efficient manner. The data is the
purpose of any database and must be protected.
The database design is a two le#el process. n the first step! user re+uirements are gathered
together and a database is designed which will meet these re+uirements as clearly as possible.
This step is called nformation <e#el *esign and it is taken independent of any indi#idual
*atabase /anagement System 3*-/S4.
n the second step! this nformation le#el design is transferred into a design for the specific
*-/S that will be used to implement the system in +uestion. This step is called 6hysical <e#el
*esign! concerned with the characteristics of the specific *-/S that will be used. . database
design runs parallel with the system design. The organi,ation of the data in the database is
aimed to achie#e the following two ma"or ob"ecti#es.
*ata ntegrity
*ata independence
(.? D,T,B,&E T,B-E DE&I0N
Ta3le Na#e* 9 -o"in
Pri#ar4 ke4* U!er Na#e
1C
Ta3le Na#e* 9 B! 6etail!
Pri#ar4 @e4* B! n#3er
Ta3le Na#e* 9 B! !to%
Ta3le Na#e* 9 Tri% In$or#ation
Pri#ar4 @e4* Rote n#3er
1$
1F
INTRODUCTION OF VB ,ND M& ,CCE&&
Vi!al Ba!ic 3VB4 is the third-generation e#ent-dri#en programming language and integrated
de#elopment en#ironment 3*)4 from /icrosoft for its C=/ programming model. 7isual -asic is
designed to be relati#ely easy to learn and use.
7isual -asic was deri#ed from -.SC and enables the rapid application de#elopment
3R.*4 of graphical user interface 3GE4 applications! access to databases using *ata .ccess
=b"ects! Remote *ata =b"ects! or .cti#eI *ata =b"ects! and creation of .cti#eI controls and
ob"ects. Scripting languages such as 7-. and 7-Script are syntactically similar to 7isual -asic! but
perform differently.
. programmer can put together an application using the components pro#ided with 7isual -asic itself.
6rograms written in 7isual -asic can also use the @indows .6! but doing so re+uires e;ternal
function declarations.
The final release was #ersion ? in 1FF$. /icrosoft(s e;tended support ended in /arch &%%$ and the
designated successor was 7isual -asic .9)T
CH,R,CTERI&TIC& OF VI&U,- B,&IC
7isual -asic has the following traits which differ from C-deri#ed languages1
1. /ultiple assignments a#ailable in C language are not possible. . J - J C does not imply that the
#alues of .! - and C are e+ual. The -oolean result of Ks - J CAK is stored in .. The result stored in .
would therefore be either false or true.
&. -oolean constant True has numeric #alue L1. This is because the -oolean data type is stored as a 1?-
bit signed integer. n this construct L1 e#aluates to 1? binary 1s 3the -oolean #alue True4! and % as 1?
%s 3the -oolean #alue Dalse4. This is apparent when performing a 9ot operation on a 1? bit signed
integer #alue % which will return the integer #alue L1! in other words True J 9ot Dalse. This inherent
functionality becomes especially useful when performing logical operations on the indi#idual bits of an
integer such as .nd! =r! I=R and 9ot.
&%
'. <ogical and bitwise operators are unified. This is unlike some C-deri#ed languages which ha#e
separate logical and bitwise operators. This again is a traditional feature of -.SC.
5. 7ariable array base. .rrays are declared by specifying the upper and lower bounds in a way similar
to 6ascal and D=RTR.9.
5. Relati#ely strong integration with the @indows operating system and the Component =b"ect /odel.
The nati#e types for strings and arrays are the dedicated C=/ types! -STR and S.D).RR.>.
?. -anker(s rounding as the default beha#ior when con#erting real numbers to integers with
the Round functionA Round 3&.5! %4 gi#es &!A Round 3'.5! %4 gi#es 5.
C. ntegers are automatically promoted to reals in e;pressions in#ol#ing the normal di#ision operator 384
so that di#ision of one integer by another produces the intuiti#ely correct result. There is a specific
integer di#ide operator 3M4 which does truncate.
DERIVATIVE LANGUAGES OF VISUAL BASIC
/icrosoft has de#eloped deri#ati#es of 7isual -asic for use in scripting. 7isual -asic itself is deri#ed
hea#ily from -.SC! and subse+uently has been replaced with a .9)T platform #ersion.
