SEE 3263 SEE 3263

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS

1
DR. RUBITA SUDIRMAN
rubita@fke.utm.my
Tel: 07- 5535270
Chapter 1: Chapter 1:
Voltage Regulators Voltage Regulators
SEE 3263: ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
Voltage Regulators Voltage Regulators
2
1.0 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY REGULATED POWER SUPPLY
Power supplies are the most commonly used circuits in electronics.
Virtually every electronic system requires the use of a power supply to
convert the ac line voltage to the dc voltages that are required for the
systems internal operation.
Power supplies range from simple batteries to regulated electronic
circuits where an accurate output voltage is automatically maintained. circuits where an accurate output voltage is automatically maintained.
A battery is a dc power supply that converts chemical energy into
electrical energy.
Electronic power supplies normally convert 240V, 50Hz ac from a wall
outlet into a regulated dc voltage at a level suitable for electronic
components.
A basic power supply consists of a rectifier, a filter and a regulator.
A power supply filter greatly reduces the fluctuations in the output
voltage of a half-wave or full-wave rectifier and produces a nearly
constant-level dc voltage.
Filtering (accomplished using capacitors) is necessary because
electronic circuits require a constant source of dc voltage and
current to provide power and biasing for proper operation. current to provide power and biasing for proper operation.
Voltage regulation Voltage regulation is usually accomplished with integrated circuit
voltage regulators.
A voltage regulator prevents changes in the filtered dc voltage due
to variations in line voltage or load.
DC POWER SUPPLY BLOCK DIAGRAM
5
Types of Power Supply
Linear Power Supply Non-Linear Power Supply
Used power devices that operated
at linear/active region
Used power devices that operated
at saturation and cutoff
alternately
6
alternately
Dissipates more power Dissipates less power
Also named as switching power
supply or switching regulator
These power supplies were constructed using
discrete components, integrated circuits or
combination of both.
7
Discrete power transistor, op-amp and
comparator were used to complete the circuit.
POWER SUPPLY REGULATION
An ideal power supply provides a
constant dc voltage despite changes to
the input voltage or load conditions.
8
The output voltage of a real power
supply changes under load and is also
sensitive to input voltage changes.
VOLTAGE REGULATION
2 basic categories:
(i) Load Regulation - Output voltage
nearly constant when load change.
9
nearly constant when load change.
(ii) Line Regulation - Output voltage
nearly constant when line voltage
change.
Load regulation Load regulation is a measure of how well a
power supply is able to maintain the dc output
voltage between no load and full load with the
input voltage constant.
For real power supply, output voltage will drop
LOAD REGULATION
10
For real power supply, output voltage will drop
when load current increases.
V
O(NL)
output voltage with no
load.
V
O(FL)
output voltage with full
load.
I
L(FL)
full load current (maximum
current that coming out
from power supply).

Load regulation can be expressed as a
percentage change in load voltage.
Load Regulation = % 100
V
V V
) FL ( O
) FL ( O ) NL ( O

Load regulation can also be expressed in terms

11
Load regulation can also be expressed in terms
of percent change in the output per mA change
in load current (%/mA).
% 100
I I
V
V V
% 100
I
V
V
V
L(NL) L(FL)
O(FL)
O(FL) O(NL)
L
O
O
reg

=
EXAMPLE:
A regulated power supply with an output resistance of 1
deliver a full load current of 1A to a 25 load. What is the
load regulation?
V 25 ) 25 )( A 1 ( R I V
L ) FL ( L ) FL ( O
= = =
13
L ) FL ( L ) FL ( O
) NL ( O ) NL ( O
O L
L
) FL ( O
V
1 25
25
V
R R
R
V

+
=

+
=
V 26 V
) NL ( O
=
% 4 % 100
25
25 26
% 100
V
V V
V %
) FL ( O
) FL ( O ) NL ( O
reg
=

=
Line regulation Line regulation is a measure of how well a power
supply is able to maintain the dc output voltage for a
change in the ac input line voltage.
When the dc input (line) voltage changes, the voltage
LINE REGULATION
14
When the dc input (line) voltage changes, the voltage
regulator must maintain a nearly constant output
voltages.
Line regulation can be expressed as:
LINE REGULATION
% 100
V
V
i
O

Line Regulation =
Line regulation can also be expressed in terms
15
% 100
V
V
V
i
O
O

