The Andreas Salos Apocalypse. Greek Text, Translation, and Commentary

The Andreas Salos Apocalypse.
Greek Text, Translation, and Commentary

Author(s): Lennart Rydn
Source: Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 28 (1974), pp. 197-261
Published by: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1291359 .
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T H E ANDRE AS SAL O S APO CAL YPSE
GRE E K
T E XT , T RANSL AT IO N,
AND CO MME NT ARY
L E NNART RYDAN
Most of this
paper
was written at Dumbarton O aks
during
the
spring
and summer
1973,
and I take this
opportunity
to
thank the staff of Dumbarton O aks for their kind assistance.
I also thank Professor I. Sevienko and Dr. T .
H iagg
who
read
my manuscript,
and from whose valuable comments it
benefitted,
and to Dr. M.
Jeffreys
who corrected the
E nglish
of
my
translation of the Greek text.
Index of
Proper
Names ........................... 261
NE of the most
intriguing parts
of the L ife of Andreas
Salos,
written
by
a certain
Nicephorus
in
Constantinople
in the tenth
century
it
seems,
is the section in which Andreas answers his friend
E piphanius'
question,
when and how this world will come to an end. In a
previous
article'
I have tried to
identify
the models of the
eschatological
rulers described
by
Andreas Salos in this section. T he
purpose
of the
present paper
is to continue
the
analysis
of the Andreas Salos
apocalypse
on the basis of a critical edition
of the Greek text.
T he number of MSS
containing
the L ife of Andreas
Salos,2
or
parts
thereof,
totals about
ninety.
Most of these MSS are late and of little value for the
establishment of a critical edition. For the
purpose
of the edition of the entire
Vita,
I have concentrated on the MSS
dating
from the fourteenth
century
and earlier. T he text
published
here is based on the collation
of,
in the first
place,
the
following
four MSS:
B =
Vindobonensis hist.
gr.
123,
s.
XIV,
fols. 84-90
D
=
Vaticanus
gr.
1574,
s.
XI-XII,
fols. 147v-59
E
=
Monacensis
gr.
552,
s.
XIV,
fols. 152v-67v
P
=
Atheniensis
1014,
a.
1071,
fols. 93v-104
T he latest of these
MSS, B,
is
closely
related to the oldest known witness of the
Vita,
an uncial
fragment
contained in Monacensis
gr.
443 and
probably dating
from the second half of the tenth
century.
T he
part
covered
by
this
fragment,
called
A,
has been
published by
S.
Murray.3
An
analysis
of this
part
seems to
show that the text of AB on the
average
is more reliable than that of the other
MSS.
T hus,
there is reason to believe with
Murray
that
B,
in
spite
of its
date,
offers
throughout
a more
genuine
text than the other MSS. As a matter of
fact,
B would
appear
to have more
authority
than the other MSS even if
there were no uncial
fragment
to
support
it.
H owever,
this does not mean
that the text of B should be
accepted
without
any
further examination. In
order to check
B,
I have collated it with three related
MSS,
namely,
O
=
O xon. H olkhamicus
gr.
26,
s.
XIV-XV,
fols. 85-91
M
=
Mytilenensis gymn.
37,
s.
XV,
fols. 127v-37v
Y
=
O xon. coll. L incolniensis
gr.
21,
s.
XVI,
fols. 149v-53v.
It
appears
from the collation that within this
group
of four MSS there are
two
branches,
consisting
of BO and MY
respectively,
and that B alone and
B and
O together
contain errors which have to be eliminated with the
help
of the other MSS. T he source from which all four derive I call j.
Judging
1
"Zum Aufbau der Andreas
Salos-Apokalypse," E ranos,
66
(1968),
101-17. H ereafter referred to
as in E ranos.
2
H ereafter called AS.
3
A
Study of
the
L ife of Andreas,
T he Fool
for
the Sake
of
Christ
(Borna-L eipzig, 1910).
200 L E NNART RYDE N
from the consensus between A and the other
MSS, P
also now and then differs
from what must be considered authentic. O n the other
hand,
A sometimes
has to be corrected with the
help
of p
and the other MSS.
Moreover,
agreement
between A and
p
is not
always
a
guarantee
that
they
reflect the
original.
T hus,
the text of p must be submitted to continuous
scrutiny, especially
when A
is not
available,
as in the section dealt with here.
But,
when I see no means
for
judging
between the different variant
readings
of the
MSS,
I follow
P.
Its variant
readings
are
always
noted in the
apparatus
criticus,
though
obvious
errors in
B,
O ,
M,
and Y
respectively
are not.
Pis
interesting
as
being
the oldest dated MS in this
tradition,
but it is of
very
uneven
quality
and must therefore be used with care. D's text is more
stable, but,
especially
at the
beginning
of the
Vita,
it shows
signs
of a
develop-
ment toward a freer and wordier version which becomes evident in E . T his
MS is not
only longer
than the MSS
just
mentioned,
but is also full of obvious
errors. It is a
very
unreliable source
but,
as
it, too, contains,
besides much
nonsense,
readings
which deserve serious
attention,
it cannot be
neglected.
Most variant
readings
of DE P are recorded in the
apparatus
criticus,
but I
have not found
it
necessary
to
give
a
complete
account of them.
As the witness of a
changing
and
growing
text,
E
may
be said to
represent
an intermediate
stage
between D and two other
MSS,
namely,
C=
Vaticanus
gr.
2010,
s.
XII,
fols. 107-16v
K
=
Atheniensis
2419,
a.
1296,
fols. 124-38.