Some of the deri#ed languages are1
7isual -asic for .pplications 37-.4 is included in many /icrosoft applications 3/icrosoft
=ffice4! and also in many third-party products like Solid @orks! .utoC.*! @ord6erfect =ffice
&%%&! .rc GS! Sage .ccpac )R6! and -usiness =b"ects *esktop ntelligence. There are small
inconsistencies in the way 7-. is implemented in different applications! but it is largely the same
language as 7-? and uses the same runtime library.
7-Script is the default language for .cti#e Ser#er 6ages. t can be used in @indows scripting and
client-side web page scripting. .lthough it resembles 7- in synta;! it is a separate language and it
is e;ecuted by #bscript.dll as opposed to the 7- runtime. .S6 and 7-Script should not be
confused with .S6.9)T which uses the .9)T Dramework for compiled web pages.
&1
7isual -asic .9)T is /icrosoft(s designated successor to 7isual -asic ?.%! and is part of
/icrosoft(s .9)T platform. 7isual -asic.9et compiles and runs using the .9)T Dramework. t is
not backwards compatible with 7-?. .n automated con#ersion tool e;ists! but fully automated
con#ersion for most pro"ects is impossible.
Star =ffice -asic is a 7isual -asic compatible interpreter included in Star =ffice suite! de#eloped
by Sun /icrosystems.
Gambas is a 7isual -asic inspired free software programming language. t is not a clone of 7isual
-asic! but it does ha#e the ability to con#ert 7isual -asic programs to Gambas.
MICRO&OFT ,CCE&&
Micro!o$t O$$ice ,cce!!! pre#iously known as Micro!o$t ,cce!!! is a relational database
management system from /icrosoft that combines the relational /icrosoft Net *atabase
)ngine with a graphical user interface and software-de#elopment tools. t is a member of
the /icrosoft =ffice suite of applications! included in the 6rofessional and higher editions or
sold separately. n /ay 1& &%1%! the current #ersion of /icrosoft .ccess &%1% was released by
/icrosoft in =ffice &%1%O /icrosoft =ffice .ccess &%%C was the prior #ersion.
/S .ccess stores data in its own format based on the .ccess Net *atabase )ngine. t can also import or
link directly to data stored in other applications and databases.
Software de#elopers and data architects can use /icrosoft .ccess to de#elop application software! and
Kpower usersK can use it to build simple applications. <ike other =ffice applications! .ccess is
supported by 7isual -asic for .pplications! an ob"ect-oriented programming language that can
reference a #ariety of ob"ects including *.= 3*ata .ccess =b"ects4! .cti#eI *ata =b"ects! and many
other .cti#eI components. 7isual ob"ects used in forms and reports e;pose their methods and
properties in the 7-. programming en#ironment! and 7-. code modules may declare and call
@indows operating-system functions
&&
FEATURES OF MS ACCESS
Esers can create tables! +ueries! forms and reports! and connect them together with macros. .d#anced
users can use 7-. to write rich solutions with ad#anced data manipulation and user control.
The original concept of .ccess was for end users to be able to KaccessK data from any source. =ther
uses include1 the import and e;port of data to many formats
including );cel! =utlook! .SC! d-ase! 6arado;! Do;6ro! SP< Ser#er! =racle! =*-C! etc. t also has
the ability to link to data in its e;isting location and use it for #iewing! +uerying! editing! and reporting.
This allows the e;isting data to change while ensuring that .ccess uses the latest data. t can
perform heterogeneous "oins between data sets stored across different platforms. .ccess is often used
by people downloading data from enterprise le#el databases for manipulation! analysis! and reporting
locally.
There is also the Net *atabase format 3/*- or .CC*- in .ccess &%%C4 which can contain the
application and data in one file. This makes it #ery con#enient to distribute the entire application to
another user! who can run it in disconnected en#ironments.
=ne of the benefits of .ccess from a programmer(s perspecti#e is its relati#e compatibility
with SP< 3structured +uery language4 Q +ueries can be #iewed graphically or edited as SP<
statements! and SP< statements can be used directly in /acros and 7-. /odules to manipulate
.ccess tables. Esers can mi; and use both 7-. and K/acrosK for programming forms and logic and
offers ob"ect-oriented possibilities. 7-. can also be included in +ueries.
