i

DEDICATION
This research project is dedicated to my family; my parents, my sisters and brother for their
unrivaled and unending support upon which I concede that my academic accomplishments are a
product that owes much to their contributions. To my husband Wellington, thank you for being
there all the way.
















ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My cordial gratitude goes to my supervisors, Mr. Kaseke and Mr. Nemadire for the unequaled
support and help throughout the project study. I am very much indebted to my classmates for
their advice, support and constructive criticism concerning this research project. I also wish to
acknowledge the help that I received from the Kadoma city council staff; Mr. Jenje and Mr.
Gwizo who were generous enough by going beyond the filling of research questionnaire and
provided a more practical approach to the study which in itself facilitated the successful
completion of this research. Sincere appreciation also goes to the director of environmental
health services at Kadoma city council, Mr. Chirundu, for all the help he offered and for sparing
his precious time in helping me.

The unwavering support of my family during the torrid times that I went through in making this
report a success must also be acknowledged. Finally, most important of all, and by no means last,
many thanks Almighty for everything.










iii

ABSTRACT
The study sought to explore on the implications of knowledge, attitude as well as practices on the
use of personal protective equipment at workplaces. This research may be important to
management and staff of different companies by raising awareness against occupational health
and safety. The study came about as a result of increased work related injuries that prove to be an
expense to the company. A case study was conducted at Kadoma city council. Stratified random
sampling was employed to gather results. Questionnaires, interviews, review of data as well as
direct observations were employed to collect data. An overall response rate of 83% was
achieved. Data was presented and analyzed using pie charts, graphs and tables. The study found
out that workers had low knowledge, a negative attitude as well as fair practices towards
personal protective equipment use. Lack of knowledge, negative attitudes as well as poor
practices by workers lead to improper use of personal protective equipment, putting them at great
risk. The research concluded that there is a relationship between knowledge, attitude as well as
practices on use of personal protective clothing/equipment. Recommendations were made on the
need to increase the employee awareness, motivate them to wear PPE/C as well continued
monitoring on use of protective clothing so as to effectively reduce work-related risks








iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Dedication ....................................................................................................................................... i
Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... ii
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iii
Chapter 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Research background ................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Statement of the problem ........................................................................................... 2
1.3 Justification of the study ............................................................................................ 3
1.4 Research objectives ..................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Hypothesis ................................................................................................................... 3
chapter 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 4
Literature review ...................................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Availability of ppe/c at workplace ............................................................................. 6
2.4 Knowledge on ppe/c and use. .................................................................................... 7
2.4.1 Risk assessment ....................................................................................................... 9
2.5 Attitude towards ppe/c ............................................................................................ 10
2.6 User-friendliness of the ppe/c. ................................................................................ 11
2.7 Safe practices on ppe/c ............................................................................................. 12
2.8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 13
chapter 3 ...................................................................................................................................... 13
Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 13
3.1 Research method....................................................................................................... 13
3.1.2 Sample population ............................................................................................... 14
3.1.3 Key informants ....................................................................................................... 14
3.1.4 Sampling method ................................................................................................. 14
v

3.1.5 Sample size ............................................................................................................. 14
3.2 Data gathering methods .......................................................................................... 15
3.3 Data presentation and analysis procedures........................................................... 17
3.4 Ethic considerations ................................................................................................ 17
3.5 Summary .................................................................................................................. 17
chapter 4: ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Data presentation and analysis .............................................................................................. 18
4.1 Response rate ........................................................................................................... 18
4.2 Demographic data..................................................................................................... 19
4.3 Availability of ppe/c at work................................................................................... 20
4.4 Knowledge about ppe/c ........................................................................................... 23
4.5 Attitude of workers towards ppe/c.[n=53] .............................................................. 24
4.6 Safe practices............................................................................................................ 26
4.7 Relationships between knowledge, attitude and practices .................................... 28
4.8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 28
chapter 5 ...................................................................................................................................... 29
Discussion................................................................................................................................. 29
5.1 Demographic data..................................................................................................... 30
5.2 Availability of ppe/c ................................................................................................. 30
5.3 Knowledge on ppe/c .................................................................................................. 30
5.4 Attitudes towards ppe/c............................................................................................ 31
5.5 Practices of workers ................................................................................................. 32
chapter 6 ...................................................................................................................................... 33
Conclusion and recommendations ........................................................................................ 33
6.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 33
6.2 Recommendations .................................................................................................... 34
References .................................................................................................................................... 35
vi


LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE

PAGE
Fig 1 examples of personal protective equipment.................................
Fig 2 process for provision of protective clothing..
Fig 3 workers knowledge on protective clothing..............
Fig 4 attitude of workers..
Fig 5 workers practices on protective clothing.
9
26
28
29
31













vii

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE

Table 1 lIkert scale
Table 2 response rate
Table 3 demographic data
Table 4 availability of PPE/C at work.
Table 5 commonly used PPE/C
Table 6 results on workers knowledge
Table 7 results on attitude of workers.
Table 8 workers practices
Table 9 relationship between knowledge, attitude and practices..

22
23
24
25
27
28
30
31
34









viii

LIST OF ANNEXTURES
ANNEXURE TABLE
A letter of seeking permission......
Questionnaire for general workers.....
Questionnaire for management..
Checklist on available PPE/C..

47
48
50
52














ix

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

K.C.C
K.A.P
PPE/C
OHS
Kadoma City Council
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices
Personal Protective Equipment/ Clothing
Occupational Health and Safety














x




1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND
World-wide, workplace safety is an essential and important aspect. Safety measures are
mandatory where ones life is at risk while working. Safety is every employees right. All
arrangements should be made for ensuring safety of workers and reducing effects of mishap. One
of the safety measures to reduce accidents and injuries is the provision and proper use of
personal protective equipment/clothing. (Sulzer et al., 2000)
According to the FACTORIES AND WORKS ACT CHAPTER, 14.08 of 1996, personal
protective equipment/clothing [PPE/C] refers to any specialized gear worn by a person to protect
them against any risks to their occupational health and safety. PPE/C is used to reduce employee
exposure to hazards when engineering and administration controls are not feasible enough or
effective to reduce these risks to accelerated level. PPE include gear to protect ones head, torso,
arms, hands, nose, ears, eyes and feet
Administrative controls are measures that are put in place for the safety of workers, for example,
use of legislation that govern workers as well as health and safety policies. Other measures of
ensuring safety of workers may be health testing at every six-month intervals as well as rotating
workers positions so as to spread the risk of exposure of workers. Engineering controls also
ensures controlling of a hazard at its source and this should be first priority. It ensures
substitution of resources with non hazardous ones, redesigning of the work process, edition of
safety features to the existing equipment and machinery, or purchase of new equipment that may
be less polluting or that produce less noise to reduce workers risk. It also involves ensuring a
safe working environment e.g. a well ventilated area. All these ensure safety of all workers.
(Kaliya; 2004)
In Zimbabwe, companies refer to the factories and works act and the labour act to address these
work-related injuries(Other statutes are available besides these). A company can be fined and
compensate the employees, so prevention is always a better option. In order for PPE/c to be
2

