AHMAD SHELL FEM FORMULATION AHMAD SHELL FEM FORMULATION

U n i v e r s i t y o f M i n h o
Department of Civil Engineering
Guimares, Portugal
barros@civil.uminho.pt www.civil.uminho.pt
2
1 - Introduction

s
3
s
3

s
2

s
1

Top surface
Degeneration
process of a
volume finite
element into an
Ahmad shell finite
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
s
2

s
1

s
3

s
2

s
1

s
1

Middle surface of
shell element
normal
Degenerated shell
finite element
Volume finite element
Bottom surface
Ahmad shell finite
element
3
2 Basic hypothesis
The deflection orthogonal to the shell middle surface of any point is small
when compared to the shell thickness;
The stress orthogonal to the shell middle surface is negligible;
Normal to the undeformed shell middle surface remains orthogonal to the
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
Normal to the undeformed shell middle surface remains orthogonal to the
deformed shell middle surface.
4
3 Types of nodal points

Structures that have coplanar and kink nodes
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
Kink nodes
Coplanar nodes
Kink edges
5

n
C

element element
C D
D
C

n
C

n
A

n
D

n
B

n
B

n
D

Schematic representation of the procedure to distinguish coplanar and kink nodes
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering

n
A

D C
B A
element element
element element
k
A
B
C D
k
k
C
B
A
(b) The coplanar node k has five
degrees of freedom.
(c) The kink nde k has six degrees
of freedom.
(a) The k node is common to the
elements A, B, C and D.

n
B

B
6
i
1
i
i
3

2 2
= u

3 3
= u
s
2
s
n
2
n
3 ( ) n
k
3
( ) n
( )
x
x
3
v
2
v
3
Degrees of freedom and coordinate systems for coplanar nodes
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
i
2

1 1
= u
Superfcie s
3
=0
s
1
2
s
3
k
n
2 ( ) n
k
2
( ) n
k
1
( )
1
k
( )
3
k
( )
( )

4
1 k
n
k
=
( )
( )

5
2 k
n
k
=
x
2
x
1
n
1
( )
2
k
k
v
1
7
( )
3
k

3 3
= u
x
3
Degrees of freedom and coordinate system for kink nodes
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
k
( )
1
k
( )
2
k
( )
4
k
( )
5
k
( )
6
k

6
3
=
x

5
2
=
x

4
1
=
x
3 3

2 2
= u
x
2

1 1
= u
x
1
8
4 Coordinate systems

Middle surface (
s
3
0 =
)
s
3
s
2

s
1


n
3

n
2

n
3

v
3

Coordinate systems for the Ahamd
finite element formulation: (a)
global, (b) natural, (c) nodal and (d)
tangential
(a)
(b)

i
3

i
2

i
1
x u
x 3 3
3
, ,
x u
x 2 2
2
, ,
x u
x 1 1
1
, ,
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
Middle surface (
s
3
0 =
)
n
2

n
2

n
2
v
2

n
1

v
1

n
1

n
1

s
2

n
k 2,
'

n
k 1,
'

s
1

k
k
v
3


t
2
'
t
3

t
2

t
1

s
1


s
3

s
2

Surface s
3
= constant
Integration points
t
3
t
3
t
1
t
3
t
1
t
1
(c)
(d)
9
j
a u
a
1 1
,
g u
g
2 2
,
l u
l
2 2
,

+
Auxiliary coordinate system
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
i
b
( ) ( ) ( )
u u u
g l a
3 3 3

( ) ( ) ( )
g l a
3 3 3

l u
l
1 1
,
g u
g
1 1
,
a u
a
2 2
,

+
10
4.1 - Nodal coordinate system
n
x
s
x
s
x
s
k
k
T
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
,
'
=
|
\

n
x
s
x
s
x
s
k
k
T
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
,
'
=
|
\

( )
' '
3, 1, 2,
' '
1, 2,
1

k k k
k k
n n n
n n
=

If is parallel to global axis, the nodal coordinate system is parallel to

the global coordinate system ( = , = and = ). If has
opposite direction to , = , =- and =- .
n
k 3, 3
x
1,k
n
1
x
2,k
n
2
x n
k 3, 3
x
n
k 3,
3
x
1,k
n
1
x
2,k
n
2
x
n
k 3,
3
x
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
If is not in these special conditions
n
k 3,
( )
1, 3 3,
3 3,
22, 1 13, 2 3
1