/icrosoft .ccess offers parameteri,ed +ueries. These +ueries and .ccess tables can be referenced from
other programs like 7-? and .9)T through *.= or .*=. Drom /icrosoft .ccess! 7-. can
reference parameteri,ed stored procedures #ia .*=.
The desktop editions of /icrosoft SP< Ser#er can be used with .ccess as an alternati#e to the Net
*atabase )ngine. This support started with /S*) 3/icrosoft SP< Ser#er *esktop )ngine4! a scaled
down #ersion of /icrosoft SP< Ser#er &%%%! and continues with the SP< Ser#er );press #ersions of
SP< Ser#er &%%5 and &%%$.
/icrosoft .ccess is a file ser#er-based database. Enlike clientBser#er relational database management
systems 3R*-/S4! /icrosoft .ccess does not implement database triggers! stored procedures!
&'
or transaction logging. .ccess &%1% includes table-le#el triggers and stored procedures built into the
.C) data engine. Thus a Client-ser#er database system is not a re+uirement for using stored
procedures or table triggers with .ccess &%1%. Tables! +ueries! Dorms! reports and /acros can now be
de#eloped specifically for web base application in .ccess &%1%. ntegration with /icrosoft Share6oint
&%1% is also highly impro#ed
&5
7. &+&TEM TE&TIN0 ,ND IMP-EMENT,TION&
7.1 CODIN0
Main For#
6ri#ate Sub cpasswordRClick34
<oad frmChange6assword
frmChange6assword.Show
)nd Sub
6ri#ate Sub detailRClick34
Dorm&.Show
)nd Sub
6ri#ate Sub e;itRClick34
Enload /e
)nd Sub
6ri#ate Sub loginRClick34
<oad Dorm?
Dorm?.Show
)nd Sub
&5
6ri#ate Sub logoutRClick34
/*Dorm1.route.)nabled J Dalse
/*Dorm1.detail.)nabled J Dalse
/*Dorm1.stops.)nabled J Dalse
/*Dorm1.ticket.)nabled J Dalse
/*Dorm1.trip.)nabled J Dalse
/*Dorm1.logout.)nabled J Dalse
/*Dorm1.newuser.)nabled J Dalse
/*Dorm1.cpassword.)nabled J Dalse
/*Dorm1.login.)nabled J True
)nd Sub
6ri#ate Sub /*DormR<oad34
route.)nabled J Dalse
detail.)nabled J Dalse
stops.)nabled J Dalse
ticket.)nabled J Dalse
trip.)nabled J Dalse
logout.)nabled J Dalse
newuser.)nabled J Dalse
cpassword.)nabled J Dalse
<oad Dorm?
Dorm?.Show
)nd Sub
6ri#ate Sub routeRClick34
Dorm1.Show
)nd Sub
6ri#ate Sub stopsRClick34
Dorm'.Show
)nd Sub
&?
6ri#ate Sub ticketRClick34
Dorm5.Show
)nd Sub
6ri#ate Sub tripRClick34
Dorm5.Show
)nd Sub
-o"in
6ri#ate Sub cmdCancelRClick34
/*Dorm1.Show
Enload /e
)nd Sub
6ri#ate Sub cmd<oginRClick34
Set rs J con.);ecute3Kselect S from login where usernameJ(K T cmbEsername.Te;t T K( and
passwordJ(K T t;t6assword.Te;t T K(K4
f 39ot rs.)=D4 Then
/sg-o; K<ogin SuccessK
/*Dorm1.route.)nabled J True
/*Dorm1.detail.)nabled J True
/*Dorm1.stops.)nabled J True
/*Dorm1.ticket.)nabled J True
/*Dorm1.trip.)nabled J True
/*Dorm1.logout.)nabled J True
/*Dorm1.newuser.)nabled J True
/*Dorm1.cpassword.)nabled J True
/*Dorm1.login.)nabled J Dalse
Enload /e
)lse
&C
/sg-o; K<ogin DailureU Try .gainK
cmbEsername.<istnde; J %
t;t6assword.Te;t J KK
)nd f
)nd Sub
6ri#ate Sub DormR<oad34
connectdb
Set rs J con.);ecute3Kselect S from loginK4
@hile 39ot rs.)=D4
cmbEsername..ddtem rs3%4
rs./o#e9e;t
@end
rs.Close
)nd Sub
B! Detail!