effective, it has to be used properly. Some of the issues which could lead to improper use of
PPE/C at work could be workers knowledge, attitude as well as good practices. PPE/C program
should be implemented or put in place. The program should address hazards present; selection,
maintenance as well as proper use of the equipment. Monitoring and training is employees are
done to ensure ongoing effectiveness [Allitia, 2000] theoretically, maximum levels of protection
are difficult to achieve and assess. Effective protection is only achieved by selecting suitable
PPE and ensuring correct use as well as maintenance. PPE has to the meet need of individuals.
Some of the PPE/C may not be user friendly, thus discouraging its use by workers. The study
seeks to assess the implications of attitude, knowledge and workers (on what?).
Kadoma City Council is found in the north-eastern part of Kadoma(Does the city council have a
location or covers the whole city?), which is found along Harare-Bulawayo road. This location
lies approximately 166 kilometers, by road, southwest of Harare, between Harare and Bulawayo.
The coordinates of Kadoma are: 18 20' 24.00"S, 29 54' 0.00"E (Latitude: 18.3400; Longitude:
29.9000). According to the register at Kadoma city council staff clinic, up to thirteen work-
related injuries were recorded(where and when). More of these accidents could have occurred
but not reported to the management in fear of being implicated for their actions. There are many
reasons that could have resulted in occurrence of such accidents, either the company does not
provide essential working tools, or the attitude of workers is so negative to their working tools,
or worse off, they could be provided with PPE/C but not practicing safe practicing when
working. Since PPE/C is deemed the last resort, is the last option and being the last option, it
should be effective in eliminating the risk or else no other means can be possibly employed to
minimize these risks. This research seeks to find the underlying causes of these work-related
accidents at work when they use personal protective equipment

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
At Kadoma city council, a total of nineteen work-related injuries were recorded last year. This
resulted in loss of working time that amounted to a total of 336 hours (Reference
properlyAccording to the staff clinic Register). The city council also lost money on medical
assistance. This could also have tarnished the image of the company because of failure to avoid
3

the accidents. The occurrence of such accidents is deemed non-compliance with the legal
requirements such as Factories And Works Actand the Labor Relations Act.

1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
This research could help in review of effectiveness of the available legislation concerning
workers health and safety during work at a national level it can also help Kadoma city council to
revise on their by-laws as well as identify gaps as far as workers health and safety is concerned.
The researcher hopes that this dissertation could be useful as a planning and evaluation tool 0for
the management on PPE/C use. It could also be used as decision making tool on future programs
so as to reduce work related accidents and comply with legislation.
This justification is not realistic

1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
1.4.1 AIM
To assess the implications of workers knowledge, attitude as well as practices towards PPE/C
use.
1.4.2 OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the availability of PPE at workplace.
2. To determine workers knowledge on PPE/C
3. To determine on workers attitudes towards PPE/C

1.5 HYPOTHESIS
Lack of knowledge, negative attitude and bad practices have a negative impact on the use of
personal protective equipment at a workplace, resulting in occurrence of accidents.
4


CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review is a topic in research which helps to show the knowledge gaps that exist in the
subject under study, hence it is divided into three parts thus theoretical review, conceptual review
and empirical evidence. [Hart, C, 1998]. This chapter reviews the attitude, knowledge and
practice of workers and its relationship towards use of personal protective equipment during
work. A review of both the theoretical and empirical literature, on the research objectives would
be the prime focus of this chapter. Under each objective relevant data gathered from previous
researchers is presented.
Hazards exist in every workplace, so strategies to protect workers are essential. The priority
should be elimination and control of hazards. It is every employees right to protection against
occupational hazards. A worker is every companys greatest asset, thus their protection should be
prioritized, [Paul et al., 2002]. All arrangements should be made for ensuring safety of workers
and reducing effects of mishap. Yearly statistics of mortal and major work accidents explain
importance of personal protection. One of the measures to reduce accidents and injuries is the
provision and proper use of personal protective equipment/clothing [PPE/C]. It should be used
only as an interim [short term] measure before controls are implemented (what controls
engeneering).
According to the Factories and Works Act of 1996, personal protective equipment/clothing
[PPE/C] refers to any specialized gear worn by a person to protect them against any risks to their
occupational health and safety. PPE/C is used to reduce employee exposure to hazards when
engineering and administration controls are not feasible enough or effective to reduce these risks
to accelerated level. It should also be used when pre-contact control technology is not available
or inadequate; and during emergencies.PPE include gear to protect ones head, torso, arms,
hands, nose, ears, eyes and feet. (You are reapeting same statements)
5

Administrative controls are measures that are put in place for the safety of workers, for example,
use of legislation that govern workers as well as health and safety policies. Other measures of
ensuring safety of workers may be health testing at every six-month intervals as well as rotating
workers positions so as to spread the risk of exposure of workers. It also involves re-designing
of work, procedures as well as rescheduling breaks. Administrative controls may not be effective
if employed alone, they do not eliminate the hazard. They also rely on human behavior.
Engineering controls also ensures controlling of a hazard at its source and this should be first
priority. This includes replacing, redesigning machinery, equipment as well as tools and/or
substitution of resources with non hazardous ones. These are the first lines of defense against
work-related injuries/ illnesses because they have potential to completely eliminate a hazard and
do not rely on human behavior for effectiveness.
Personal protective equipment/clothing refers to unique products worn or used at personal level
by a person to protect themselves against any hazards at home, work and leisure. Its main
importance is to minimize exposure to specific occupational hazards [Geller, 1998]. Examples
of personal protective equipment include respirators, gloves, aprons, full body suits, foot
protection as well as head and eye protection. Personal health and safety are fundamental rights
of every employee. PPE/C is viewable from a distance by supervisors, management and
coincidentally, the NSSA inspectors. It allows one to evaluate how healthy a companys safety
culture is. Fig 1 below shows examples of PPE/C that can be used during work

6


Figure 1. Examples of PPE/C worn by workers
2.3 AVAILABILITY OF PPE/C AT WORKPLACE
PPE/C costs money. It is not surprising that when budgets cuts are needed, PPE/C draws heavy
scrutiny. However, this results in increasing risk of work-related injuries. Cutting corners on
PPE/C can also increase the companys risk of liability for violation of Occupational Health and
safety [OHS] laws.
In order to ensure the right type of protection to be chosen, there is need for careful consideration
of different hazards in the workplace. This enables one to access which type of PPE/C is suitable
to protect against the hazard and the job to be done. PPE/C should be used only as an interim
[short term] measure before controls are implemented. It should also be used when pre-contact
control technology is not available or inadequate; and during emergencies. PPE/C is put in the
following categories;
a) Face and eye protection,
b) head protection,
c) Foot protection,
d) Hand protection,
e) Body protection,
7