In these MSS additions and deliberate
changes
are
legion. T hey
also bear
clear evidence of contamination. Characteristic additions found in CK
may
be
seen in the
apparatus
criticus,
but other variant
readings
of CK have
usually
not been recorded.
D is the main source of the editio
princeps
of the Vita in A cta
Sanctorum,
reprinted by Migne,
PG, 111,
cols. 628-888. As an additional source the
editor,
Conrad
Janning,
used
F
=
Parisinus
gr.
1547,
a.
1286,
fols.
158-247v,
which,
though containing
an
abridged
version,
is sometimes
helpful.
It is
quoted
here
occasionally.
In
principle
the
apparatus
criticus is
negative.
When
nothing
else is
said,
it takes into account
I
(BO MY)DE P,
so
that,
for
instance,
it
may
be inferred
from the
entry 0oi
om. DE that
0oc
is the
reading
of
jP,
and from the
entry
orrexefca:
ria
omrr ias
MDE Pthat
ovierrias
is the
reading
of BO Y. In such
cases,
nothing
can be concluded as to the
readings
of CKF.
T hey may agree
with the text chosen or with the
variants,
but
they may
also have a lacuna
or offer
highly
individual variants.
A more detailed
presentation
and discussion of the
manuscript
tradition
will be found in the
complete
edition of the Vita which I am
preparing.
T H E ANDRE AS SAL O S APO CAL YPSE 201
T E XT
PG
111,
col. 852 C
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Kai
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orr
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(-coatvy C) Vre
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fov ariT s
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(-cooivQ C). 6yoS
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add.
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sot
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in
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j11
15-16
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'lv
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xai 'd8
35
T O 7T O
vlas
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T O v
-
aoltia
'PCaiv E 3T r'aQUT oUS, Kxal
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aQ"ros Kxai
IT
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SoPvot
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. uptxKbv
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icc
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KopiE t'
8x
Kai f1 AT yuvwros T r
rr"KT
ra airIS.
Kai
0iioE mi
t1 Xv1pa
aT ro7 T 1fv
40 8eilav
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Kai
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avO a
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0"<rT pO V aU"roJ
Kpa ricet
17 ix:
&rr6
DE 18
56aovoai:
,vviovoi
BO 19 iv
ato-,v,
&evaXcopoO vra:
Ka
iv
aoaoXvq
&vaXcop1fov'ov
P14
rrap'a*rT iS:
&
aoT rv
M om. BO
|1
20
KO v6[6pE Vc:
KO pti6pE VO i YKO pilt6PaE Va T 7& sIV
0T rorO r~1yO VT ai
P
KO pt.6IpE a
D
f h6?AtS himKE p-
S1icr
M om. BO
II
21-22
&KO UvO V
...
Aotnrv:
mpi
S ic
fvov &pXni5 KCd iwepi
ovvT E AE fiaS Wc, 5aot
6ma<pur
vriSi%400o (Si-
om.
C) QrKVO v
CK
|1
21
KCd1
om. DE P
Kaj2:
&V
T rpCbot5i
Kai
r6
T -rvtKaO T ra
E
-i's
om. DE P
11
22
post
Xorwrv
add.
8isA0opE v
(cf. CK)
et tit.
werp
p
Xis
-too -rXous
E
1!
22-23
avaaorifil KwptoS
6
0e65
iv
raT T S
io-x6ratiS
ipais
inv.
P 1
23
PacnMa:
PacitMav
E
Pactkiav
P3 wT ope.ovrat
BO
post
8tKaiO O aO Vj (rroAAM
om.
CK)
add. Kai
yE V17T rai
Sit' ApocovrS (bv tKaiO O VaQ Kal Aai pooA v K) 7T oT -rO V esvpE o'ro& CK i
24-26
bs
i ...
wrapdfKao-raT l: Ipfv1
V v
-rp6wT ov wT -rv
CO VIPpv
too Ne t 7-rb
pr
wveFT v 66XE pov W7rCWO T E
CK 25
wepi: Korr&
DE P II 25-26
~s
avE oWs: -rT i
V
MriS
&vmcoS
yvcaiv
E
i-rils avaordmc~s
BO
1
26
ofrcos:
"rT a0ra
3 wapE dKaT ai:
T rapuK&ar
(sic)
DE
T rapsFKarov
f
|
26-27 Kc-r& ... avro: iv
raT SfippaitS
aoi"ro0
DE v
"aT S
fippass AxE vals
P
I
28
yapfL ovws: &yyapflovres
DE Kai
&pE pipvfg: wT opev6pE VO Kax &E ppfpvcos
DE P
II
30
esI
...
els: els
5pirava
Ka 7r&s
bpova5
sl5 &pO rpa
Kai P PO
SpT mrava
Kai 7-r
f rj
Kai 7O C
K6VT ovUs
(sic)
ds5 L tbpvas
Ka
elSI
D Kai 7-
&3Xq
Kai
01SK6V-rO US
(sic)
s L t
vaS
Kai
5pT ava Kaic
E
|1
31
yE qrwo-
VlK&
DE P
[1
33-37
St&
rv
PXagqpifav
...
wrapa5o1ovmT ral: SM'cov
PXaappqaav
eIS r6v Kiptiov
pv
clqroO v Xptio-rbv Kait Vi'c (i'6V
om.
K) rhv
-rc vIo86pcav
do-eiVE av
KcT E py&lO VT am.
T O AO R a & * GT CoV
6
6(r6
om.
K) &yiov P&riapa
KO ogilO E VO
(KO gtl6isE VO i
K)
0&pE oaT O l yE V1
O VT 'm Kac ilIlO 'jO vT ral
iT ap& T O ov
E O F3E poO s PamcaM&s
f
ivov. 7o05
*S
SiXomos (O wohroious
K)
6
Woan
Ka
iipwpfupiae
(Kai
ipw-vpfie
om.