0
k k
k
k k
n i n
i n
n i n i i
=

= +
( )

, , ,
n n n
k k k 2 3 1
=
11

s
1

s
3

s
2

The vector at k node is defined from the coordinates of the corresponding
nodes at top and bottom element surfaces
3
n
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
k
k

n
2

n
1

n
3

n
2

n
1

V
2

V
3

V
1

Not necessarily orthogonal to the middle
surface of shell element at node k.
12
5 Geometry definition
1 1 31
2 2 3 32
1 1
3 3 33
2
n n
k
k k
k k
k k
x x n
h
x N x N s n
x x n
= =
( ( (
( ( (
= +
( ( (
( ( (


1,1
2,1
3,1
31,1
1
32,1
1 1 3 3
33,1 1
1
0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0
2 2
... 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0
n
n n
n
x
x
x
n
h h
n
N N s N N s
n x
h h
x N N s N N s

(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
k
h
k
_
2
1
2 1 1 3 3
1, 3
1
1 1 3 3
2,
3,
31,
32,
33,
... 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0
2 2
0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0
2 2
n
n n
n
n
n n
n
n
n
n
n
x N N s N N s
x x
h h
N N s N N s
x
x
n
n
n
(
(
=
(
(
(
(

(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

,1 1
,2 2
,3 3
x
x
x
x
x N
x N X
x N
N X
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(


=
13
6 Displacement field

n
k 1,
n
k 3,
n
k 2,
1 1,
2 2,
1
3 3,
k
n
k k
k
k
u u
u N u
u u
=
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(

Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering

n
k 2,

n
k 1,
n
k 1,
u
k
h
k
k
k
14
k
s
3
h
k
V
1

n
k 2,

n
k 1,

,
n
k 1
n
k 1,
n
k 2,
v
1,k
P
n
k 3,
v
2,k
s
3
h
k
k
V
2

n
k 1,

n
k 2,

,
n
k 2
n
k 1,
n
k 2,
P
n
k 3,
Contribution of the rotations for the displacement field
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
1, 3 2,
v
2
n
k
k k
h
s =
1
, 1, 1,
3 2, 1,
v v .
.
2
n k k k
n
k
k k
n
h
s n
=
=
2, 3 1,
v
2
n
k
k k
h
s =
2
, 2, 2,
3 1, 2,
v v .
.
2
n k k k
n
k
k k
n
h
s n
=
=
1,
3 2, 1,
2,
v U
2
n
g k
k
k k k k
n
k
h
s n n

(
( = =
(


15
1
1,
2 3 2, 1,
1
2,
3

2
n
n
g k
k
k k k k
n
k
k
u
h
U u N s n n
u

=
(
(
(
( = =
(

(

(


n g
gn
k k k
U T U =
1
2
3
n
n
k
k
u
U u
u
(
(
=
(
(

1
2
3
g
g
k
k
u
U u
u
(
(
=
(
(

1 11 12 13
2 21 22 23
3 31 32 33

T
gn
T
k
T
k
k
n n n n
T n n n n
n n n n
(
(
(
(
= =
(
(
(
(


Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
1,
11 12 13 1,
2,
21 22 23 2,
3,
1,
1,
2,
2,
3,

g
k
n
k g
k
n
k g
k
k
g
k
T
k g
k
T
k g
k
n n n
n n n
n
n

(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(


(

(
(
(
=
(
(

(

16
1 1,
1,
2 3 2, 1, 2,
1
2,
3 3,

2
g
k
T
n
k g
k
k k k k
T
k
k g
k
u
n
h
u N s n n
n
u

=
(
(
(
(
(
( =
(
(
(

(
(

1 21 11 1,
2 3 22 12 2,
1
3 23 13 3,
0
0
2
0
n
k
n
n
k
k k
k
n
k
k
u n n
h
u N s n n
u n n