Line regulation can also be expressed in terms
of percent change in V
O
per volt change on the
V
i
(%/V).
Line Regulation =
( )
V 25 . 0
EXAMPLE:
When the input to a particular voltage regulator
decreases by 5V, the output decreases by 0.25V. The
nominal output is 15V. Determine the line regulation in
%/V.
Note :
For ideal voltage regulation, both categories will give
zero percent regulation (0%).
( )
V / % 333 . 0 % 100
V 5
V 15
V 25 . 0
=
Line Regulation =
ZENER REGULATOR
- Output voltage constant as long as V > V
17
- Output voltage constant as long as V
IN
> V
Z
- Changes in I
L
will caused I
Z
to change in equal & opposite
direction
- When I
Z
changes, V
L
will also changes
- The larger I
Z
change, the larger V
L
will change
- Higher power dissipation in zener
- Unable to control the changes in current
EXAMPLE:
Determine:
(a) I
Z(min)
and I
Z(max)
for Zener.
(b) P
DZ(min)
and P
DZ(max)
for Zener.
(c) Suitable power rating, P
RS
for resistor, R
S
.
mA 45 . 5
12
mA 60
R
V
I I I I
(min) L
O
S (max) L S (min) Z
= = = =
220
mA 40
12
mA 60
R
V
I I I I
O
S (min) L S (max) Z
= = = =
600
mA 60
100
12 18
I
S
=

=
S
O i
R
V V
R
(max) L
S (min) L S (max) Z
600
mW 480 ) 12 )( mA 40 ( V I P
Z (max) Z (max) DZ
= = =
mW 36 . 0 100 ) mA 60 ( R ) I ( P
2
S
2
S RS
= = =
19
mW 4 . 65 ) 12 )( mA 45 . 5 ( V I P
Z (min) Z (min) DZ
= = =
EXAMPLE:
Determine:
(a) The branch currents and power dissipated by circuit devices.
(b) Percentage voltage regulation when the load R
L
is open
circuit and V
O
increased to 9.2 V.
20
EXERCISE:
For the regulator circuit shown below, determine the minimum
and the maximum load currents.
Given: V
Z
= 5.1 V at I
ZT
= 35 mA
I
ZK
= 1 mA, r
Z
= 12 , I
ZM
= 70 mA
21
add a series-pass transistor to greatly improve the efficiency
and power-handling capability as well as to control the
changes in output current.
) 1 (
I
) 1 (
I
I
L E
B
+
=
+
=
) 1 ( ) 1 (
I
B
+
=
+
=
) 1 (
I
I -I I I
L
S B S Z
+
= =
BE Z O
-V V V =
EXAMPLE 1.4 (pg 1-14):
If = 50, determine:
(a) output voltage, V
O
(b) voltage, V
CE1
(c) current, I
S
(d) current, I
Z
(b) V
i
= V
CE
+ V
O
V
CE
= V
i
V
O
= 20 11.35 = 8.65 V
(c) V = I R + V
23
(c) V
i
= I
S
R
S
+ V
Z
I
S
= = = 0.04 A
(d)
= 39.78 mA
S
Z i
R
V V
200
12 20
A 55 . 222 mA 40 I I I
A 55 . 222
51
mA 35 . 11
1
I
1
I
I
mA 35 . 11
k 1
V 35 . 11
R
V
I
B S Z
L E
B
L
O
L
= =
= =
+
=
+
=
= = =
(a) V
O
= V
Z
V
BE
=12 0.65 = 11.35 V
DP
L
DP
1 E
2 B
I I
I
+ + =

=
A Darlington pair transistor (a very high
DC
) can be
used to increase the current gain. This will reduce
the base current and the zener power rating will be
low.
24
BE Z O
DP
L
S
2 B S Z
2 1 2 1 DP
V 2 V V
I
I
I I I
=

=
=
+ + =
Design a Darlington series-pass voltage regulator
like that of figure shown below from the following
requirements: V
DC(in)
= 18V, V
DC(out)
= V
E
= 12V, I
L(max)
=
2A.
25
REGULATOR CIRCUIT WITH FEEDBACK REGULATOR CIRCUIT WITH FEEDBACK
Q
1
Q2
R
4
R
1
RL
I
L
I
4
I
B1
I
I
C2
- V
Z
+
V
IN
+
V
O
V
R R
R
V
V
R R
R
V
V V V
2
2 1
2
O
O
2 1
2
2
Z 2 BE 2

+
=
+
=
+ =
R
3
R
2
I
B2
+
VBE2
-
+
V2
-
V
B1
= V
CE2
-
26
) V V (
R
R
1 V
Z 2 BE
2
1
O
+

+ =
Any change in V
O
must cause a change in V
BE1
to maintain
the equality. If V
O
decreases, V
BE1
must increase since V
Z
is constant. Similarly if V
O
increases, V
BE1
must decrease.
SIMPLE SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR SIMPLE SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR
BLOCK DIAGRAM BLOCK DIAGRAM
CONTROL
ELEMENT
VIN VOUT
REFERENCE
VOLTAGE
ERROR
DETECTOR
SAMPLE
CIRCUIT
27
Series Regulators
Series Regulator block diagram:
Basic series regulator circuit:
V
IN
V
OUT
Error
detector
Sample
circuit
Control
element
Reference
voltage
28
Basic series regulator circuit: detector circuit voltage
VIN VOUT
R
1
Control element
Q
1
D
1
V
REF
+