C)
Kai
ooO pE pIO iu
Kai
Piafcp O av6c~ WrapaSdba
CK
|1
33-34 Kai
t r6
...
Fop6ppas
om.
3
propter
homoeoteleuton 34
XoXiv
D
Fop6p-
pcov
D
i
35
v*as
yeipsm: f
as
T wE sysE fpm e3
vofiE Ka
rWE yE sfpe
P
1
36 ot om. P
37r
wpjcp
DP
&Aptoiag~P3
Jj 38
woo-rra"frav
DE
&wav: wra &v
D
"Draoa
0911-
tos
Kai CK
1
40
tri
v O 6caaav:a:
IS
7&
nCKiK O vi CK
1141 Kptrr1
sm om. DE P
856 B
T fil
rpi6coVa
.0oO .
T 4 8T 88o8KUcT C T Sir
T "f-S
aCT o
3PaaoItE iaS
K1'VO cO V
Kxat
86aar 01ao
7ao erai,
&a'&vacoriost
vaols
'yfous
Ka] aVO IKO SO .MO SI
aovvwrE T pIWvev 0uoaarilpta.
Kai
S{Khi 0K 't
i
g-rat, O T SE
6
&usKmv O O T E
45 6
&8tKo01.L evoS"
96
pq
ydp T rotiO eet to0 utos T Acov &vO pcrrcov oacoqpovE T v
Kai
T ros
rapavopoivras
T arv
tlE yta-ravcov T avrrcvet Kal
0avrT p
r'apaS0bot.
'E v
-roi Katpots y&p E KE fvots rr~s
Xpuobs
6O S ortv
v
oik8frrrore 6O T
rcp
KpuVrr6ptE VO S VE Vat E O E 0 'roxAuXiq)"arat
r
-
Paot-
Adfa
at-roi,
Kal
"rv'ri
aaT ov
oKO pn'T ort
T
O T -rnoti'~rat aa'rov,
Kal
T rnXoJT -
50
couatv ot
lP-yO rarveS a"ro
Kal oaovrat bcs PaotaIT s Kal O t
rrVT rT E S
E aovT at
;s pXova';.
Kai
eoT a't
aaL J iXoS
a
E tyas,
Kal
ros
'lovu8afouS
856 C
Ka-ra8tcbE l,
aai
v
vr'
ir6XE t
T a"rUT i 'olaaidm;
o0oX
1(
eO pee0oE -rat.
Kai
ariT -O
8S~o
st tE -y&Xco
A
T Si
"rlv
6?V
Kat O O K E nrT rtV
6
?iupiL cov 10
xKt0apfilcov
j
6
T paycp8Gv
i~ T i
atoIXp6v T rwpayp.a pyaL 6P.tE voS
T ravT as
55
ydp
'ros "rotov"rous
pitoscret Kal
okoO peae't
l K
T r6E (cAos Kupiou. Kal
aorat rroNX
Xap
T 6-roT Kal yaXXaIaatS, Kal
&yaO &
a(5T Is y'ls Kal
a"ro
T -IO s
0aXao'oT qs
avarE T E T i irXo'oata.
Kai
o"rat
8v
rporov
aav
mT I
-0~ NE Nv hpePi~
epq)patv61tvot ltXpl;
o0 (0ev
6
KaT aKAU'lIJ6.
11apE ?06vT os 8
"ro-rou 'T O O
a'KlWT rpO U &vaoT r lE rat &PXQ
c&8fv0cov.
60 T 6T 'Sr
yE peio-E rat
t
apafjyXtX6s
'
rtst
u
6s ris &vopifas Kal PacatXaist
856 D E v
7T i
"r6st T ra-r)T 1v T rpia
l.uov Kai
wO llO 'st
i
vopfav yE vio0at
ota
0v
y
yovev a-rr'apXT
K6colaO U
o0i8'o,0
li1
yevicrsT al. KaO E O eies yap
BoypaT ie't otaoraa o"rcoS
s
piyvuT al
T ramlp
O uyaT pi Kai utos virpl
Kai
&8eX96&
6&&1"
St &
T II,
6 avT aipcov
O avadcp rro0avE iT al, Kal
6
857 A 65
T O tO I'T O S
criv
T C
lUpo8p6pcp 'lcoavvi
KaT aT ayIoE T al
v
rT l
Iipkp
T
KpiaScos. T 6T E
L E S'E t
lpovaXoit
ds laovao-rpias
KalI
1pV0't
6pofcos Kal
yE vi'T at
I &vopiaa T rs
T lpi?ecos
XE Ppov
(p6vou,
Kal avrrbS
ropv'cet
vilT E pa Kai O uyaT rE pa,
Kai "r4
Katp~vp E ItVCPa %t)
v
V
KaT
paT ov
&dMoaacfav
?Jcrtv
Xap36v-rs ot PCopol d acfrcos T rais E au-rcv 8egaXis IrtxpE pe-
42
-r
...
80o:
rpt&IKovra So 9-M
D
T rptaKoo-T r BSurpcp
(sic)
E
aait|as aO roU minv. DE 43
&yicav
CK 44 oO rx: 05& D 45
rois vloT s
D
1
49
"rr-,c
....
rrotAmrq
ar0ro0: a0r6s rdrra r-
&yac&
O KO pW-ria
T O T S
Xpiavy XovUov
CK
arr6vb scripsi,
ut in PG:
a"rbs rP
a"rr.j
(sic)
DE P -rj
wohntfE q(: worr
'i)
worT E ri
DE T
-
rw6M
P
JJ
51
&pXovr-s:
of
&pXovrms
DE P
j1
53
Sfart
(?