=
(
( (
(
( (
=
(
( (
(
( (

Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
11 12 13 1,
3 21 22 23 2,
1
31 32 33 3,
2
n
k
n
n
k
k k
k
n
k
k
P P P
h
N s P P P
P P P

=
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(

11 21 12 11 13
21 22 22 12 23
31 23 32 13 33
0
0
0
P n P n P
P n P n P
P n P n P
= = =
= = =
= = =
17
1 21 11 1,
11 12 13
2 3 22 12 2,
1
21 22 23
3 23 13 3,
11 12 13 1,
3 21 22 23 2,
1
31 32 33 3,
2
2
g
k
n
g
k
k k
k
g
k
k
k
g
k
n
g
k
k k
k
g
k
k
u n n
n n n
h
u N s n n
n n n
u n n
P P P
h
N s P P P
P P P

=
=
(
( (
(
(
( (
=
(
(
( (

(
( (


(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(

Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
11 12 21 12 11 22 13 21 13 11 23
21 22 11 12 21 22 23 22 13 12 23
31 23 11 13 21 32 23 12 13 22 33 23 13 13 23
0
0
P P n n n n P n n n n
P n n n n P P n n n n
P n n n n P n n n n P n n n n
= = + = +
= + = = +
= + = + = +
1 1 11 12 13 1
2 2 3 21 22 23 2
1 1
3 3 31 32 33 3
2
g g
n n
k
k k
k k
k k k
u u P P P
h
u N u N s P P P
u u P P P

= =
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
= +
( ( ( (
( ( ( (


18
1 1
2 2
3 3
n
n
n
k
k



(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(


1 1
2 2
3 3
g
g
g
k
k



(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(


if k is a coplanar node:
if k is a kink node:
1 1 1
1 1 3 11,1 1 3 12,1 1 3 13,1 3 11, 3 12, 3 13,
1
0 0 ... 0 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
n n n
n n n n n n n
g
h h h h h h
N N s P N s P N s P N N s P N s P N s P
u
h h h h h h
(
(
1,1
2,1
3,1
1,1
2,1
3,1
u
u
u

(
(
(
(
(
(
( (
( (
( (
( (
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
1
1 1 1
2 1 1 3 21,1 1 3 22,1 1 3 23,1 3 21, 3 22, 3 23,
3
1
1 1 3 31,1
0 0 ... 0 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0
2
n n n
n n n n n n n
h h h h h h
u N N s P N s P N s P N N s P N s P N s P
u
h
N N s P
(
(
=
(
(

3,1
1,
1 1
1 3 32,1 1 3 33,1 3 31, 3 32, 3 33,
2,
3,
1,
2,
3,
...
... 0 0
2 2 2 2 2
n
n n n
n n n n n n n
n
n
n
n
n
u
h h h h h
N s P N s P N N s P N s P N s P
u
u

( (
( (
( (
( (
( (
( (

(
(
(
(
(
(

,1
1
,2 2
3
,3
g
u
u
u
u
N
u
u N U
u
N
N U
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(

(

=
19
7 Strain components
1
1
2
1
2
2
1 2
12
2 1
t
t
w
t
w
t
w w
t t

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
+ ( = =
(
(
(
(
(
1 1 1
1 2 3
2 2 2
1 2 3
t
w w w
t t t
w w w
t t t
w w w

(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
23
3 2
13
3 2
3 1
3 1
w w
t t
w w
t t

(
(
(
( +
(

(
(
+
(

3 3 3
1 2 3
w w w
t t t


(
(

1 1 1
1 2 3
2 2 2
1 2 3
3 3 3
1 2 3
g
u u u
x x x
u u u
x x x
u u u
x x x

(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(

T
gt gt
t g
T T
(
=

1 11 12 13
2 21 22 23
3 31 32 33

gt
t t t t
T t t t t
t t t t
(
(
(
(
= =
(
(
(
(


20
1
g s
J

=
1 1 1
1 2 3
2 2 2
1 2 3
3 3 3
s
u u u
s s s
u u u
s s s
u u u

(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
1 2 3
s s s
(

1 1 1
1 2 3
2 2 2
1 2 3
3 3 3
1 2 3
x x x
s s s
x x x
J
s s s
x x x
s s s






(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(

21
1
1 1,1 1, 1 31,1 31, 1
2 2,1 2, 3 32,1 32,
3 3,1 3, 33,1 33,
0
2
0
2
n n
n n
n n n n n
h
x x x N n n N
x x x s n n
x x x N n n h N
(
(
( (
( ( (
(
( (
( ( (
= +
(
( (
( ( (
(
( (
( ( (