Error detector
R
2
R
3
Sample
circuit
The control element
maintains a constant output
voltage by varying the
collector-emitter voltage
across the transistor.
BASIC OP BASIC OP- -AMP SERIES REGULATOR AMP SERIES REGULATOR
+
Q
1
R
2
R
1
R
L
I
L
V
+
=V
Z
V
IN
+
V
O
-
R
3
L
+
V
Z
-
V
- V
O
-
29
Z
3
2
O
V
R
R
1 V

+ =
V
R
R
1 V
Z
3
2
O

+ =
EXAMPLE:
For the series regulator circuit shown below:
(a) What is the output voltage?
(b) If the load current is 200mA, what is the power dissipated by Q
1
?
( )
W 16 . 1
) A 2 . 0 ( V 2 . 12 V 18
VI P
=
=
=
30
V 2 . 12
V 9 . 3
k 47
k 100
1
R
3
=

+ =

PROTECTION CIRCUIT PROTECTION CIRCUIT
2 types of current limiting circuit:
1. Linear/Constant Current Limiting
2. Fold-back Current Limiting
LINEAR CURRENT LIMITING CIRCUIT LINEAR CURRENT LIMITING CIRCUIT
32
V
O
is constant until I
L(max)
is reached. When I
L
> I
L(max)
, V
O
decreases
and I
L
will slightly greater than I
L(max)
. This value of I
L
will remain
constant even when R
L
is short circuit.
SERIES REGULATOR WITH SERIES REGULATOR WITH
CONSTANT CURRENT LIMITING CONSTANT CURRENT LIMITING
33
Current limiting Current limiting prevents excessive load
current. Q
2
will conduct when the current
through R
SC
develops 0.7V across Q
2
s V
BE
.
This reduces base current to Q
1
, limiting the
load current. .
SC
(max) L
R
V 7 . 0
I =
The current
limit is:
EXAMPLE:
34
A series regulator circuit shown above maintain a constant A series regulator circuit shown above maintain a constant
output voltage of 25 V. What is the value of resistor, R output voltage of 25 V. What is the value of resistor, R
SC SC
in order in order
to limit the maximum current, I to limit the maximum current, I
L(max) L(max)
to 0.5 A? With the calculated to 0.5 A? With the calculated
value of R value of R
SC SC
, what is the value of V , what is the value of V
O O
when R when R
L L
= 100 = 100 and R and R
L L
= 10 = 10
? ?
FOLDBACK CURRENT LIMITING FOLDBACK CURRENT LIMITING
CIRCUIT CIRCUIT
35
During short circuit where V
O
= 0 V and I
L
= I
SC
,
P
D
=(V
i
V
O
)I
SC
= (20 0)1A= 20 W (for constant current limiting)
P
D
=(V
i
V
O
)I
SC
= (20 0)0.5A=10 W (for foldback current limiting)
During maximum operation where V
O
= 15 V and I
L
= 1 A,
36
During maximum operation where V
O
= 15 V and I
L
= 1 A,
P
D
= (V
i
V
O
)I
L
= (20 15)1 A = 5 W (for both current limiting)
During short circuit condition, a regulator with constant current
limiting has to dissipate 20 W of power in transistor Q
1
compared to
regulator with foldback current limiting i.e only 10 W.
SERIES REGULATOR WITH FOLDBACK SERIES REGULATOR WITH FOLDBACK
CURRENT LIMITING CURRENT LIMITING
37
Fold Fold--back current limiting back current limiting drops the load current well
below the peak during overload conditions. Q
2
conducts
when V
R4
+ V
BE2
= V
RSC
and begins current limiting.
V
BE2
= V
RSC
V
R4
V
R4
will increase or decrease if V
O
increases or
decreases. At this instant, Q
2
is still not conducting. V
R4
is
found by applying the voltage-divider rule:
( )
O RSC
5 4
4
4 R
V V
R R
R
V +