7o.opiest
F)
...
r6Alv:
?
sE y&Xa
KO rrop0cbpaT a-
T rroifo't
CK JJ 54
"1
6
rpaycqScov
om. P
T :
"T s
DP
11
55-56 Kai
ga-rat: T rr&vrasT O C$ Wpr-rovT ras (?pyatopivous
CK)
T
iV &vogfav.
ga-rat
oiv
E CK, fortasse recte
1
58
hfpsql:
plpnpiq
BO MPE
riispfq
Y
d(&ptlpviq
D
ya7
v1,
Kal clp1iv1
CK
post
Ka-raKAvcap6S
add.
Kai 1pcv
&'rrav-ras
PCK
(Matt.
24:
39)
Jj 59 tit.
vra00a
&pXi cbSivcv
D
wrrE p T o0
-ro?,ovros
dO
asp3ovs
PactAE Q1v VrT aO a
E
T o oK1WT FrrpO V
T "roI"ov
E
T oO
O ~lKpT T rrpoV T "roI"ov
P
to0
oKrrT poV
KE iVO v
D
&vaaT rf~-ral
&PX1'):
&vaoricrowrat &pXal
D JJ 60
ypO 1-
'E T ra': &vao'1'-raE T a
PD dpafiyAiX6s T sl
MYP:
6patyAuX6s
ns
BO
&vpafiyMX6s
T sn
E om. DFCK
v6ibs:
6
vl6s
DFCK
jj
62
o*B'o pp: oo8& ph
MYD
o*b&
P
o"rr
E E 64
post 6&5E qi
(-ilv
E P)
add.
gK6v-rs
Kal
(ph
add.
E )
6x&KO Vrs
E CK
(v-
T rafpcov: &vritA4ycov
P
vwrafpcyv
1
&vwrtAycov
CK
drwoO avi-rat: dro0avE -rco
D
T E vrE UT 1 81 PT 'euT rrra CK
11
65
Ka-raT ayfjaeT r.Kal: a7E ylarT rai
P JJ 66 L [t si:
if
P
P
KP xsO si (aiVO fivat
CK
povaxoT s T &s govaarpias: povaXoT s T ais
govaarpiatS
D
povaXoT s
lova[o0aaitS
P
lpovaXois
raIs
lpovaa-rpfais
E K
~ovaxois
T ras
ovacoiaaics
C
lpE s0o
scripsi: tlpE ~T s PE PT rois tlpE T s
CK
lp6s (sic)
D
II
67
yE vljaerat
...
96vov: rweileuvO vaovrat
at
wap&vogoit iafsi wri
iracav
'-rv yijv
CK
Xfdpov: Kai XepCov
P
96vov: 96vov rroAXo
E
E
68
O vya-rpa: O vya-ripa
Kai
6g1aifO VaS K6pas
E C
J1
69
ipcopol: copol
Kai
&rrfBE T -rot
CK T raT . . .
&86gals:
T oT s
...
6
SApoT s P
70
roouvaltv.
Kal
&vaple'ralt
]
ocarrpia Kal
6
1p0 op bos& 18b7uyvypta &vcmrrov
Kupfou, Kxai
rrmpcs
6pyta1oa0sE rat i0ptos
6
oe6S
xca
ealul.4
slyc,)
E nrIPtIYE t
IT ri -rro'av
T -v
yiv,
Kc
ia
VT nE eT al
rl,
Ppov-rin
ac"ro
avcoO E v
Kal T
tiS
ao'T parais, Kal &papovT rat dKparCos qpiKx
"rno0i
KaT aqpE pE o'-O at
857 B
ewri T 1rSy~S,
Kacal "roCa%
I
"6Its "nvupfiKavaT O t yev'oE ovT at,
KaCol
75
&vepconrot
x T O J
"raT dyoT u
T CAO v
(poE pCO v KKefVCO
PpovT -rCO V O popo
lE y&6(Ac T -rrapaA?oelovT at
Kai KaKCoS daT roO avouv-rat Kxai
rronoi
&a-rpa-
T r6KauvorT ot yeVilovT rat.
O val 8E
T 6o"T E T i" )
T O 1
T ~"s
T 1
&T eti&s
0roV
T ravT o0p-roposxa K ris dT aT eipou
6py,iSE Ka1
alu.tou arro ro f0 S
T rePXopIvO u is av v oixoupvv. T iarax0lc-T at 8AT roT ro T 6
80
O 'K1T rT pov Kai lE V T
doO e'T C2 T r"upi
Pl?
PO rrat.
'AT r'6
8
rAv
ftpE Pv
E KE iVCO V
paKaptot
o01 KaT otIKO VT s
~v
'Pcb ,
i v
'P(l i
v
'Appevorirpa
Sv
I-rpopi3c
lA
bv
KapuouvT r6Aet"
v
"rarrats
yap
'T aiS
rr6AE otv Kxal
T 6rnots &vaT rcaloovT ai.
T &
yp
A
a
-rvra nrr6Aslpot
Kal rapaxat, Kal
O 6puvp3os woX*s
yeVijeT at
KxarT a
T O Vv
dwT r6vra 6rt 'ME XA'aoE e
K
dKO CIV
85
T roMoSUSKal
&%Ko
S
"rroMaCv,'
Kxal T lr aE fis.