(




1
T T
x
x X N s L H N
(
(
= +
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
2 3 3
3
T T
V n V
x X N s L H N
x
(
= +
(
(

1,1 1,
2,1 2,
3,1 3,
n
T
n
n
x x
X x x
x x
(
(
=
(
(

1
V
n
N
N
N
(
(
=
(
(

31,1 31,
3 32,1 32,
33,1 33,
n
T
n n
n
n n
L n n
n n
(
(
=
(
(

1
0
2
0
2
n
h
H
h
(
(
(
=
(
(
(

22
1 1 1 1
1,1 1, 3 31,1 3 31,
1 1 1 1 1
= + + + +
2 2
n n n
n n
N N h x N N h
x x s n s n
s s s s s

+


1 1 1 1
1,1 1, 3 31,1 3 31,
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
1 31,1 31,
3
=
2 2
= + +
2 2
n n n
n n
n
n n
N N h x N N h
x x s n s n
s s s s s
h x h
N n N n
s

+ + + + +

Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
3
2 1 1 1
2,1 2, 3 32,1 3 32,
1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1
2,1 2, 3 32,1 3 32,
2 2 2 2 2
2 1
1 32,1
3
=
2 2
=
2 2
= +
2
n n n
n n
n n n
n n
N N h x N N h
x x s n s n
s s s s s
N N h x N N h
x x s n s n
s s s s s
x h
N n
s

+ + + + +


+ + + + +

32,
+
2
n
n n
h
N n +
23
3 1 1 1
3,1 3, 3 33,1 3 33,
1 1 1 1 1
3 1 1 1
3,1 3, 3 33,1 3 33,
2 2 2 2 2
3 1
1 33,1
3
=
2 2
=
2 2
= +
2
n n n
n n
n n n
n n
x N N h N N h
x x s n s n
s s s s s
x N N h N N h
x x s n s n
s s s s s
x h
N n
s

+ + + + +


+ + + + +

33,
+
2
n
n n
h
N n +
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
24
1 1 1
1 1
1 2 3
1 2 1,1 1,
2 2 2
2,1 2,
1 2 3
3,1 3,
3 3 3
1 2
1 2 3
0
0
n
n
n n n
x x x
N N
s s s
s s x x
x x x
J x x
s s s
x x N N
x x x
s s
s s s
n n






(

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
= = + (
(
(
(
(
(


(
(
(
(


(

1 1 1 1 1
3 3 1
2 2 2
N h N h h
s s N
s s

(
(

Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
31,1 31,
32,1 32,
33,1 33,
n
n
n
n n
n n
n n
(
(
(

3 3 1
1 2
3 3
1 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
n n n n n
n
s s N
s s
N h N h h
s s N
s s
(

(
(
(
(

(
(


25
1 1 1
1 2 3
2 2 2
1 2
1 2 3
3 3 3
1 2 3
x x x
s s s
x x x
J J J
s s s
x x x
s s s






(
(
(
(
(
(
= =
(
(
(
(

(
(

1 1
x x
s s
(

(

(
1
x
s
(

Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
1 2
2 2
1
1 2
3 3
1 2
s s
x x
J
s s
x x
s s
(

(
(

=
(

(
(

(


3
2
2
3
3
3
s
x
J
s
x
s
(

(
(

=
(

(
(

3 1 3
T T
V V
n
N N
J X s L H
s s

= +

3 2
T
n V
J L H N =
26
, 3 3 ,
1
2
n
i k k k
ij i k i k
k
j j j
x N N h
J x s n
s s s
=
| |