+
=
38
When I
L
increase to I
L(max)
or during overload, V
R4
will drop
because V
O
drops. A smaller value of V
RSC
is required to
maintain V
BE2
0.7V. This means that less current is
needed to maintain conduction in Q
2
and the load current
drops.
At this point, current limiting occurs. I
L
will be limited and Q
2
conducting (ON).
39
If the regulated output voltage is 10 V, determine:
(a) The short circuit current, I
SC
(b) The maximum load current, I
L(max)
(c) Power dissipation in transistor 2N3055 during shorted load.
Q1
Vi =23V
R1
3k
1.2
RSC
V
Test Question Example:
For the circuit shown below, determine :
(a) Maximum load current.
(b) Output voltage range.
(c) Values of V
B1
and I
R2
if R
L
= 10 and V
O
= 15 V.
40
Q2
Q3
VZ =10V
3k
R2
3k
R3
3.3k
R4
5k
R5
10k
RL
IR2
VB1
Final Exam Question Example:
41
A series voltage regulator circuit above produce an output voltage, V
O
=
10 V and a maximum load current, I
L(max)
= 1 A. Given for all transistors,
Q
1
, Q
2
, and Q
3
: = h
FE
= 100, V
BE(ON)
= 0.7 V; for Zener diode, D
Z
: V
Z
=
4.3 V, r
Z
= 0 , I
ZK
= 1 mA and I
ZM
= 40 mA. The unregulated input
voltage, V
i
is 20 V. During optimum operation, I
1
=2 mA, I
Z
= 14 mA, I
3
=
1 mA and I
B3
can be neglected.
Final Exam Question Example:
42
Draw a basic block diagram for this regulator circuit.
Sketch an label clearly the graph of V
O
versus I
O
.
Briefly explain how the output voltage, V
O
is maintain constant even
when the input voltage, V
i
varies within the permitted range.
Final Exam Question Example:
43
Explain the function of resistors, R
1
and R
2
.
Determine the resistor value of R
1
and R
2
.
Determine the resistor value of R
3
and R
4
.
Determine the suitable range value of R
L
.
Final Exam Question Example:
44
Determine the power dissipation in Q
1
, Q
2
and D
Z
at Optimum
operation.
The pass transistor Q
1
will easily burnt when load R
L
is shorted.
Suggest one circuit that can be used to overcome the problem.
Briefly explain how this additional circuit works.
SHUNT-TYPE VOLTAGE
REGULATOR BLOCK DIAGRAM
45
Shunt Regulators
Shunt Regulator block diagram:
Basic shunt regulator circuit:
V
IN
R
1
V
OUT
Control
element
Error Reference
46
Basic shunt regulator circuit:
element
(shunt)
Sample
circuit
Error
detector
Reference
voltage
V
IN
V
OUT
R
2
Q
1

+
D
1
R
4
R
3
R
L
V
REF
Error detector
Control
element
Sample
circuit
R
1
The control element
maintains a constant output
voltage by varying the
collector current in the
transistor.
SHUNT VOLTAGE REGULATOR SHUNT VOLTAGE REGULATOR
WITH OP WITH OP- -AMP AMP
Shunt regulators use a
parallel transistor for the
control element. If the output
47
Although it is less efficient than the series regulator, the
shunt regulator has inherent short-circuit protection. The
maximum current when the output is shorted is V
IN
/R
4
.
control element. If the output
voltage changes, the op-amp
senses the change and
corrects the bias on Q
1
. A
decrease in output voltage
causes a decrease in V
B
and
an increase in V
C
.
SWITCHING REGULATORS
To reduce power dissipation in pass transistor.
Gives higher efficiency.
Able to supply very large load current with low
voltage as required in the PC.
3 basic configurations
48
3 basic configurations
step-down
step-up
inverting
Step-down switching regulator is widely used as
the power supply in PC.
Switching Regulators
All switching regulators control the output voltage by
rapidly switching the input voltage on and off with a duty
cycle that depends on the load. Because they use high
frequency switching, they tend to be electrically noisy.
49
V
C
t
on
t
off
t
on
t
off
t
on
t
off
t
on
on/off
control
V
OUT
Switching Regulators
All switching regulators control the output voltage by
rapidly switching the input voltage on and off with a duty
cycle that depends on the load. Because they use high
frequency switching, they tend to be electrically noisy.
An increase in the duty cycle increases the output voltage.
50
t
on
t
off
t
on
t
off
t
on
t
off
t
on
V
C
on/off
control
V
OUT
An increase in the duty cycle increases the output voltage.
Switching Regulators
All switching regulators control the output voltage by
rapidly switching the input voltage on and off with a duty
cycle that depends on the load. Because they use high
frequency switching, they tend to be electrically noisy.
A decrease in the duty cycle decreases the output voltage.
51
V
C
t
on
t
off
t
on
t
off
t
on
t
off
t
on
on/off
control
V
OUT
A decrease in the duty cycle decreases the output voltage.
BASIC SWITCHING REGULATOR
R
1
R
+
Vo
Vi
Q
1
Gated
Latch
R
3
I
L
C
L
D
1
PWM
52
1
R
L
Vo
-
+
-
V
2
+
-
Vi Latch
Pengayun
+
-
V
Z
R
2
V
ralat
A STEP-DOWN SWITCHING
REGULATOR
A step step--down switching regulator down switching regulator control the output
voltage by controlling the duty cycle to a series
transistor. The duty cycle changes depending on the load
requirement.
53
Because the transistor is
either ON or OFF on all
switching regulators, the
power dissipated in the
transistor is very small and
the regulator is very
efficient. The pulses are
smoothed by an LC filter.
V
IN
V
OUT
R
1
Q
1
R
3
R
2
R
L D
1