6ri#ate Sub cmde;itRClick34
/sg-o; 3K*o you want to );itK4
/e.2ide
)nd Sub
6ri#ate Sub CmdnewRClick34
/sg-o; 3K*o >ou want to ClearK4
T;tbno J K K
T;tfare J K K
T;tdepot J K K
T;tadultfare J K K
T;tchildfare J K K
T;tmincharge J K K
)nd Sub
&$
6ri#ate Sub cmdsa#eRClick34
f Cmdbustype J KK Then
/sg-o; K6lease select bustype.K! #bnformation
Cmdbustype.SetDocus
);it Sub
)nd f
f T;tbno.Te;t J KK Then
/sg-o; K6lease select bus 9umber.K! #bnformation
T;tbno.SetDocus
);it Sub
)nd f
f T;tfare.Te;t J KK Then
/sg-o; K6lease select bus Dare.K! #bnformation
T;tfare.SetDocus
);it Sub
)nd f
f T;tdepot.Te;t J KK Then
/sg-o; K6lease select bus *epot.K! #bnformation
T;tdepot.SetDocus
);it Sub
)nd f
f T;tadultfare.Te;t J KK Then
/sg-o; K6lease select .dult fare.K! #bnformation
T;tadultfare.SetDocus
);it Sub
)nd f
&F
f T;tchildfare.Te;t J KK Then
/sg-o; K6lease select Child fare.K! #bnformation
T;tchildfare.SetDocus
);it Sub
)nd f
f T;tmincharge.Te;t J KK Then
/sg-o; K6lease select /incharge.K! #bnformation
T;tmincharge.SetDocus
);it Sub
)nd f
con.);ecute 3Kinsert into busdetails #alues3(K T Cmdbustype.Te;t T K(!K T T;tbno.Te;t T K!K T
T;tmincharge.Te;t T K! (K T T;tdepot.Te;t T K(!K T T;tfare.Te;t T K!K T T;tchildfare.Te;t T K!K T
T;tadultfare.Te;t T K4K4
/sg-o; 3Ksuccessfully sa#edK4
)nd Sub
6ri#ate Sub DormR<oad34
Call connectdb
Cmdbustype..ddtem K=rdinaryK
Cmdbustype..ddtem K);pressK
Cmdbustype..ddtem KSuper DastK
Cmdbustype..ddtem KDastK
Cmdbustype..ddtem K.MC 7ol#oK
Cmdbustype..ddtem KSemiSleeper 7ol#oK
Cmdbustype..ddtem K.MC SemiSleeper 7ol#oK
((Set rs J con.);ecute3Kselect S from busdetailsK4
((@hile 39ot rs.)=D4
((Cmdbustype..ddtem rs3%4
((rs./o#e9e;t
((@end
((rs.Close
)nd Sub
'%
6ri#ate Sub DormREnload3Cancel .s nteger4
con.Close
)nd Sub
B! &to%
6ri#ate Sub cmde;itRClick3nde; .s nteger4
/sg-o; 3K*o >ou want to );itK4
/e.2ide
)nd Sub
6ri#ate Sub CmdnewRClick34
T;trnumber J K K
T;tsnumber J K K
t;tsname J K K
)nd Sub
6ri#ate Sub Command1RClick34
f 3=ptyes.7alue J True4 Then
; J K>esK
)lse
; J K9oK
)nd f
f T;trouteno.Te;t J KK Then
/sg-o; K6lease )nter the routenumber.K! #bnformation
T;trouteno.SetDocus
);it Sub
)nd f
'1
f T;tstopno.Te;t J KK Then
/sg-o; K6lease )nter the Stop .K! #bnformation
T;tstopno.SetDocus
);it Sub
)nd f
f T;tstopname.Te;t J KK Then
/sg-o; K6lease )nter Stop 9ame .K! #bnformation
T;tstopname.SetDocus
);it Sub
)nd f
con.);ecute 3Kinsert into busstop #alues3K T T;trouteno.Te;t T K!K T T;tstopno.Te;t T K!(K T
T;tstopname.Te;t T K(! (K T ; T K( 4K4
/sg-o; 3Ksuccessfully sa#edK4
)nd Sub
6ri#ate Sub Command&RClick34
/sg-o; 3K*o you want to ClearK4
T;trouteno J K K
T;tstopno J K K
T;tstopname J K K
)nd Sub
6ri#ate Sub Command'RClick34
/e.2ide
)nd Sub
6ri#ate Sub DormR<oad34
connectdb
)nd Sub
'&
6ri#ate Sub DormREnload3Cancel .s nteger4
con.Close
)nd Sub
6ri#ate Sub =ptnoRClick34