= = +
|
|

\

for 1 i 3 1 j 2
3 3 ,
1
3
2
n
i k
i k i k
k
x h
J N n
s
=

= =

for 1 i 3

3 1 1 1 1 2 1
= + +
x u u x u x u
s x s x s x s


Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
1 1 1 2 1 3 1
3 1 1 1 1 2 1
2 1 2 2 2 3 2
3 1 1 1 1 2 1
3 1 3 2 3 3 3
= + +
= + +
= + +
s x s x s x s
x u u x u x u
s x s x s x s
x u u x u x u
s x s x s x s





27
3 2 2 1 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 1 3 1
3 2 2 1 2 2 2
2 1 2 2 2 3 2
3 2 2 1 2 2 2
3 1 3 2 3 3 3
= + +
= + +
= + +
x u u x u x u
s x s x s x s
x u u x u x u
s x s x s x s
x u u x u x u
s x s x s x s






u u u u x x x
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
3 3 3 3 3 1 2
1 1 1 2 1 3 1
3 3 3 3 3 1 2
2 1 2 2 2 3 2
3 3 3 3 3 1 2
3 1 3 2 3 3 3
= + +
= + +
= + +
u u u u x x x
s x s x s x s
u u u u x x x
s x s x s x s
u u u u x x x
s x s x s x s






28
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
u u u u u u x x x
s s s x x x s s s
u u u u u u x x x
s s s x x x s s s
u u u u u u x x x
s s s x x x s s s
( (

( (

( (
( (

=
( (

( (
( (

( (


(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
u u
J
s x

=

1 g s
J

=
1
T
gt gt
t s
T J T

(
=

29
1 1 1
1 2 3
2 2 2
1 2 3
3 3 3
1 2 3
s
u M
u u u
s s s
u u u
s s s
u u u
s s s
D U

(

(

(
(

=
(

(
(

(


=
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
,1 ,1 ,1
1 2 3
,2 ,2 ,2
1 2 3
,3 ,3 ,3
1 2 3
u u u
u u u
u
u u u
N N N
s s s
N N N
D
s s s
N N N
s s s
(
(

(
(

=
(

(
(

(

(

0 0
0 0
0 0
M
U
U U
U
(
(
=
(
(

1
T
gt gt
t
u M
T D U J T

(
=

30
1
,1
1 1 1 1 1 1
3 11,1 3 12,1 3 13,1
1
1 1 1 1
3 11, 3 12, 3 13,
1 1 1 1
,1
1 1 1
3
2 2 2
N
= 0 0
2 2 s 2
0 0
2 2 2
= 0 0
2

(
(

u
n n n n n n n
n n n
u
N
N N h N h h
s P s P s P
s s s s
N N h N h N h
s P s P s P
s s s s
N
N N h
s
s s s
1 1 1 1
11,1 3 12,1 3 13,1
2 2

2 2
0 0


(

n n n n n n n
N h N h
P s P s P
s s
N N h N h N h
s P s P s P
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
3 11, 3 12, 3 13,
2 2 2 2
,1
1 1 1
1 11,1 1 12,1 1 1
3
0 0
2 2 2
= 0 0 0
2 2 2
(
(

n n n n n n n
n n n
u
N N h N h N h
s P s P s P
s s s s
N
h h h
N P N P N P
s
3,1
11, 12, 13,

0 0 0
2 2 2

(
(

n n n
n n n n n n
h h h
N P N P N P
31
,2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 21,1 3 22,1 3 23,1
1 1 1 1 1
3 21, 3 22, 3 23,
1 1 1 1
,2
1 1 1
3 21,1
2 2 2
= 0 0
2 2 2
0 0
2 2 2
= 0 0
2

(
(

u
n n n n n n n
n n n
u
N
N N h N h N h
s P s P s P
s s s s s
N N h N h N h
s P s P s P
s s s s
N
N N h
s P
s s s
1 1 1 1
3 22,1 3 23,1
2 2

2 2
0 0


(
(

n n n n n n n
N h N h
s P s P
s s
N N h N h N h
s P s P s P
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
3 21, 3 22, 3 23,
2 2 2 2
,2
1 1 1
1 21,1 1 22,1 1 23,1
3
0 0
2 2 2
= 0 0 0
2 2 2