f) Shields,
g) Barriers as well as
h) Restrains.
It is quite clear that in many situations; PPE/C will become damaged, worn out and may no
longer provide the level of safety/protection required. This raises the need to continually carry
out a suitable assessment of clothing and /or equipment to determine its effectiveness. The first
and important requirement to be understood is that; it is entirely the responsibility of the
employer to provide appropriate PPE/C. [PPE at work regulation of which Act of Parliement
,which counrty, 1992] all too often, there are cases when employer tries to wriggle out of
providing the equipment or at least paying for it but not knowing that it is a breach of current
health and safety at work regulation. An employer is also responsible for replacements of PPE/C
except when an employee has intentionally lost or damaged the protective clothing. It is also the
employers responsibility to ensure training and correct use of PPE/C by employee. An employer
is also responsible for providing everyday clothing like long sleeved clothes or any gear used for
other purposes like protection against bad weather like hats, jackets or even raincoats. After
providing PPE/C, the employer has to also enforce its proper use for effectiveness. According to
the regulation, employees who have been briefed on the rules are responsible for their personal
implementation to their personal health and safety.
An employer cannot ask for money from an employee for PPE, whether it is returnable or not.
This includes agency workers if they are legally regarded as your employees. If employment has
been terminated and the employee keeps the PPE/C without the employers permission, then, as
long as it has been made clear in the contract of employment, the employer may be able to
deduct the cost of the replacement from any wages owed.

2.4 KNOWLEDGE ON PPE/C AND USE.
Knowledge is necessary for behavior change. Employees must have knowledge, both about the
risk factors and preventive behavior. Without knowledge, people are unlikely to engage in any
process that would lead to behavior change. Knowledge comes before a behavior change and
8

knowledge itself is not enough to bring behavior change [maiback, 1995].What then is nessesary
for behavoiur change) The effectiveness of PPE/C is not only based on the quality of it but also,
how it is actually used.Theoretically, maximum levels of protection are difficult to achieve and
assess but proper training of employees is expected to reduce the risk.
Employers are required to train each employee who must use PPE. Employees must be trained to
know at least the following:
a. When PPE is necessary.
b. What PPE is necessary for them?
c. How to properly put on, take off, adjust and wear the PPE.
d. The limitations of the PPE.
e. Proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal of PPE.
Employers should make sure that each employee demonstrates an understanding of the PPE
training as well as the ability to properly wear and use PPE before they are allowed to perform
work requiring the use of the PPE. If an employer believes that a previously trained employee is
not demonstrating the proper understanding and skill level in the use of PPE, that employee
should receive retraining. Other situations that require additional or retraining of employees
include the following circumstances:
a. changes in the workplace
b. Changes in the type of required PPE that make prior training obsolete.
The employer must document the training of each employee required to wear or use PPE by
preparing a certification containing the name of each employee trained, the date of training and a
clear identification of the subject of the certification.
Maintenance as well as proper use of the equipment should be done. Monitoring and training of
employees are done to ensure ongoing effectiveness [Allitia, 2000] The Program must be
implemented and reviewed annually by employer as per the constitution, with joint committee or
the workers. The program must be offered to new employees as they commence on work. It must
assess exposure control measures to ensure continued effectiveness and determine the need for
further control measures. It is quite clear that in many situations; PPE/C will become damaged,
9

worn out and may no longer provide the level of safety/protection required. This raises the need
to continually carry out a suitable assessment of clothing and /or equipment to determine its
effectiveness

2.4.1 RISK ASSESSMENT
The first critical step in developing a comprehensive safety and health program, in accordance
with the management of health and safety at work regulation of 1999(From which Act Which
country), is to identify physical and health hazards in the workplace. This process is known as a
"hazard assessment." Potential hazards may be physical or health-related and a comprehensive
hazard assessment should identify hazards in both categories. [Robson et al, 2007]Examples of
physical hazards include moving objects, fluctuating temperatures, high intensity lighting, rolling
or pinching objects, electrical connections and sharp edges. Examples of health hazards include
overexposure to harmful dusts, chemicals or radiation. The hazard assessment should begin with
a walk-through survey of the facility to develop a list of potential hazards in the following basic
hazard categories:
a. Impact,
b. Penetration,
c. Compression (roll-over),
d. Chemical,
e. Heat/cold,
f. Harmful dust,
g. Light (optical) radiation, and
h. Biologic.
In addition to noting the basic layout of the facility and reviewing any history of occupational
illnesses or injuries, things to look for during the walk-through survey include:
a. Sources of electricity.
b. Sources of motion such as machines or processes where movement may exist that could
result in an impact between personnel and equipment.
10

c. Sources of high temperatures that could result in burns, eye injuries or fire.
d. Types of chemicals used in the workplace.
e. Sources of harmful dusts.
f. Sources of light radiation, such as welding, brazing, cutting, furnaces, heat treating, high
intensity lights, etc.
g. The potential for falling or dropping objects.
h. Sharp objects that could poke, cut, stab or puncture.
i. Biologic hazards such as blood or other potentially infected material.
When the walk-through is complete, the employer should organize and analyze the data so that it
may be efficiently used in determining the proper types of PPE required at the worksite. The
employer should become aware of the different types of PPE available and the levels of
protection offered. It is a good idea to select PPE that will provide a level of protection greater
than the minimum required level so as to protect employees from hazards.

The workplace should be periodically reassessed for any changes in conditions, equipment or
operating procedures that could affect occupational hazards. This periodic reassessment should
also include a review of injury and illness records to spot any trends or areas of concern and
taking appropriate corrective action. The suitability of existing PPE, including an evaluation of
its condition and age, should be included in the reassessment program me at a company.
Documentation of the hazard assessment is required through a written certification that includes
the following information:
a. Identification of the workplace evaluated;
b. Name of the person conducting the assessment;
c. Date of the assessment; and
d. Identification of the document certifying completion of the hazard assessment

2.5 ATTITUDE TOWARDS PPE/C
11

Attitude can be defined as a positive or negative evaluation of people, objects, events, activities,
idea or just anything in ones environment, Fazio et al (2003). In this case, it is an evaluation on
PPE/C. Attitudes toward use of PPE/C by employee can determine its usefulness and
effectiveness. The protection provided by the PPE/C, will be dramatically reduced if workers
remove the PPE/C for even short periods of time. The loss of protection during periods when the
PPE/C is not worn may easily outweigh the protection when it is used Use of PPE/C may not
provide the total protection needed and is not 100% effective. It does not guarantee full
protection during work. It should always be considered the last option. Sometimes PPE/C
restricts the wearer to some extend by limiting mobility, visibility or by requiring edition weight
to be carried, Thereby creating additional hazards to the wearer. For example, if someone has
many years of experience and they have been benefitting from shortcuts for years with no
negative consequences so they are more likely to take risks. [Tesser et al; 1990]
The protection provided by the PPE/C, will be dramatically reduced if workers remove the
PPE/C for even short periods of time. The loss of protection during periods when the PPE/C is
not worn may easily outweigh the protection when it is used.[ Geller,1979].If an employer has
provided PPE to an employee but he/she is not wearing it, then the employer is not responsible in
the case of an accident. According to the regulation, employees who have been briefed on the
rules are responsible for their personal implementation.
Because PPE is the last resort after other methods of protection have been considered, it is
important that users wear it all the time they are exposed to the risk. Never allow exemptions for
those jobs which take just a few minutes. It is important to check regularly that PPE is being
used and there is need to investigate fully any reasons why it is not. Safety signs can be useful
reminders to wear PPE.