=ptno.)nabled J True
=ptyes.7isible J Dalse
)nd Sub
6ri#ate Sub =ptyesRClick34
=ptyes.)nabled J True
=ptno.7isible J Dalse
)nd Sub
Tri%
6ri#ate Sub cmde;itRClick34
/sg-o; 3K*o >ou want to );itK4
/e.2ide
)nd Sub
6ri#ate Sub CmdnewRClick34
/sg-o; 3K*o >ou want to ClearK4
T;ttno.Te;t J K K
T;trno.Te;t J K K
T;tbno.Te;t J K K
T;tstime.Te;t J K K
T;tetime.Te;t J K K
)nd Sub
6ri#ate Sub cmdsa#eRClick34
f T;ttno.Te;t J KK Then
/sg-o; K6lease )nter the Trip number.K! #bnformation
T;ttno.SetDocus
''
);it Sub
)nd f
f T;trno.Te;t J KK Then
/sg-o; K6lease )nter the Route 9umber .K! #bnformation
T;trno.SetDocus
);it Sub
)nd f
f T;tbno.Te;t J KK Then
/sg-o; K6lease )nter the bus 9umber .K! #bnformation
T;tbno.SetDocus
);it Sub
)nd f
f T;tstime.Te;t J KK Then
/sg-o; K6lease )nter the start time .K! #bnformation
T;tstime.SetDocus
);it Sub
)nd f
f T;tetime.Te;t J KK Then
/sg-o; K6lease )nter the )nd Time .K! #bnformation
T;tetime.SetDocus
);it Sub
)nd f
con.);ecute 3Kinsert into trip #alues3K T T;ttno.Te;t T K!K T T;tstime.Te;t T K! K T T;tetime.Te;t T K! K
T T;trno.Te;t T K!K T T;tbno.Te;t T K4K4
/sg-o; 3Ksuccessfully sa#edK4
)nd Sub
'5
6ri#ate Sub DormR<oad34
connectdb
)nd Sub
6ri#ate Sub DormREnload3Cancel .s nteger4
con.Close
)nd Sub
7.' TE&TIN0
Testing is a process of e;ecuting a program with the interest of finding an error. . good test is
one that has high probability of finding the yet undisco#ered error. Testing should
systematically unco#er different classes of errors in a minimum amount of time with a
minimum amount of efforts.
7.( &+&TEM TE&TIN0
&4!te# te!tin" of software or hardware is testing conducted on a complete! integrated system
to e#aluate the system(s compliance with its specified re+uirements. System testing falls within
the scope of black bo; testing! and as such! should re+uire no knowledge of the inner design of
the code or logic
System Testing is di#ided into se#eral distinct operations1
1. Unit Te!tin"
Enit test comprises of a set tests performed by an indi#idual program prior to the integration of
the unit into large system. . program unit is usually the smallest free functioning part of the
whole system. /odule unit testing should be as e;hausti#e as possible to ensure that each
representation handled by each module has been tested. .ll the units that makeup the system
must be tested independently to ensure that they work as re+uired.
*uring unit testing some errors were raised and all of them were rectified and handled well. The
result was +uiet satisfactory and it worked well.
'5
'. Inte"ration Te!tin"
ntegration testing is a system techni+ue for constructing the program structure while at the
same time conducting tests to unco#er errors associated with interfacing. The ob"ecti#e is to
take unit tested modules and build a program structure that has been dictated by design.