857 C
MT r& 8'
a
"S aQ"rva E yspO O 'loT ai
{catotiE a
'?rpaT i t"rjlv
rr6Xtv
T "roT 1v,
Kal atros P7oovup6s
t 6vos t
iKai
apvos
'Ilro0 iXptoT iro, Ka"
&vayvC)oas
T as T O v 'E A
Av0V
ypacis paraT paT ioE T al E Is 'E iAAyvitv Kal T rO li'et
T r6XsPIov
WT r
T 6A
cyicov
r6 T v
crva-raavv
6
8t&PoaXos.
M
aT &
yp
90
6Aiyas cxptpas o0 xKpaT riloat aT rov
vaois
nuRptKavo-rous
rtotilet Kxal
T O 6v T ptov Kxai L coorrot6v
onraup6v (povpKav 6vopi'.et
Kal
"otlo'E t
T O r
70-71
h1
aarrpfia
...
KvpioV:
h
oanrrpia .ris T .
&(p1 5scb s38sVypvot (sic)
E
h
8vacoi8(a r'S alfpopuiiaS
uao8'creopov
P'sAypa-ros
.rE &(pS
v
.r' oipavo
C
h
8vac8fia T ris afpou{ias
Iv
rT O oO pav4
K JJ
74-75 of a
vepcorou:
aveponrrot
DE
JJ
75 T o
wrra-rT yov:
T
-v
r'rardyo s
JJ
75-77
O poloip'i
...
yE viaov'a
:
dn'ovuyfi-
'ovrai
K om. C
1
75-76
O polT o
...
wrapaAvefov-ra: u (p6pcp
...
wrrapa8o0fc-ov-
T at P
O pore~O rorrai
F
JJ
76 drroO avoIvrat: drroO dvmcoi DE d&oO avovoi P
JJ
77 T 6T E
om.
P3
y~::
y~,
Kai
-r~
O T a7oa'oi
CK
JJ
78
T rE
Kal: Ka
T O ov
T E Kal
T oUo
E
a*tro0
om. P
1
79 ante
ara-raX'4~sT rai
add.
yE vf?aE T Ia
y p
A76s
rl -F-?v
yiv
--T E
T E AE v-rav
T ro0S
&vepcb-rovS
(6~4coS
add.
K)
dr6
r
wrrE vlnS
rp6 7r6
-6
hKKaKE T V (=
1KaVO 0s
E lvai
?)
e6rrm-aeGai
aros
(rrp6s
...
O &=-E cO ai
om.
K). E -rd (81
add.
K)
rT aora
yE Vmv
ral i
iro'S6 Iyax ~caT sorrrE u
aT v
&'rrav olKo561rpat Kail rroAANol
K
"rCv
pyaL [o-
vica T Vrv dvolifav
oauvXcalGvrE s (avyXcoa0fovT ral
Kai
K)
K
SK T r6V fO VKa-raO -
rovotv. yE VfaE T ia
Si
(Kai
add.
K)
6
fjtos
a
KKaix O XO rT E V6s ail fh
oK"Aivr
bS
aipa
St& T 00ro
Xotpcb)st-.
&vO pob''rov
Kai
of
&T -rpE S~
rrE o'ov-ra
rrT
T 'rV
yilv. rrtv
5
6pos
Kai
rr~r'a
(T rsQ
C)
V
'O
&7T
r6
r
T r
5paS
T O v
T 6"r6nov a.rO Cv
96pc
T O V
o'ito'0v0
Kai
T
rfis
dwtfis
(p96pc
add.
C) Q
rE aKwroVO i'ovT at. T r6T E
of
1opSi
T O ~o 00o0 IE T -r& T rCV
KaT raWE t0mrcav
vapfT cv
Kal
iyKpa-rCv (pO ycfatv
9-'r
T &
6pr
Kai
ra orrAataa
Kai
E ls (E ls
om.
K)
-ra7s oaXi &s rv T WrT E rp&v
CK U:
y&p
D
T rotyapov
E oiv
Kai P
||
80
oKdT rrpov:
<Kijrr-pov
T rs &vofdias
DE
d&p3-arp,
wvpl (ruvpi
om.
E ):
oai6T E
T
-rCAoT rpC
CK
j11
81
'Pcb:
T ri 'P"gaiaov rr6A~st
E T ir
"rpE O 3urpUrp
'P
cbpl,
CK
'Pila:
'PilU P
'PT ila
f'
"v
'Aporiv6,
E
'ApE 'vs6vv1
C
'ApaE vE cbvi
K
'ApPE -
v6rrerpa
D
JJ 82
Xrpo1Acp,
BMY
Irpop30Acp
O CK
KapvounT 6?t
scripsi:
Kapiov
r6AE t
P
KapvorroNE t
K
Kapvvorr6AXE t
KapAc
rr6Asit
D
Kap& O r6A~st
E
KaXvp6"noAn
C
ydp
om. DE P
1
83
&varnatko'rat:
6
aAiao0eds
&vaT rao'raE T a
E
-rravarra~io'orat
of
(ol
om.
K)
Aaof
CK Ka12 om. P
[1
85
dmKO & T roMpCov:
dK'a-raa-raias
BY
11
86 tit.
mE pi
T roo
rpfrov
&drsovU
G1aoi7hs
E
I1
87
6vos:
6vov P
oaral
Kai
phAas
CK
(an
avO pcowoS
legendum?)
I
87-88
9?apvos
...
ypaq&s:
&pvyr
S00E O 0 Kar T CO V &yiVCO Ka Ka6iT 6rptos
T
6f1aotAi
aG
T C.rv
o0opavc'ov. dvof~E t y&p
T &a
sivaap&h Pip2ovs
T vCA 'E AXvcav
(T rv
E AA7cav
T da
'ivcapa sPip{ovs
C) CK
1
89-102
drr6
...
auv-rpip6ps popE p6s
om. P
1
89
&r6n
...