(
(

n n n n n n n
n n n
u
N N h N h N h
s P s P s P
s s s s
N
h h h
N P N P N P
s
21, 22, 23,
0 0 0
2 2 2
(
(

n n n
n n n n n n
h h h
N P N P N P
32
,3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 31,1 3 32,1 3 33,1
1 1 1 1 1
3 31, 3 32, 3 33,
1 1 1 1
,3
1 1 1
3 31,
2 2 2
= 0 0
2 2 2
0 0
2 2 2
= 0 0
2

(
(

u
n n n n n n n
n n n
u
N
N N h N h N h
s P s P s P
s s s s s
N N h N h N h
s P s P s P
s s s s
N
N N h
s P
s s s
1 1 1 1
1 3 32,1 3 33,1
2 2

2 2
0 0


(

n n n n n n n
N h N h
s P s P
s s
N N h N h N h
s P s P s P
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
3 31, 3 32, 3 33,
2 2 2 2
,3
1 1 1
1 31,1 1 32,1 1 33,1
3
0 0
2 2 2
= 0 0 0
2 2 2
(
(

n n n n n n n
n n n
u
N N h N h N h
s P s P s P
s s s s
N
h h h
N P N P N P
s
31, 32, 33,
0 0 0
2 2 2
(
(

n n n
n n n n n n
h h h
N P N P N P
33
,
, 1 3 1, 3 2, 3 3,
1 1 1 1 1
= = 0 0
2 2 2
u i
k k k k k k k
u i i k i k i k
N
N N h N h N h
D s P s P s P
s s s s s

(
(



,
, 2 3 1, 3 2, 3 3,
2 2 2 2 2
= = 0 0
2 2 2
u i
k k k k k k k
u i i k i k i k
N
N N h N h N h
D s P s P s P
s s s s s

(
(



for 1 i 3 j =1

Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 s s s s s

,
, 3 1, 2, 3,
3
= = 0 0 0
2 2 2
u i
k k k
u i k i k k i k k i k
N
h h h
D N P N P N P
s

(
(

for 1 i 3 j =2

for 1 i 3 j =3

34
1
2
12
23
13
t
t
mb
t
t
s
B
U B U
B

(
(
(
(
(
( = = =
(
(
(

(
(

Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
35
8 Stress components
{ }
1 2 12 23 13
, , , ,
T
t
t t t t t
=
{ }
1 2 12
, ,
T
t
t t t
mb
=
{ }
23 13
,
T
t
t t
s
=
t
I
3
Stresses in the tangential coordinate system
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
{ }
,
T
t t t
mb s
=

t
I
1
I
t
I
2

t
I
1

t t
I
1 2

t t
I
1 2
Surface of the integration
point in analysis
Generic integration point
Middle surface

t t
I
t t
I
2 3 3 2
=

t t
I
t t
I
1 3 3 1
=

t t
I
2 3

t t
I
1 3

t
I
2
36
T
gt gt
g t
T T
(
=

1 12 13
12 2 23
13 23
0
t t t
t t t t
t t



(
(
=
(
(

Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
1 12 13
12 2 23
13 23 3
g g g
g
g g g
g g g



(
(
=
(
(

{ }
1 2 3 12 23 13
, , , , ,
T
g
g g g g g g
=
37
9 Constitutive equations for linear elastic behaviour
t t
D =
0
0
t t
mb
mb mb
t t
s
s s
D
D


( (
(
=
( (
(


1 0
(
(
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
2
1 0
1 0
1
1
0 0
2
mb
E
D

(
(
=
(

(

1 0
0 1
s
D F G
(
=
(

0
0
u d
t t t
t
mb mb T T
mb
t
t
s
s
s
D
D

(
( (
=
(
(
(
(

38
10 Stiffness matrix for linear elastic materials
int
T
t t
V
W dV
(
=

int
T
T t t
V
W U B D B dVU
(
=

T
t t
K B D B dV
(
=

Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
V
K B D B dV
(
=

,
, , ,
, , ,
,
E f
E ff E fp E f
E pf E pp E p
E
E p
Q
U K K
U K K
Q R
(
( (
(
= ( (
(
+ ( (