2.6 USER-FRIENDLINESS OF THE PPE/C.
All PPE clothing and equipment (what this)should be of safe design and construction, and should
be maintained in a clean and reliable fashion. Employers should take the fit and comfort of PPE
into consideration when selecting appropriate items for their workplace. PPE that fits well and is
12

comfortable to wear will encourage employee use of PPE. Most protective devices are available
in multiple sizes and care should be taken to select the proper size for each employee. If several
different types of PPE are worn together, make sure they are compatible. If PPE does not fit
properly, it can make the difference between being safely covered or dangerously exposed. It
may not provide the level of protection desired and may discourage employee use.
Sometimes PPE/C restricts the wearer to some extend by limiting mobility, visibility or by
requiring additional weight to be carried, Thereby creating additional hazards to the wearer. The
other issue of concern is that PPE/C only protects the wearer and does not eliminate the root
cause.
According to Geller, [1979], it is very important to consider certain factors when selecting PPE.
Firstly, the PPE has to be appropriate for the risk involved as well as condition of work.
Secondly, the state of health of the worker has to be considered before giving them PPE to use,
for example, an asthmatic worker cannot use gas masks as protection because they might have
problems in breathing. Another factor to consider will be that if more than one PPE/C is used or
worn by a worker at the same time, they have to be compatible, for example, using a helmet as
well as safety goggles and face mask at the same time.

2.7 SAFE PRACTICES ON PPE/C
Once an employer has provided complete knowledge and training of PPE to his/her employees
then it is the employees' responsibility to wear PPE properly whenever they are exposed to a
hazard. During work, an employee is expected to comply with guidelines and any safety
recommendations provided by supervisors and/ or management regarding PPE/C use. They are
also expected to conduct any assigned task in a safe manner and wear all personal protective
clothing provided.
It is the duty of the employee to report any unsafe or unhealthy work conditions and job related
injuries or illnesses to the immediate supervisor. It is not advisable for workers to share or
exchange personal protective equipment during work [OSHA](year).

13

2.8 CONCLUSION
This chapter has highlighted the theoretical and empirical literature review of knowledge,
attitude and practices of workers in relation to use of personal protective equipment during work
by workers. The theoretical literature review has defined personal protective equipment, as well
as identifying the effects of knowledge, attitude and practices to the workers. The empirical
literature review tinted the practical implications of KAP on use of PPE/C by workers during
work.

This literature review does not show the gaps in knowledge

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter outlines the various techniques and methods used in carrying out the research in
order to increase validity and reliability of the data gathered. Jankowics (1995), defined
methodology as an analysis of, and rational for, the particular method or methods in a given
study. The aim of this chapter is therefore to provide arguments for the approach that the
researcher adopted in gathering data in order to answer the research questions and objectives.
Thus, this chapter deals with the research design, sample population, data collection procedures,
data presentation and analysis procedures in the administration of data collection and the chapter
summary.

3.1 RESEARCH METHOD
A case study was conducted at Kadoma city council. The study aimed to assess effects of
knowledge attitude as well as practices of workers on use of protective clothing/ equipment.

14

3.1.2 SAMPLE POPULATION
Every department has risks , maybe risks at this department are significant to the city
The study was targeting the two main departments with work-related risks at Kadoma city
council namely which had a total of 201 workers:
1. Engineering services department which specializes with all engineering services [civil,
chemical, electrical, motor mechanics, roads construction, sewage treatment as well as
treatment of potable water]
2. The health and environmental services department which specializes in environmental
health management [waste management, street cleaning, refuse collection], personal
health, public health surveillances as well as fire fighting.

3.1.3 KEY INFORMANTS
The researcher was relying on both management and general workers for information from the
two departments in question.

3.1.4 SAMPLING METHOD
Stratified random sampling was employed where workers are put into strata, according to the
unit/ section where they work. The reason was that different departments use different protective
clothing and are exposed to different risks therefore representation of each unit becomes
important

3.1.5 SAMPLE SIZE
The researcher selected 30% of the population and was confident enough that it is a good
representative of the population; n= 60 workers

15

3.2 DATA GATHERING METHODS
The researcher used interviews, observations as well as review of secondary data during the
study. A pre-test was conducted first before the actual data collection. Data was collected from
May 21 to the 9
th
of august 2012

3.2.1 QUESTIONNAIRE INTERVIEWS
This is the structured technique of collecting primary data. According to Jankowics (1995), data
are mainly primary if they have been gathered according to your own rationale, and interpreted
by yourself, to make a point which is important to your own argument: in other words, they are
relatively original.
The researcher used lIkert approach of ranking responses on questionnaire.
On workers knowledge, each correct response attracted two marks, neutral response had one
mark and wrong answer had no score and total marks determined the level of knowledge of
employees towards PPE/C. Again on the attitude of workers, each positive response attracted a
point since positive responses shows positive attitude towards PPE/C. in the end the marks were
rated against the lIkert scale below;
MARK RATING
< /=30% Low/poor
40-60% Moderate/fair
70%+ High/good
Table 1, the scale to measure against Not clear your table
Two standard structured questionnaires were designed, one for the management and the other
one for general workers. Open-ended questions were also used to attain the information the
researcher had little knowledge about. Questionnaires were designed to fulfill the research
objectives and give answers to the research questions. Interviews were mainly intended for the
illiterate general workers. What kind of interviews
16

The use of questionnaires was relevant to the research because of the following advantages:
1. It allowed for the free style of investigation and pursuing particular issues in greater
detail.
2. It was relatively quick to collect information using a questionnaire.
3. Potential information was also collected from a large portion of a group.
Notwithstanding the above merits, the questionnaires suffered from slow response rate given the
short period of time the researcher had for data collection. Hence, the researcher went on to ask
for the respondents contact numbers such that there was easy and constant communication in
reminding them to complete the questionnaires at the earliest possible time.

3.2.2 SECONDARY DATA
This refers to the use and further analysis of data collected for another purpose. Information for
secondary data collection was obtained within the organization. This method was easy and quick
to use since the data gathering process was not associated with travelling and booking for
appointments. It also does provide a comparison instrument with which primary data can be
easily interpreted and understood. The main sources of secondary data used by the researcher are
given below:
a. 2011-2012 patient register at staff clinic
b. Requisition forms
3.2.3 OBSERVATIONS
As defined by Marshal et al (1989) observation is a systematic description of events, behaviors
and arti-facts in the social setting chosen for the study. It enables the researcher to describe
existing situations using the five senses providing a written photograph of the situation under
study. This provides ways to check for non-verbal expression of feelings, determine who
interacts with whom and how much time is spent on each activity (Schmuck, 1997). It afforded
the researcher access to the backstage culture as well as some opportunity for viewing or
17

participating in unscheduled events. Also, the researcher did not have to rely on peoples
willingness or ability to provide information. The researcher used a standardized approach

3.3 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
Data was presented using Microsoft excel. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques were
used and that includes tables, pie charts and percentages. Percentages and tables were used
because they were easy to construct, interpret, and understand as compared to other methods of
presenting data. Pie charts were also used because they display relative proportions of multiple
classes of data; require minimal additional explanation and they summarized a large data set in
visual form.
The researcher analyzed the data collected by using the spearmans rank correlation coefficient
method so as to determine relationships between variables, that is, between knowledge, attitude
as well as practices.