+
D
2
Variable
pulse-width
oscillator
V
REF
L
C
on
C charges
+

V
IN
V
OUT
R
1
Q
1
R
3
R
2
R
L D
1

+
D
2
Variable
pulse-width
oscillator
V
REF
L
C

+
L reverses
polarity off
A STEP-UP SWITCHING REGULATOR
In a step step- -up switching regulator up switching regulator, the control element operates
as a rapidly pulsing switch to ground. The switch ON and
OFF times are controlled by the output voltage.
Step-up action is due to the V + +
54
54
Step-up action is due to the
fact that the inductor
changes polarity during
switching and adds to V
IN
.
Thus, the output voltage is
larger than the input
voltage.
V
IN
V
OUT
R
1
Q
1
R
3
R2
R
L
D
1
C
D2
Variable
pulse-width
oscillator
L
+ +
+
C
discharges
+

on
off
L field builds
V
IN
V
OUT
R
1
Q
1
R
3
R2
R
L
D
1
C
D2
Variable
pulse-width
oscillator
L
+ +
+
on
off
C charges

+
L field
collapses
V
IN
V
OUT
R
1
Q
1
R
3
R2
R
L
D
1
C
D2
Variable
pulse-width
oscillator
L
+ +
+
AN INVERTING SWITCHING REGULATORS
In a voltage voltage--inverter switching regulator inverter switching regulator, the output is the
opposite polarity of the input. It can be used in conjunction
with a positive regulator from the same input source.
off on
55
55
Inversion occur because
the inductor reverses
polarity when the diode
conducts, charging the
capacitor with the
opposite polarity of the
input.
+V
IN
V
OUT
R
1
Q
1
R
3
R
2
R
L
D
1
D
2
Variable
pulse-width
oscillator
L
+

C
+

on
off
L field builds
C
discharges
+V
IN
V
OUT
R
1
Q
1
R
3
R
2
R
L
D
1
D
2
Variable
pulse-width
oscillator
L
+

C
on
L field
collapses

+
C
charge
s
off
+V
IN
V
OUT
R
1
Q
1
R
3
R
2
R
L
D
1
D
2
Variable
pulse-width
oscillator
L
+

C
THE OPERATION OF PULSE
WIDTH MODULATOR (PWM)
56
57

=
=
T
T
V V
T
T
Cycle Duty
HI
HI dc
HI
EXAMPLE
By assuming an ideal LC, By assuming an ideal LC,
(a) (a) Explain the function of PWM, D Explain the function of PWM, D
11
, L and C. , L and C.
(b) (b) Explain the operation of the circuit if V Explain the operation of the circuit if V
OUT OUT
decreases. decreases.
(c) (c) Calculate V Calculate V
OUT OUT
. .
(d) (d) If V If V
ii
increase to15 V, sketch the waveform at point B increase to15 V, sketch the waveform at point B
in order to maintain the value found in in order to maintain the value found in (c). (c).
58
59
PWM is used to produce pulse trains with pulse width depend on the PWM is used to produce pulse trains with pulse width depend on the
changes in output, V changes in output, V
OUT OUT
. These pulse trains (at point B) will control the ON . These pulse trains (at point B) will control the ON
and OFF interval of Q and OFF interval of Q
11
thus will finally increase or decrease the value of thus will finally increase or decrease the value of
VV
OUT OUT
..
The diode D The diode D
11
is used to eliminate the negative voltage. is used to eliminate the negative voltage.
Inductor, L and capacitor, C is used as filter to average the switched Inductor, L and capacitor, C is used as filter to average the switched
voltage thus produce voltage thus produce VV
DC DC
..
60
When V
OUT
reduced, V
R2
will also reduced thus V
error
will increase because
V
Z
is constant.
PWM will produce pulse trains with large pulse width.
Q
1
will ON and OFF with large duty cycle thus increase the dc current
flowing through it.
The increase of dc current in Q
1
will then increase the V
OUT
that try to
reduce previously.
This regulating action maintains V
OUT
at an essentially constant level.
61
V 5 . 7 12
m 6 m 10
m 10
V
T T
T
V
i
OFF ON
ON
OUT
=