8t.dpoaos:
Kal
8icb?i
?rV
KKA7ria V T oV E o0v
CK
t-ro Xla-rava
E
1
90
s
v
s: T ors vaoCs
rC'O v &yifcv
CK
ijous
D
tepaT eiov eIS T r-rC"atv
Kai
KaT aKO rxT v
XVaou
T l
SCo E E WS
T roflo-E
KaT a
860 A
T r&s qT Poa'as
IX
orpT &as. Kal T O 6T e T rpoBCaovl (PRot pixRous E ISO avaT ov
KaX
&&(0po1 BE (pous
Kai
yE IT O VE S yE IT O vas Kat
"rairp T "1VO V
Kal
95
T L xvoV T raT rpa.
Kai
rroXXo'
L iAcA
KUIp1O U
6O pofoy(roUvItv,
&BVT O
T E kO S
paKaptoV"
O i5O t
ya"p
O v
Xpi
atoC'
?~otherouotv.
T 6T C
o0 ev T aSi vcrots
Kal
O
V
T O tiSKO iXO 'I T aiS T rp6&S
p
qe'iKIV
T E
Ka
T ilV K
T O c) KaT O IKO O VT E S
E aovT at
eiS
Sp
pootaw,
oaT rjata 8acxp6vCov yev6pevoi
Kal
KV0cA8co0V
Ka
E pT reT oV KaT aycbwyia. "E BovT at
e
T
K t
Katpp
E KE IVCp,
KT xrO i
V T A
100
o0pavc cPoPE pc'T aT O i
KX
oT opiO i
poE ycXoi Kai O UvpT rT cI)pT aT r6oE cAO V
pley&Acov. 'AvaoT rlO erT at
yap
'e0vos T Iri O vos
Kd
Qaoateia
rri
QacrtI~iav'
Kai E CoT at O CuvT pipp6S ( pol3ep6O S E ril T s ys
Ka
't tS Ka oT T E voxopia'
860 B
T i rl
T os
vio0s JT wva
&vepwn'orcov.
T 6T
(paviaeT at
n-r'p
&T r'
j
o0pavo0
cbo'el
aorT paT rp s
T
Xos <v) &>T rE 7 ~ritoxtI&L ov T r
~v
T 6 'rp6o'coT rov
T js
yiS,
105 Ka
1T E T E IVCoV
o'uvoXai -roXXat,
K K
6PE C)o0V T rO VIpPV T T C
1T E rT 1O 'a'e8E T O at
11yr
BaKV6VT O O V T o0sa
VO pCAT rO O U
T SO u
CT E 4O piVO U
T O ts
roapatrrT ptCiT V.
T T l&vT ra
yp
auT ta &ppX~
CO VO V
KaE O aT T KaatIV.
T eXE suvicraavos BE
Kai
T O U0
vao v
aKfT 'KT poU T O O T O U,
T O 'T
E PXeT at 6
AIetooodas &arr6 T o0
'T rpCT O U
KE patT O S,
oV
(potoIV
E T I
BCAbKa
KtT aXeIV
T fIS
92
Ka-raKO T rhv ...
w'O l.ujoi: aO UyK6iy
T 6
KO W6V
T o0
7 aoi CK
(locus dubius)
Nao0
om. E
1
96-99
r76T re
...
Ka-raycbyila:
r6-rT e (ydap
add.
K)
"robs
Ka-rO lKO v-rT as
v
T -ras
(T oT s C)
viaois
oSaqiaas
ss rd T is
eO p(,KnS
Kai
MaKE SoviaS
(Kai
XT pup6vos
add.
K) pipq paT raydysi
(p-rdyi
C).
F'ovrait
S at
virot
isa i
p.'ipcoiv,
arriwAaia
Saip6vcoV
Kai
pT r.-rv
T ri arPiv E T KocrI
KGal
aT rrv (ftri
...
T rv-re
om.
K)
CK
96
viraits
E
]
97 ot om. E
T ratis: T oT s
E
KO lN6m: KO lx~685s
DE
T raT 2
scripsi:
roT s
P
r1'v
D
aO -i5s
v ri~
yij
E
Ka-rO lKO v'E s
scripsi:
&KovrT as (d&Koiov-
ras
P)
aCro's
DE P
|1
98
caovrai: weorrovrrat
D
pier7yeT ral Kai O T ari ati
vijaot
E
Apijarpcoav:
ppov
E
yev6p1vai
E
yev6p1va
P
11
99
post
KaT a-
ycbyta (sic
E :
P3atrrooyia DP)
add.
rrl
pirlyiv
aiKO ai T riVme
E ,
cf. C
j1
101
&va-
a-oriMeT rai: &v ap'eT rai
P
trril: rrp65
D
PactT eis (-F0s P)
trl PaciAs DP1
102
qop3epbs
om. P
rri rT s15 yi-s:
inc.
P3
post
lacunam
O yitS: O 'a-raieCtis
PI
103
w0T rp: rr0p
&drrvepKcopivov
CK
|
104
-r6&Xos: T rrXos
P
P v
&T ru7iAscripsi:
&drMrsi
PE
Kai
&,riA
P
&T rFIXovv
D
T iKI&L O V:
iT rIo'KE T r&ov
P
1
105 wo7rJai:
rroANali yeviwovrait
E
rroAXai
v
-T O &pt
yevT rovrait
CK
11
106
epopvovs -rois
wraparrcbpaav:
iv wo
NsaT s
pap-riais Pticbavras
(Picvavras
om.