3.4 ETHIC CONSIDERATIONS
Participation in the research was entirely voluntary. No respondents were ever forced to
participate
The researcher tried by all means to maintain confidentiality by;
1. Using codes instead of real names
2. Using information collected for research purposes only

3.5 SUMMARY
This chapter highlighted on how the research information was collected from both primary and
secondary sources. The research was conducted using the questionnaire interviews, secondary
data as well as observations. It is in the next chapter that the main findings of the study are
18

presented, analyzed and interpreted in order to support recommendations to be given at the end
of this research project.






CHAPTER 4:
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
This chapter aims to present and analyze the main findings of the study. The researcher made use
of the findings that have been reviewed in the literature review section and those that have been
found in the field survey. The findings revealed the implications of knowledge, attitude and
practices on use of personal protective equipment. Therefore this chapter intends to analyze and
discuss the findings with reference to the recommendations of best practice.

4.1 RESPONSE RATE
Table below shows the rate of response of the questionnaires
Department Questionnaires
distributed
Response received Response
%
1 Engineering services 30 25 83%

2 Health and environmental services 30 28 93%
Total 60 53 88%
19

Table 2; response rate

Out of the intended 60 sample representation, an overall 53 responses were obtained, resultant
response rate being 88%. The researcher was considering 2 departments; the engineering and
health services department since these two have work-related risks(all department have risks).
Out of 60 questionnaires, four were intended for management and all four responded. As most of
the respondents managed to answer the questionnaires, much of the relevant information was
obtained. The researcher is confident that the response rate was enough to be a fair
representation of the population.( all department have risks but these two are significant).

4.2 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
The table below shows results on demographic data
[n=53]
Variable frequency Percentage Cumulative
frequency

1 Department
Heath services 29 55%
Engineering 24 45%
100%
2 Sex
Male 32 61%
Female 21 39%
100%
3 Working experience
0-5 years 21 39%
6-10 14 27%
11-15 12 22%
16+ 6 12%
100%
4 Age
20-25 6 12%
26-30 16 31%
35-40 11 21%
41-49 10 18%
20

50+ 10 18%
100%
5 Work status
Contract workers 30 56%
Full-time workers 23 44%
100%
Table 3, demographic data
The table above shows demographic data of the respondents. The respondents were from the two
departments, engineering department and health services; with health services department having
55%, the highest rate of response. The males, with 61%, contributed the largest number of
respondents compared to females. The mean age on working experience is 8.3 and the modal age
is 0-5year intervals, constituting 39% of the sample population. The mean age of workers was
36.7 and the modal age being 26-30 years, having a total of 31 %

4.3 AVAILABILITY OF PPE/C AT WORK
[n=53]
Variable Frequency
yes No
1. The company provide PPE/C 100% 0
2 a. PPE/C is provided
b. Quarterly?
c. Half- yearly?
d. Yearly?




100%

3. Employees pay for the PPE/C? 0 100%
4. PPE/C replacements for worn-out 95% 5%
5 PPE/C for contract workers only? 0 100%
6 Do you return the PPE/C to the company 100%
Table 4, availability of PPE/C at work This needed verification
The table above shows information about availability of PPE/C at work. 100% of employees
acknowledge that the company does provide them with personal clothing/equipment. All of the
21

respondents also admit that their employee is entirely responsible for providing personal
protective equipment/clothing. All of the respondents pronounced that they only receive PPE/C
only once a year or sometimes once after two years. Only 5% of the respondents, 4% of which is
among the 0-5 working-experience group; claim that they never had their PPE/C replaced when
it gets worn-out. Although all respondents accepted that they are given PPE/C, most of them
would still come to work without complete PPE/C and the majority of the employees had over-
sized protective clothing, especially female employees.

4.3.2 COMMON PPE/C USE
A table below shows common types of PPE/C used at Kadoma city council, per department and
according to each unit. Work suit/overalls well as gumshoes/safety shoes were mandatory for
every employee.
Department Common PPE/C used
1. ENGINEEERING SERVICES
a. Town planning & buildings inspection -Overall/work suit
-safety shoes
-helmet
-reflector BIB
b. Water-works - reflector overall/work suit
-safety shoes/gumshoes
-helmet
-gloves
c. Sewage works - reflector overall/work suit
-gumshoes
-helmet
-gloves
d. Road construction & maintenance - reflector overall/work suit
-safety shoes
-helmet
-gloves [PVC]
-Dust masks
e. Workshop [electrical, motor mechanics, welding, -overall/work suit
-safety shoes
-helmet/hard hat
-gloves [PVC]
-goggles

22

memo to
emmidiate
supervisor
supervisor
requests to
manager
manager to
the HR
HR
approves
the
manager
manager
approves
the
superviser
2. HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
a. Environmental health -work suit/overall
-gumshoes/safety shoes
-Gloves [latex]
-facemasks
b. Personal health -lab coat
-Gloves [latex]
-facemasks
c. Public health -work suit/overall
-gumshoes/safety shoes
-Gloves [latex]
-facemasks
d. Fire brigade -work suit/overall
-gumshoes/safety shoes
-Gloves [latex]
-facemasks helmet
Table 5, commonly used PPE/C

4.3.3 PROCEDURE FOR PPE/C REPLACEMENT
The research discovered that the process followed for replacements of worn-out PPE/C was not
consistent. Also, the records showed that the process taken until the PPE/C is replaced is too
long. The workers were only given one pair of PPE/C and get replacements only when it gets
worn out. The process followed for replacements of worn-out PPE/C is illustrated below:







Worker is
given the
PPE/C
PPE/C
gets
worn-out
23




The fig 2 above shows a long process that has to be followed by an employee to get replacements
for the worn-out PPE/C.

4.4 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT PPE/C
The results on workers knowledge are shown on the table below. Each correct answer attracted
a point. Total scores determined the level of knowledge of employees and were measured against
the lIkert scale.

Workers knowledge on PPE/C [n=53]
VARIABLE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
1. PPE/C is important
Agree
neutral
disagree

32
17
4

60%
32
8%
2. PPE/C training
Yes
No


53


100%
3. Use of user manuals
Yes
No


53


100%
4. Knowledge on any Legislation governing PPE/C
use
Yes
No

6
47

11%
89%
5 It is safe to work without PPE/C
Agree
Neutral
Disagree


29
13


55%
25%
6 PPE/C is just a uniform
Agree

33

63%
Fig 2; process for PPE/C provision

Figure 2; process for provision of PPE/C
24

Disagree 20 37%
Table 6, results on workers knowledge on PPE/C

After totaling all scores of each respondent against the scale, the following researcher
summarized the results and presented them on the chart below. The research revealed that none
of the employees had ever received PPE/C training at the company. None of the employees had
ever been given user-manuals to use with the protective clothing/ equipment. Only 4 of the
respondents claimed to have attained training somewhere else and all the four was the
management. 11% of the sample population was somehow familiar with the legislation that
governs PPE/C use during work.