+
=

+
=
ms T
m
T
.
V
T
T
V
ON
ON
i
ON
OUT
8
15
16
5 7
=

=
8 ms
8 ms
SWITCHING REGULATOR WITH SWITCHING REGULATOR WITH
PWM CONSTRUCTION PWM CONSTRUCTION
V V
OSC OSC
, V , V
ERROR ERROR
AND PWM OUTPUT AND PWM OUTPUT
VOLTAGES VOLTAGES
V
ERROR
V
OSC
V
AT
V
H
V
1
+
(V )
-
(V )
T
ON
V
OSC
V
H
V
1
-
(V )
V
ERROR
+
(V )
V
DC
T
ON
+
T
OFF
T
ON
T
ON
+
T
OFF
(a)
(b)
0
0 t
t
PWM GENERATION USING SAWTOOTH
GENERATOR AND VOLTAGE COMPARATOR
64
SWITCHING REGULATORS: ADVANTAGES
SWITCHING REGULATORS: DISADVANTAGES
Higher efficiency. Higher efficiency.
Light and compact. Light and compact.
Filtering is easy to achieve at high frequencies. Filtering is easy to achieve at high frequencies.
VV
OO
VV
ii
65
SWITCHING REGULATORS: DISADVANTAGES
Generate EMI ( Generate EMI (electromagnetic interference electromagnetic interference) where switching at high ) where switching at high
frequency for Q frequency for Q
1 1
current will produce large magnetic fields which current will produce large magnetic fields which
induced noise voltage around conductor. induced noise voltage around conductor.
Limited performance of power transistor (pass transistor) to switch Limited performance of power transistor (pass transistor) to switch
ON ON and and OFF OFF at high speed. at high speed.
Contain large noise and ripple in V Contain large noise and ripple in V
OO
..
IC REGULATOR BLOCK DIAGRAM
Vi
Series
Element
Protection
Circuit Vo
66
Comparator
Amplifier
Reference
Voltage
Sampling
Circuit
IC voltage regulators are available as series regulators or as
switching regulators. The popular three-terminal regulators are
often used on separate pc boards within a system because they
are inexpensive and avoid problems associated with large power
distribution systems (such as noise pickup).
IC REGULATOR 78XX SERIES IC REGULATOR 78XX SERIES
The only external components required with the 78XX series
are input and output capacitors and some form of heat sink.
These IC include thermal shutdown protection and internal
current limiting.
The 78XX series is a fixed positive output
regulator available in various packages
and with standard voltage outputs.
They are primarily used for fixed output
voltages, but with additional components,
they can be set up for variable voltages or
currents.
DD--PAK PAK TO TO--220 220
TO TO--33
IC REGULATOR 78XX SERIES IC REGULATOR 78XX SERIES
11 33
22
- Can produce output current in excess of 1A
- V
IN
must be at least 2V- 3V above the output voltage
- C
1
to prevent from unwanted oscillation
- C
2
act as a line filter to improve transient response
Type number Output voltage
7805
7806
7808
7809
7812
7815
7818
7824
+5.0 V
+6.0 V
+8.0 V
+9.0 V
+12.0 V
+15.0 V
+18.0 V
+24.0 V
IC REGULATOR 79XX SERIES IC REGULATOR 79XX SERIES
22 33
11
The 79XX series is the negative
output counterpart to the 78XX
series, however the pin assignments
are different on this series.
Other specifications are basically
the same.
7905
7905.2
7906
7908
7912
7915
7918
7924
5.0 V
5.2 V
6.0 V
8.0 V
12.0 V
15.0 V
18.0 V
24.0 V
Type number Output voltage
LINEAR IC REGULATOR LM317 LINEAR IC REGULATOR LM317
R1
+VOUT +VIN LM317
IREF VREF
1
2 3
+ve output regulator
V = 1.25V
The LM317 is an adjustable positive output IC regulator.
There is a fixed reference voltage of +1.25 V between the
output and adjustment terminals. There is no ground pin.
R2
IREF + IADJ
IADJ
70
2 ADJ
1
2
REF OUT
R I
R
R
1 v V +

+ =
V
REF
= 1.25V
Maximum Current 1.5A
Output may varies 1.2V 37V
Input voltage 4V 40 V
The output voltage is calculated by: The output voltage is calculated by:
The LM337 is an adjustable negative output IC regulator.
Example:
What is the value of V
OUT
? (Assume I
ADJ
is 50 A):
V
k A
k
V V
OUT
02 . 18
) 2 )( 50 (
150
2
1 25 . 1
=
+