C)
Kai
ph
iE T a-
vorav-ras
CK
1
107
&PXal 3
KaO ea-r'rKaav: driv
CK,
post quod
add. bv
ydp
-raT is
llpai
S
KdvaiS
dr"oo-rsAdi
tro0S &yious
"yy7Aous
au-roy
6
KIplO S7roO s T reT ray-
pbvous
(ot
6vT rs
"T raypivott
C) Q
ri
r-CO
&vipaov 0ro0
(rT o
om.
K)
,ayaytiv
a"rro0s
CO K
iO v
avpcO v
aiT CrZV
Kal vaypp& ovu (-cooiv C) Qrds
&vawvods
aO T rcov
-roy
Ph
rrvWO aa
6
oS
0
vapov (&vapov
om.
C) Q p'6Nrv rT hv olKouVPiVrV(bv
6A,
T i)r- olKoPiVr C)
Ba-mre yevo0ai O &6Aty (0Mty C)
3Qiaav
ppaaop6V
"r
Kal
Kaxilcrv

T rI T rp6ircoT rov
(wnpoo'brnouQ
C) wrr&ons
rls
yfis, 6wO S
6
revoxcopnO vT rs (aorevoXcopol'avoQ C)
ot
avipco-rot
rato-rpwovi T aeravoiljaves (peravoovT 'ss
C) 4Q'ols
~ipaprov.
rd (b
piy6(Aa
T rXoT a pij
uv1apva &vau
vwipov
(vapov
in
&vipov
correctum
K) wrT iv
(wrXtiv
K)
T v
O uAaaav,
ri' Pi
aT revoXoopol'pE va, Paacprpa
ico
v
(-cooav
C)
trwl
KpilO v r6v O I6v jphCV.
r76-re
Wrrv XXcop6v, r6
rI
r7T is
yics p'ur6v
q(PI, KKal
8vpcov
-rd
0&
pXO 67ara (T 6 rrl
...
.IpAX6T a-rra:
8
vbpov C) Q paveD'aovrat (etiam C), Kal
-rrav
6poS
Kai
oUoS
7a-rrmvA1"Fe-ai,
Kal
i
7o6pT O V T oV L bCO v
,
T -CO V rE (T rE
om.
C)
KT IVCO V Kai (T r'v
add.
C) -rrE v-rFiv,
&pT rV-re'v
Kai
7 C
VdrI0&ccov
(&vrri-
C) E Q
-rA~1-
aovriv (-coaivr C). yevi Fera
iS
Kal
06aGrca
abS aiiaa. Kal 00CO S r06 rpi-rov pipos
rCv Ix00Icov
"T AJr-iT e1
,
81671
&cbpyiaeo (6pytoi C)
ai"roT s
6
0e6s
8td
rds
r&aparias
rCO v
&vO pdp'roV
KaI 76 ME apT av6T l-rov a"-rGv.
iaoi(O Uvai y'p
XT XAO US
ot
dvO pcoT roi
&dwr6
wT ro7,S
KKaKiaS
asT c7O v,
piV
ouA6pvoi
&av'rov S3Arneiv
i'
8iop0oooa0t
.15
'rd(
Kpf-rT rova
Kal
o'0orT piaS
X6pva' (pih
Pou6A6pvot
...
iX6p1va
om.
C)
&7A'
(Kai C)
'iv 74
rT rrAlO uviv:al
T -rv &vopiav'
Ka(bS5
6
KlpiO S
1-rrWv
(FiT rE v
6
KO ptO S
C)"
'
,'yivya-rai
T f
&y&"rrr
v
7
roAA6'v' (Matt. 24:12)
CK 108 tit.
T repi
8'
&ya0o0 Paaoicos
E
Kal
om. D
-omrou
ante
T o0
tr. DE
110
PacaIXE ias T O Is
okaxas.
O T os c"yaO 0s
Kai
aolXE faa0iE ?
E
v ipV
Kai
"ytCO v
O T KO Us T ros
T rpO
aJT roU
oVpwrrcoevT as vao-roI
Kai cbs ya06S
dcyaT rr E -rat VrO T O 0 ~Xao0,
Kai
baT rC0o T MraO t
fj
cya'r KUpiO U
860 C
E T 'a"rov0
|v
6O 1,
n
oiKO UPISV1,
KaCiT o-at
Xap
Ka &ct
tats&.
T T ape7.aarat
S xal
airT
vO
oKT jI rT pO V,
K at
eE voT at1 O (KiT pO V
115
rT E pov
lT O
'Apap3ias <85 "paotAet'ecrE t>,
CAS
q act, Xp6vov
va. Kai
E r
T rfis PatAetiaS aJT ro VovofeT rat
T O Ur
T ii'O U
KKat L oorrotoi0
iouovr
T
&atataraT Iaa
E lS v vE aO aE t T o
aop(rovu o0o0
Kal
8oO lSE -rat
T C)
aotE T .
Kal
a-T oS
yev6pevoS
v
'lepouvaAlp
v
T v
-rrO )
o:
iorrlcrav
o
i T r68& 'lrSooi
Xptoro-
T O 0 &arltvou veo0 fl<PO v oiKE iats Xepo'v avT ro
nT rapaE o'st
120 K1
T i T itlO V
AO Rov Kat T o
T '"
sao't~aSia
i
8tacilpa. fT apaBCA'E t
B
KUpi
c
T )CA
O ')CV
T O O T O ts
Kal
T jV q uXJlV
a"T O J.