Figure 3workers' knowledge on PPE/C

4.5 ATTITUDE OF WORKERS TOWARDS PPE/C.[n=53]

VARIABLE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
1 Ever wore more than one PPE/C at a time
a. Yes

44

83%
87%
9% 4%
Workers Knowledge on use of PPE/C
n=53
low knowledge
moderate knowledge
high knowlwdge
low knowledge
25

b. no 9 17%
2 PPE/C causes discomforts
a. Yes
b. no

40
13

75%
25%
3 Allergies to any of PPE/C
a. Yes
b. no

6
47

12%
88%
4 Punishments for not using PPE/C
a. Never
b. Sometimes
c. always


50


94%
5 How often you use PPE/C?
a. Daily
b. When there is a risk
c. When being monitored

37
11
6

69%
20%
11%
6 PPE/C reduce work-related risks
Agree
Neutral
Disagree

37
12
5


69%
22%
9%
Attitudes of workers towards PPE/C were assessed through use of questionnaires that rated
responses. Each positive response attracted points.
Almost all employees do use more than one PPE/C at once during work and yet only 69% think
that PPE/C reduces work-related risks but not all the time. Workers did not always put on PPE/C
except for the 69% who used it every day. 94% of the respondents confirmed that they are not
always punished for improper use of PPE/C during work. Only 12% were allergic to at least one
of the PPE/C they used during work and about 63% of respondents complained of PPE/C
discomforts when using it.
Totals were also measured against the scale to come up with the percentages shown on a pie
chart below.
26



Figure 4; workers attitude towards PPE/C

4.6 SAFE PRACTICES
Another one of the attributes looked at by the researcher was practices of employees when using
personal protective clothing/equipment. Unsafe practices leads to unsafe use of PPE/C which
means the PPE/C will no-longer serve its purpose, that is, to protect the user against risks.
VARIABLE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
1 PPE/C sharing
a. Yes
b. no

2
Continued use of worn-out PPE.C
a. Yes
b. No

26
27

49%
51%
3 Encourage colleagues to use PPE/C correctly
a. Yes, always
b. Sometimes
c. No, have never

28
21
4

53%
39%
8%
4 Removal of PPE/C during work [even for a few minutes]
a. Yes
b. no

27
26

49%
51%
Table 8; practices of workers
53%
37%
10%
Workers' attitue towards ppe/c use
negative attitude
neutral attitude
positive attitude
27


Several questions were asked concerning practices of employees and 49% of the respondents
answered that they would continue using their worn-out PPE/C until they get a replacement for
it. The other 51% responded that they would rather work without PPE/C completely until they
get new replacements.
On the issue of encouraging others to use PPE/C, 53% claimed that they do always encourage
each other to wear their protective clothing at all the times during work whilst the other 39 %
said they also encourage colleagues but not always. The remaining 8% seem to think it is not so
important and one should know for themselves to wear PPE/C.
It really looked like people had to remove their helmets in the afternoons and ladies would not
wear the helmet completely in fear of messing their hairstyles. Also, the researcher observed that
sharing of PPE/C was common among female employees. The researcher also noted that the age
group of 24-30 constituted the highest percentage of those who would wear PPE/C only when
being monitored as well as improper wearing of PPE/C.
The summary percentage of the results is illustrated on the chart below;


Figure 5; workers' practices on PPE.C
32%
58%
10%
PRACTICES ON USE OF PPE/C [n=53]
Poor practices
Fair
Good practices
28


4.7 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES
The researcher used the spearmans rank correlation coefficient to determine whether there was a
relationship between the three variables, that is; knowledge, attitude and practices of workers
towards use of PPE/C during work by workers. The results are tabulated below

VARIABLE STATISTICAL TEST RHO P -VALUE
1. knowledge vs. attitude spearmans rank correlation
coefficient
0.516 0.01
2. knowledge vs. practices spearmans rank correlation
coefficient
0.385 0.01
3. practices vs. attitude spearmans rank correlation
coefficient
0.505 0.01
Table 9; relationship between knowledge, attitude and practices
The tests showed that there was a positive relationship between knowledge attitude as well as
practices on use of personal protective equipment. The P value also shows that there is a
significant relationship between the three variables. The relationship between knowledge and
attitude was the strongest. This implies that and increase in knowledge will result in decrease in
negative attitude. In other words, lack of knowledge affects attitude of workers towards PPE/C.
the same ids with the relationship between practices and attitude. High practices are influenced
by a positive attitude towards PPE/C by the employees

4.8 CONCLUSION
This chapter presented and analyzed the data obtained from the field survey and the other
through secondary data. Although about 17% failed to respond to the questionnaires, the
researcher feels that the target sample was enough to represent the whole population. The data
was presented in a simple and understandable way using tables, graphs and charts. The data
results shall be discussed in the next chapter and the researcher will give conclusions and
29

recommendations of the study. This covers comments of the results of the study in relation to the
research objectives and specific conclusions made with regard to the scope of the research
findings. Suggestions on areas of future research will also be highlighted in the next chapter.










CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSION
This chapter serves to discuss possible explanations/reasons for the results presented in the
previous chapter. It also serves to conclude the research objectives and to compare with previous
researches held. The study managed to identify effects of knowledge; attitude and practice on use
of personal protective equipment. The project came about after a realization that many injuries
have been occurring and costing the company a lot of hours. The researcher, in this chapter, will
be discussing results from primary and secondary data as well as observations made during the
study

30

5.1 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
In the last chapter, table 1 showed that 17% did not respond to the questionnaires. The reason
could be due to the fact that some respondents took the questionnaires to their offices and
misplaced them. The high response rates were attributable to the follow ups that the researcher
made to the subjects where the questionnaires had been left. The response rate was higher at the
health services department because that was where the researcher was attached at, so it was easy
to follow up on the questionnaires.

5.2 AVAILABILITY OF PPE/C
The results showed that the company does provide PPE/C to the employees. All respondents
agreed to having received protective equipment. From the observations made however, some had
no complete PPE/C and this could just be the case of negligence. No worker is charged for the
PPE/C given to them, be it fulltime or a contract worker. Only 5% of respondents said they did
not receive replacements for worn out protective clothing. The reason for such a response could
be because at the time they needed it, none was in stock. The researcher had observed that the
company never keeps extra protective clothing in stock for replacements. The results also show
that although PPE/C is provided, they are only provided with one pair of clothing per year. The
company did not seem to prioritize the issue of PPE/C. According to the factories and works act
and regulations, it should be the companys first priority to provide protective equipment to the
workers and replace any worn-out clothing/equipment. The results also show that the workers do
have to return the PPE/C upon completion of contract.