+ =
71
IC REGULATOR WITH BOOSTER CURRENT IC REGULATOR WITH BOOSTER CURRENT
VIN
Qext
IC regulators are limited to a maximum allowable current
before shutting down. The circuit shown is uses an
external pass transistor to increase the maximum
available load current.
R
ext
sets the
point where
RL
VOUT
78XX
Rext
C1
C2
72
ext
point where
Q
ext
begins to
conduct:
max
ext
I
V 7 . 0
R =
IC REGULATOR WITH EXTERNAL IC REGULATOR WITH EXTERNAL
CURRENT LIMITING CIRCUIT CURRENT LIMITING CIRCUIT
VOUT
VIN
78XX
Qext
Rext
Rlim
Qlim
RL
73
Previous slide shows that the external transistor is not
protected from excessive current, such as would result
from a shorted output. An additional current-limiting
circuit (Q
lim
and R
lim
) can be added to protect Q
ext
from
excessive current and possible burn out.
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
An IC voltage regulator shown below is able to operate
with a much higher output current, I
L
. If given V
EB1(ON)
=
V
EB2(ON)
= 0.7 V, I
O(max)
= 1A and
1
= 15:
(a) Explain the function of transistors Q
1
and Q
2
.
(b) Determine I
C1
and I
O
when R
L
= 100 and 1 .
(a) Explain the function of transistors Q
1
and Q
2
.
Q
1
act as an external pass transistor to handle excess
current that is unable to be handled by three-terminal
IC regulator.
Q
2
act as the current limiting circuit to protect Q
1
from
excessive maximum current.
(b) Determine I
C1
and I
O
when R
L
= 100 and 1 .
I
R1
I
B1
(b) Determine I
C1
and I
O
when R
L
= 100 and 1 .
When V
EB1
< << < V
EB1(ON)
, Q
1
is OFF. Thus I
L
= I
O
= I
R1
.
If I
L
increase to I
R1(max)
= V
EB1(ON)
/R
1
= 0.7/3 = 233.33 mA, then
Q
1
is ON where I
L
= I
O
+ I
C1
I
i
+ I
C1
= I
R1(max)
+ I
B1
+ I
C1
= I
R1(max)
+ I
B1
+
1
I
B1
= 233.33 mA + (1+
1
)I
B1
Therefore I
B1
= (I
L
- 233.33 mA) / (1+
1
)
where I
L
= V
O
/R
L
, I
C1
=
1
I
B1
and I
O
= I
L
I
C1
R I I I I
When R
L
= 100 and 1 , the values of I
C1
and I
O
can
be found as tabulated in the table below.
R
L
I
L
I
B1
I
C1
I
O
100 50 mA 0A 0A 50 mA
1 5000 mA 297.92 mA 4468.8 mA 531.2 mA
77
A CURRENT REGULATOR A CURRENT REGULATOR
VIN REGULATOR
IC regulators can be used as a current source when an
application requires that a constant current can be
supplied to a variable load. R
1
is the current-setting
resistor.
R1
RL
VIN REGULATOR
IOUT
IL
IG
VOUT
GND PIN
78
G
1
OUT
L
I
R
V
I + =
POWER SUPPLY WITH TWO POWER SUPPLY WITH TWO
TERMINAL VOLTAGES TERMINAL VOLTAGES
7815
In Out
Gnd
C
1
10 uF
20V
4000 uF
30V
240V
50 Hz
C
2
V
O1
24V
24V
79
7915
In Out
Gnd
C
3
C
4
10 uF
20V
4000 uF
30V
N
1
N
2
:
V
O2
IC Voltage Regulators
The 78S40 is an IC containing all of the elements needed
to configure a switching regulator, using a few external
parts.
It is a universal switching universal switching
regulator subsystem regulator subsystem
VIN
CT
RCS
V
CC
Noninvert
input
Invert
input
Gnd
Timing
cap
VCC
Ipk
sense
Driver
collector
Switch
collector
80
regulator subsystem regulator subsystem
because it can be configured
as a step-down, step-up, or
inverting regulator by the
user. The data sheet shows
typical circuits for these
configurations.

+
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
7 6 5 4 3 2 1

+
Q1
Q
2
S
Oscillator
R
Q
Comp.
Flip-flop
V
OUT
R1
L
CO
R
2
CC
1.25 V
reference
D1
8
9

+
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Reference
voltage
Invert
input
Noninvert
input
VCC
op-amp
Output
Switch
emitter
Anode Cathode