, , , ,
,
,
E ff E fp E f E p
E f
E f
K U Q K U
Q
=
=
39
11 Load vector
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
40
12 Resultant stresses
{ } { }
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2
3
2
2
, , , ,
h
T T
t
m t t t t t t t t
h
h
T
t
N N N dt
dt

= =
(
=

{ } { }
2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2
2
3 3
2
2
, , , ,
h
T T
t
b t t t t t t t t
h
h
T
t
M M M t dt
t dt

= =
(
=

Membrane forces:
Bending moments:
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
3
2
T
t
mb
h
dt

(
=

3 3
2
T
t
mb
h
t dt

(
=

{ } { }
2 3 1 3 2 3 1 3
2
3
2
2
3
2
, ,
h
T T
t
s t t t t t t t t
h
h
T
t
s
h
V V dt
dt

= =
(
=

Shear forces:
41
{ } { }
1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 3 1 3
, , , , , , , , ,
T T
t t t t
m b s t t t t t t t t t t t t
N N N M M M V V = =

V
t t
I
2 3
M
t t
I
1 2
M
t
I
2
N
t t
I
1 2
N
t
I
2
t
I
3
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
I
Middle surface of
the shell element
Generic integration point
M
t t
I
1 2
M
t
I
1
V
t t
I
1 3
N
t t
I
1 2
N
t
I
1
t
I
2
t
I
1
42
{ }
( )
( )
1 2 1 2
2
3
2
1
3
1
1
3
1
, ,
2
1
2
u d
u d
h
T T
t t
m mb t t t t
h
t t t
mb mb T T
t t t
mb mb T T
N N N dt
h
D ds
D hds

(
= =

=
=

Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
{ }
( )
1 2 1 2
2
3
2
1
3
1
1
3
1
, ,
2
2
2
u d
u
h
T T
t t
m mb t t t t
h
t t t
mb mb T T
t t
mb mb T
N N N dt
h
D B U ds
h
D B U ds

(
= =

=
=

1
3
1
0
d
t
T
ds
+

43
{ }
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 2 1 2
3
1 1
1
3
1 1
1
, , , ,
2
, ,
2
u
u
nGP
T
t t t
mb mb mb m T t t t t k k
k
nGP
t t
mb mb T k k
k
h
N N N D B s s P UW h D
h
D B s s P UW N

=

= =
`
)

=
`
)

u u
u
t t
mb T T
t
T
N h D
h

=
=
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
44
{ }
( )
( )
2 1 1 2
2
3 3
2
1
3 3
1
1
2
3 3
1
, ,
2 2
4
u d
u d
h
T T
t t
b mb t t t t
h
t t t
mb mb T T
t t t
mb mb T T
M M M t dt
h h
D s ds
h
D s ds

+
(
= =

=
=

Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
( )
( )
( )
1
2
3 3
1
2
3
1 1 3
1
2
1
4
2
, ,
4 3
,
4
u d
d
t t t
mb mb T T
nGP
t t
mb mb T k k
k
t
mb mb
h
D B U s ds
h
D B s s P U s W
h
D B s

=
=

=
`
)
=

( )
( )
( )
( )
2
3
1 3
1
2
3
1 1 3
1
,
6
, ,
4
d
d
nGP
t
mb T k k
k
nGP
t t
mb mb T k k
k
h
s P U s W D
h
D B s s P U s W M

1
3 3
1
0
u
t
T
s ds
+

1 1
2
3 3 3 3
1 1
2
3
d d d
t t t
T T T
s ds s ds
+ +


= =

45
{ }
2 3 1 3
2
3
2
1
3
1
1
3
1
,
2
2
h
T T
t t
s s t t t t
h
t
s s
t
s s
V V dt
h
D ds
h
D B U ds

(
= =

=
=

Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
( )
( )
1
3
1 1
1
, ,
2
nGP
t
s s k k
k
h
D B s s P UW

=
=

46
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
47
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
48
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
49
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering
50
Joaquim Barros
Modeling and Advanced Structural Analysis Techniques
University of Minho Department of Civil Engineering