-ottom-up integration is the traditional strategy used to integrate the components of a software
system into functioning whole. -ottom-up integration consists of unit test followed by testing
of the entire system. . sub-system consists of se#eral modules that communicated with other
defined interface.
The system was done the integration testing. .ll the modules were tested for their compatibility
with other modules .They test was almost successful. .ll the modules coe;isted #ery well! with
almost no bugs. .ll the modules were encapsulated #ery well so as to not hamper the e;ecution
of other modules.
(. Vali6ation Te!tin"
.fter #alidation testing! software is completely assembled as a package! interfacing errors that
ha#e been unco#ered and corrected and the final series of software testO the #alidation test
begins. Steps taken during software design and testing can greatly impro#e the probability of
successful integration in the larger system. System testing is actually a series of different tests
whose primary purpose is to fully e;ercise the compute Bbased system.
7. Reco5er4 Te!tin"
t is a system that forces the software to fail in a #ariety of ways and #erifies that the reco#ery is
properly performed.
). &ecrit4 Te!tin"
t attempts to #erify that protection mechanisms built into a system will in fact protect it from
improper penetration. The system0s security must of course be tested from in #ulnerability form
Drontal attack.
8. &tre!! Te!tin"
Stress tools are designed to confront programs with abnormal situations. Stress testing e;ecutes
a system in a manner that demands resources in abnormal +uantity and #olume.
'?
>. Black Bo< Te!tin"
-lack bo; testing is done to find out the following information as shown in below1
1. ncorrect or missing functions.
&. nterface errors.
'. )rrors or database access.
5. 6erformance error.
5. Termination error.
The mentioned testing is carried out successfully for this application according to the user0s
re+uirement specification.
?. Te!t Data Ot%t
.fter preparing test data! the system under study is tested using the test data. @hile testing the
system using test data! errors are again unco#ered and corrected by using abo#e testing and
corrections are also noted for future use.
'C
). Re!lt!
).1 &a#%le &creen &hot!
Main For#
'$
-o"in
B! 6etail!
'F
B! &to%
Tri% In$or#ation
5%
8. CONC-U&ION A FUTURE ENH,NCEMENT
The pro"ect )-Ticketing is completed! satisfying the re+uired design specifications. The system
pro#ides a user-friendly interface. The software is de#eloped with modular approach. .ll
modules in the system ha#e been tested with #alid data and in#alid data and e#erything work
successfully. Thus the system has fulfilled all the ob"ecti#es identified and is able to replace the
e;isting system. The constraints are met and o#ercome successfully. The system is designed as
like it was decided in the design phase. This software has a user-friendly screen that enables the
user to use without any incon#enience. The ticket machines would end the use of the hefty 1.5-
kg ticket racks carried by conductors. nstead! the conductor would "ust ha#e to key in the
details about the fare stage and the ticket machine would print out the ticket. The machine
weighs only $%% grams and is con#enient to carry. The parameters are almost like that of a
railway ticket! the only difference being that the machine is portable. t would also help in
pro#iding ade+uate data to the corporation! particularly with regard to the boarding of
passengers from fare stages and important points. This would help the corporation prepare and
organi,e its schedules more efficiently on the basis of traffic demand. -esides! it would pro#ide
data on concessions gi#en to #arious sections. .nother additional feature is that the data in the
ticket machine could be fed into the computer.
The application has been tested with li#e data and has pro#ided a successful result. 2ence the
software has pro#ed to work efficiently.
51
>. BIB-IO0R,PH+
BOO@&*
1. Charles 2ampfed 3&%%%4 V7isual -asic0 Eni#ersity of
Toronto
'. 2erbert Schildt 3&%%%4 V7isual -asic ?.%0 Tata /cGraw 2ill
(. Nohn Hukowski 3&%%%4 V7isual -asic ?.%0 V-6- 6ublications
7. Namie Naworsky V7isual -asic ?.%0Techmedia
). Stefen *enninger V7isual -asic ?.%0.uthor0s 6ress
8. an Somer#ille VSoftware engineering0
>. Ra"ee# mall VSoftware engineering0
?. )lmasri 9a#athe VDundamentals of database systems0
ON-INE REFERENCE*
www.w'schools.com
www.theser#erside.com
www.#isual.com
5&