5.3 KNOWLEDGE ON PPE/C
The results showed that the workers had very little knowledge concerning PPE/C. THE company
has never held a training for the employees before providing them with the protective clothing/
equipment, which makes It the major reason for lack of enough knowledge towards PPE/C. The
employees have never used user-manuals with the guidelines for using the PPE/C. The reason
could be that the manufacturing companies were providing the protective clothing/ equipment
31

without user-manuals or the manuals would be written in a different language that makes it hard
to read. A study conducted in Hong Kong among farmers, showed that most of the user-manuals
on the PPE/C were written in Chinese and this could mean that workers may not really
understand the use of PPE/C.
The current regulations only impose responsibility on users [employees and employers] yet it is
equally the responsibility of manufacturers and suppliers to ensure PPE/C conforming to
acceptable standards to be sold and to provide clear instructions of using PPE/C and also
providing user manuals to ensure proper use and maintenance of PPE/C. There was also a study
held in Wisconsin on K.A.P on organic solvents and the results showed that knowledge levels
are positively linked to intentions, beliefs and self-efficacy but not related to risk perception and
peer-norms concerning safety.

5.4 ATTITUDES TOWARDS PPE/C
Based on the findings of the research, it is safe to conclude that the attitude of most workers was
highly negative. The research results from primary data indicate that this is directly linked to lack
of knowledge on importance and use of PPE/C. Direct observations show that most workers
would only wear protective clothing when being monitored, which is wrong. They believe
removal of PPE/C even for a few minutes will not put them at risk. The protection provided by
the PPE/C, will be dramatically reduced if workers remove the PPE/C for even short periods of
time. The loss of protection during periods when the PPE/C is not worn may easily outweigh the
protection when it is used [Geller, 1979].
The results also showed although about 12% of respondents indicated that they were allergic to
at least one of the protective clothing that they used, many complained about discomforts caused
by the PPE/C during work. The researcher also noted that some were wearing oversized
protective clothing. This could have been the major trigger of negative attitude toward use of
PPE/C. As mentioned by Paul et al [2002], PPE that fits well and is comfortable to wear will
encourage employee use of PPE. Most protective devices are available in multiple sizes and care
should be taken to select the proper size for each employee. If several different types of PPE are
32

worn together, make sure they are compatible. If PPE does not fit properly, it can make the
difference between being safely covered or dangerously exposed. It may not provide the level of
protection desired and may discourage employee use.
In a similar study held in India, Visakhapatnam by Ziauddan et al (2002), the results indicated
that attitude of workers were directly affected by use of alcohol and drugs as well as lack of
awareness on legislation . Ziauddan also concluded that a negative attitude on use of protective
equipment is an indication of future problems of occurrence of accidents or occupational
diseases. The other issue that could have resulted in such a negative attitude on PPE/C could
because there is no punishment of any sort awarded to them for not using PPE/C. So knowing
that there is nothing done to them, the workers are likely to act anyhow they deem suitable.
The researcher figured out that there was a relationship between workers age and their attitude.
From the observations made, the younger workers had negative attitudes towards PPE/C. This
could have been because of use of drugs or lack of experience. The research shows that negative
attitudes were also most prevalent among male employees because generally, males are careless,
compared to women


5.5 PRACTICES OF WORKERS
As stated in literature review, once an employer has provided complete knowledge and training
of PPE to his/her employees then it is the employees' responsibility to wear PPE properly
whenever they are exposed to a hazard. In the last chapter, the results show that almost half of
the respondents agreed that they do continue to use their worn-out personal protective equipment
until they get a replacement. This was a sign of unsafe practices. Continual usage of worn-out
PPE/C will no longer save its purpose of protection. Otherwise it will give a false sense of
protection to the wearer thus exposing them to even greater risk. (Geller, 1979)
53% of respondents alleged that they do actually encourage each other to use their PPE/C all the
time during work. This shows fair practices on the part of the employee. All participants claim to
33

know how to use the protective equipment yet the results show they have never received any
training concerning its use. The researcher can derive two conclusions from this; the workers
may know how to use protective clothing by looking at how others do it OR they only use simple
PPE/C that does not need any training or instruction otherwise the results will be biased. There
was a bit of negligence on the part of employee on protective equipment when sometimes they
would leave protective equipment outside of the storeroom and they would be affected by bad
weather and quickly tear-off or they could get stolen. In the same study by ziauddan (2002), also
showed that practices of workers is affected by good knowledge on safety precautions
There is a strong relationship between knowledge, attitude and practices. Good practice is
determined by good knowledge, appropriate attitudes as well as constant monitoring by the
supervisors. Use of drugs and alcohol might also affect Practices. So the mere fact that there was
never a training conducted on use of PPE/C at the company, it leads to poor practices as well as
development of negative attitude towards PPE/C because they would not know the importance of
it. The researcher feels there could have been more injuries that could have not been reported or
taken for granted because they would have been deemed too minor. Also this information was
only about those that actually came to the staff clinic, otherwise some would have gone to
private clinics for assistance. Many of the patients who came to the clinic would be given up to a
maximum of 10 days sick leave; this would cost the company so much money due to loss of
production time.
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 CONCLUSION
Based on Kadoma city council, the results did show that knowledge, attitude as well as practices
of workers do have some implications on the use of Personal protective equipment. The
researcher concluded that Kadoma city council provides PPE/C to its employees; both contract
and full time, free of charge, once a year. Workers at Kadoma city council had low knowledge
(of what). This was mainly attributed by lack of PPE/C trainings and non use of user-manuals.
The workers showed fair practices towards use of Personal protective equipment during work as
34

well as negative attitude towards PPE/C by employees. There is a significant and positive
relationship between knowledge, attitude as well as practices on use of PPE/C.

6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
The researcher recommends that there is need for PPE/C training so as to raise awareness to the
employees on use, storage and importance of personal protective equipment. This is according to
NSSA regulations. This can even save the company some money that could have been diverted
to compensation of workers as well as medical assistance.
Also, safety signs can be a useful tool to always remind employees of the importance of PPE/C.
according to a recent study in Hong-kong among craftsmen, safety signs proved to be a useful
tool and it increases awareness of workers by 2%
The researcher feels that the system of periodic replacements of PPE/C needs to be revised so
that it does not have to take that long to replace employees worn-out PPE/C whilst they remain
at risk. The process is too long and may result in discouraging employees from requesting for
PPE/C replacements. According to NSSA requirements, each company should have a health and
safety representative so that it shortens the period taken to replace worn-out PPE/C as well as for
compliance with the legal requirements.
There may be need for devising motivational skills or incentive so as to encourage employees to
want to use PPE/C. Different methods can be employed, for example, the most competent
employee can be termed employee of the month and be given some kind of award or be
promoted. This will encourage employees to be competent all the time by boosting their moral.
The company can even resort to using a command and control method so as to ensure strong
enforcement of the law as well as regular use of PPE/C. any employee found not properly using
PPE/C properly will be fined or given a strict punishments. According to Allitia, (2000) this
method is usually effective in enforcing implementation of safe PPE/C use.
35

Lastly, the researcher feels that there is strong need for further research on the causes of negative
attitudes towards PPE/C and an in-depth research on how age, sex and working experience affect
attitude of employee towards PPE/C.