+
Q1
Q2
S
Oscillator
R
Q
Comp.
Flip-flop
1.25 V
reference
D
1
Here is the step-down
configuration.
81 82
SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR WITH CONSTANT SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR WITH CONSTANT
CURRENT LIMITING USING LM 723 CURRENT LIMITING USING LM 723
SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR WITH FOLDBACK
CURRENT LIMITING USING LM 723
Regulator
Line regulation
A electronic circuit that maintains an
essentially constant output voltage with
changing input voltage or load current.
The percentage change in output voltage for
a given change in input (line) voltage.
Summary Summary Summary
Load regulation
Linear regulator
Switching
regulator
The percentage change in output voltage for
a given change in load current.
A voltage regulator in which the control
element operates in the linear region.
A voltage regulator in which the control
element operates as a switch.
UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS
The load regulation of an ideal power supply is
________.
(a) 0% (a) 0%
(b) 25%
(c) 50
(d) 100%
(e) none of the above
UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS
An AC-DC converter power supply contains all of the
following except a ________.
(a) rectifier circuit
(b) filter circuit
(c) sample-and-hold circuit
(d) regulator circuit
(e) none of the above
(c) sample-and-hold circuit
UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS
The ideal voltage regulator maintains a constant DC
output voltage regardless of changes in __________.
(a) its input voltage
(b) its output voltage demand
(c) its load current demand
(d) both (a) and (c)
(e) none of the above
(d) both (a) and (c)
UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS
Under full load condition, ___________.
(a) the input voltage is at its maximum value
(b) the load resistance is at a minimum value (b) the load resistance is at a minimum value (b) the load resistance is at a minimum value
(c) no load resistance is present
(d) the load current is at a minimum value
(e) none of the above
(b) the load resistance is at a minimum value
UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS
__________ is a measurement of how well the
power supply maintains a constant voltage across
the load with changes in load current.
(a) Voltage control
(b) Load voltage control
(c) Load regulation
(d) Line regulation
(e) none of the above
(c) Load regulation
UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS
What is the load regulation of a power supply with a
no load voltage of 16.5 V and a full load voltage of
15 V?
(a) 1.5%
(b) 9.1%
(c) 10%
(d) 90.9%
(e) none of the above
(c) 10%
UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS
__________ is a measurement of how well the
power supply maintains a constant output voltage
with changes in input voltage.
(a) Voltage control
(b) Load voltage control
(c) Load regulation
(d) Line regulation
(e) none of the above
(d) Line regulation
UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS
The pass transistor in linear regulators will
_________.
(a) operate in the linear area at all times (a) operate in the linear area at all times
(b) be in cutoff at all times
(c) be in saturation at all times
(d) switch between cutoff and saturation
(e) none of the above
UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS
Switching regulators have _________ than linear
regulators.
(a) longer life
(b) simpler circuitry
(c) a higher cost in all cases
(d) greater efficiency
(e) none of the above
(d) greater efficiency
UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS
A correct formula for load regulation is _________.
OUT
IN
Load Regulation = 100%
V
V

a.
V V
95
( )
OUT OUT
IN
/ 100%
Load Regulation =
V V
V

d.
FL
NL FL
Load Regulation = 100%
V
V V

c.
NL FL
FL
Load Regulation = 100%
V V
V



b.
(a) output resistance and the full-load
resistance
UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS
An alternate way to express load regulation is in
terms of the _________.
(a) output resistance and the full-load
resistance resistance
(b) output resistance and the shorted-load
resistance
(c) input resistance and the full-load resistance
(d) input resistance and the shorted-load
resistance
resistance
96
(a) 0.5 A
V
IN
V
OUT
Q
1
R
4
0.7
UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS
In the circuit shown, R
4
= 0.7 . The output current
will be limited to _________.
(a) 0.5 A
(b) 0.7 A
(c) 1.0 A
(d) 1.4 A
R
1
R
3
R
2
Q
2
Current limiter
+

0.7

(c) 1.0 A
97
(a) control element
V
IN
V
OUT
UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS
The block diagram for a series voltage regulator is
shown. The yellow box represents a _________.
(b) sample circuit
(c) error detector
(d) reference voltage
V
IN
V
OUT
?
98
(d) reference voltage
(a) control element
V
IN
R
1
V
OUT
UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS
The block diagram for a shunt voltage regulator is
shown. The yellow box represents a _________.
(b) sample circuit
(c) error detector
(d) reference voltage
?
99
(b) sample circuit
(a) high speed switching circuit
(b) fold-back current limiter
UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS
The circuit in the blue shaded area is a _________.
(b) fold-back current limiter
(c) reference source
(d) shunt regulator
+V
IN
V
OUT
R
1
Q1
+

Q2
R
4
D
1
R
3
R
2
R
6
R
5
100
(a) low noise
UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS
A major advantage of all switching regulators is
_________.
(a) low noise
(b) high output impedance
(c) high efficiency
(d) all of the above
101
(c) high efficiency
(a) series linear
(b) series switching
+V
IN
V
OUT
Q
1 D
1
+
on
off
C
discharg
+V
IN
V
OUT
Q
1 D
1
on

off
+V
IN
V
OUT
Q
1 D
1
UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS
The type of regulator circuit shown is a _________.
(b) series switching
(c) shunt switching
(d) none of the above
R
1
R
3
R
2
R
L
D
2
Variable
pulse-width
oscillator
L
+

C
+
L field
builds
discharg
es
R
1
R
3
R
2
R
L
D
2
Variable
pulse-width
oscillator
L
+

C
L field
collapses

+
C
charg
es
R
1
R
3
R
2
R
L
D
2
Variable
pulse-width
oscillator
L
+

C
102
(d) none of the above
(a) +5 V
UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS
The output voltage from a 7912 is a regulated
_________.
(b) +12 V
(c) 5 V
(d) 12 V
103
(d) 12 V
T H E T H E E E N D N D T H E T H E E E N D N D
104