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Factories and Works Act 14; 08
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Paul, E. Olson and Harold, P. Bannes [2002] Client Education in Promoting High Standards
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Practice Survey



ANNEXURE 1; A LETTER OF SEEKING PERMISSION

Bindura University of Science Education
P.Bag 1020
Bindura

01 March 2010
38



Where is the letter of approval to conduct the research



The HR
Kadoma city council
Box 460
Kadoma

Dear Sir/Madam
REF: seeking authority to carry out my research at your organization
I do hereby ask for your permission to carry out my research in your organization under the topic
attitude, knowledge and practices; implications on use of personal protective equipment.
I am a third year student at Bindura University of Science Education and am currently
conducting my industrial attachment at your organization. I assure you that the information I get
will be confidential and used for academic purposes only.
I hope you will allow me to carry out my research
Yours Faithfully

Abigail Mapako
[T.E.H.O]

ANNEXTURE 2; QUESTIONNAIRE FOR GENERAL WORKERS
39

My name is Abigail Mapako, a third year student at Bindura University. May you assist in my
research by filling in this questionnaire. The research is about USE OF PERSONAL
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT/ CLOTHING. Confidentiality shall be maintained and all the
information acquired shall be strictly for educational purposes. No real names shall be used.
Please tick in the appropriate box
SECTI ON A DEMOGRAPHI C DATA
1. Department [engineering] [health services]
2. Sex [male] [female]
3. Status [contract] [full-time]
4. Age [20-25] [26-30] [31-35] [36-40] [41-50]
5. Work experience [0-5] [6-10] [11-15] [16-20] [21+]

SECTION B. AVAILABILITY OF PPE.C AT WORKPLACE
1. Does your company provide Personal protective equipment/ clothing? [yes] [no]
2. PPE/C is provided [yearly] [half-yearly] [quarterly]
3. Do you pay for the PPE/C that you are given? [yes] [no]
4. Do you get replacements for the worn out PPE/C/ [yes] [no]
5. Do you return the protective clothing? [yes] [no]
6. How many pairs are you given? [one] [two] [three]

SECTION C. WORKERS KNOWLEDGE ON PPE/C
1. PPE/C is important [agree] [neutral] [disagree]
40

2. Have u been trained at K.C.C concerning PPE/C? [yes] [no]
3. Do you use user-manuals when using PPE/C? [yes] [no]
4. Do you know of any legislation that governs use of PPE/C? [yes] [no]
If yes, state the legislation
5. It is safe to work without PPE/C [agree] [neutral] [disagree]
6. PPE/C is just a uniform worn at work [agree] [neutral] [disagree]

SECTION D; WORKERS ATTITUDE TOWARDS PPE/C
1. Do you ever wear more than one PPE/C all at once? [yes] [no]
2. Do you have allergies against any of the PPE/C you use? [yes] [no]
3. Does any of the PPE/C you use cause discomforts? [yes] [no]
4. Do you get punished for improper use of PPE/C? [yes, always] [sometimes] [never]
5. PPE/C reduces work-related risks. [agree] [neutral] [disagree]

SECTION E; PRACTICES OF WORKERS
1. Have you ever shared PPE/C with a colleague during work? [yes] [no]
2. Do you encourage co-workers to use PPE/C correctly? [yes] [no]
3. Do you continue to use worn out PPE/C till replacements? [yes] [no]
4. Do you ever remove your PPE/C DURING WORK (even for a few minutes)? [yes,
always] [sometimes] [no, have never]
41

ANNEX 3; QUESTIONNAIRE FOR MANAGEMENT
My name is Abigail Mapako, a third year student at Bindura University. May you kindly assist in
my research by filling in this questionnaire? The research is about USE OF PERSONAL
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT/ CLOTHING. Confidentiality shall be maintained and all the
information acquired shall be strictly for educational purposes. No real names shall be used.
Please tick in the appropriate box
SECTION A DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
1. Department [engineering] [health services]
2. Sex [male] [female]
3. Age [20-25] [26-30] [31-35] [36-40] [41-50]
4. Work experience [0-5] [6-10] [11-15] [16-20] [21+]

SECTION B. AVAILABILITY OF PPE.C AT WORKPLACE
7. Does your company provide Personal protective equipment/ clothing? [yes] [no]
8. PPE/C is provided [yearly] [half-yearly] [quarterly]
9. Do you charge for the PPE/C that you are give? [yes] [no]
10. Do you give replacements for the worn out PPE/C/ [yes] [no]
What is the procedure that one has to follow to get replacement of PPE/C?
........................................................................................................................................
11. Do you let employees retain the protective clothing? [yes] [no]
12. How many pairs do you give at a time? [one] [two] [three]
42

SECTION C. WORKERS KNOWLEDGE ON PPE/C
1. Does your company provide PPE/C training for employees? [yes] [no]
2. What legislation do you base on when providing PPE/C? ..
3. K.C.C workers are knowledgeable about PPE/C [agree] [neutral] [disagree]

SECTION D; WORKERS ATTITUDE TOWARDS PPE/C
1. Do employees have to wear more than one PPE/C all at once? [yes] [no]
2. Did you ever have any complains on
a. Allergies against any of the PPE/C used? [yes] [no]
b. PPE/C discomforts [yes] [no]
3. Do you punish for improper use of PPE/C? [yes, always] [sometimes] [never]
4. What could be the reasons for negative attitude towards PPE/C by employees?
.

SECTION E; PRACTICES OF WORKERS
1. Do you inspect on proper use of PPE/C by workers? [yes] [no]
2. Do employees continue to use worn out PPE/C till replacements? [yes] [no]




43

ANNEXTURE 4; A CHECKLIST


DEPARTMENT SECTION RISK EXPECTED PPE/C AVAILABLE

Engineering
Town planning
and building
inspection
falling objects
dirt
dust [cement]

overall/work suit
safety shoes
helmet
reflector BIB

welding
Noise
Direct light
Splashing of fire
particles
overall/work suit
safety shoes
helmet
goggles
rubber gloves

waterworks
Contamination
Operation of
dangerous
machinery
Noise from engines

Helmet
Gum/ safety shoes
Overall work suit
Gloves [PVC]
earmuffs

sewage waste
Contamination
Falling objects
injuries
gumshoes
overall/ work suit
gloves [PVC]
helmet

roads
dust, falling objects,
noise
Helmets
Safety shoes
Overall/ work suit
Gloves
Dust masks
earmuffs

workshop
Dirt
electrocution
work suit/overall
safety shoes
rubber gloves
welding hat
hard hat




Health and
environmental
services

personal
health

Contamination
Slippery floors

Uniform/ flat shoes
Gloves
Face masks

Environmental dust, overall/work suit
44

health waste
noise
falling objects
gum shoes/ safety
shoes
dust masks
gloves [PVC]
helmets


Public health
department
Contamination
Falling objects
Dust
Noise

Work suit/ overall
Gloves
Face masks
Safety shoes/
gumshoes
lab coat

fire brigade
Fire
Falling objects
work suit/overall
safety shoes
fire proof coats
goggles
helmet/ hard hat