Kai
-r6o-rT e &vaorT loV-rat
E v
T i-r
n'6t
raT I,
vCbT pot T rpeT , &vatsi,
pCopot Kat &VCO qeE T O 1,
K<at
Kpa-rT laO UIV
V
E Ipflnl
11pa
E Ka-T O V
T rVT T -
860 D
KO VT ra. Kal peT r
T a&ra
T rr'E io'ayCoy,
Stap36Aou 6pyto0vrT es E auvrois
861 A 125
8Bo-ouav
?yijAots rr6Aepov
xaO '
avurosiI iovp'p6v.
Kai
rrapas
6
T rpCT roS clI1c
e v
e
oE E aaovi'1M,
yAcov
aC-ri,
'E o'aoviKrl, acr
vuK
-
oMtS
T O US
XO pos caou, Ka*MXra
yap
&.yicov 0"
'E xal
i?yac(v
a 6
110
Kal1
om. E 111
"rrp6:rr6
-wT v
(T oO K)
"rrp6
E CK
-u7Pr=T co0vras:
?rcoviras
P
ovuprcova'cov
E
&vaaorI'E t:
o Kol
oloa
ante
"rovs
irp6
D
post
dvao-ri~st
add.
&doo-rpiye Sr Kal -rT ais
(T oT SE )
vifois Ar6v
Aa6v
airrv
?
r6cvra
(&-rav-ra
CK)
E CK 112-13
a'raAcomiao'rat (9rr-DE )
... olKO uVirl:
bveAoylO f'orT al
T rrl T rawrl 0v
W CK
11
113
rr'aO "roo
scripsi:
rr'a-ry6v
PDP
St'a-r6v
E
post
"yaniacits
add. iv
68;C)
q C
K6lqap,
CK
II
114
oXr-IT T poVA:
oaKijprrpov
P
jI
114-21
Kal
E
-raiT t (97E arT ata ydp
D
AF7overat 8a
E P)
...
qvX)v airroG:
AE o'arat
8 drr6
ro085
(drr'ai-rov
K)
6
'Apap3ias avau-r6v
'P.p'v.
Kai
v
ra
fllhppaiS
ai-ro
8S KKT -ra&ra
K
roV
(IK
T O v om.
C)
nipioUi uAou
(o-raupov ~0Aa
[sic] K)
ppif8a, &voiovot
(ol
&vpcoT r
oiadd.
C)
"ro0s ron'ampo's
aT C"V
Kal KE voVs't0rosopS
p1ootvpio
E
(Kvds
a"rdas 06
ovrrai
C)"
VQSO at y p
"ro
wravrT O Kp&ropoS O oD&vcoO ~ovrrat T -r
&yta
-rpjiafcrra Kal
yaV1a'7atI
6X6K1'XpoS
Kai
dm6KpatoS
KaO &S
wrpo7ljA0&b
D v
airbO T Xpiorbs
6
066s
fipv (vcoro'ovorat
ydp
-rd
&yia
ri1ilaara "r
ooL AoScpov oa-ravpov
vE 0ao't
io0
"rav-roKp&ropos
06oO
S(b
irT iO i
6
&
&PXis.
6
X6KiXpos 8
[Sat cod.]
Kal &ixpatoS
Ip6O O 1E j'oraT i
KaO es
irrpoo'qXbel
6
Xpiorr6s C)
Kai 80boD1mI -ri r$
Paait.
6 bi
apeoy
aibY6v
(aiYT r K) wopE ~E -rai
v
-rrj
r6oi
'lE ppovuaXa1ilp
Kal
yev6p1vos
Av
r
76"rrcp
T roo Kpaviou olK6ats
XE p'v a-roG
wT apaSbom t r6v "-riov o-raup6v 76 rE tSiSdpa 7"6
AT ri
rfs KaqmaXfiS a0JroO
KE iE VO V
-rT
T iS1
KO pVulPS
T O
oraavpoO
O lE voS
(Kal
add.
C)
d&vvycbaas pdep Kipmi
'oI'oO
Xpta-ri,
T E A''hro-rat
(-oreat C)
Kai
T SrhT pco-rat
6
fipos
Kati
6
&pt'p6s
"-rav
-rcv
6vT rp
-rT e-
oa0pplKaS
T ~)
PaotiE i
'PCO aicov"
iat
oou 7"6
oi8tipoV
Kai
O avpdilov
56pu (56pu
K:
C
legere nequeo), o'2v
a-r'@
Kal i6 T rwO '
Vp& ov.
Kal 00 5cos
&yypos
K
VpioV
K
T O J
oipavou
Ka-rarS#
E p
i
-r6v riT itov
o-raup6v
o0iv
-'
8ta8fiaart
(-6
8biS8rpa
C)
Kal
T i Vy)1
0Vrod
Pao'iMco.
T r6-m wrappxE -rat
~
P3ao'taia "rov ("rov
om.
K)
'Pco-
paicovh.
f
y&p
Pao'tiE ia
rcov Xptortavcv (T cv y&p
Xp.
i
h3.
K)
6
"riptos
orravp6s o-rtv
(KE Xplji6rrqKsv
K).
liaK6ptot
o v
(ov
om.
K)
do'tv
ol quy6vT rs
K
T r'Srr6Xcos
7"ra1r5
Kal
"n'SpX6psvot
(Kal
irr.
om.
C)
9v
pipotS
Kal
6potv (orm'qaiotS
K) Kal iraIS
6iraT IS
ils yijs
CK
II
114 ante
A7aso'ral
add. tit.
rpE pl ?-rpov
E '
&dyaeo0 PaoiXcos
E
oayrrrpov2:
oxi~'rrrpov
P
j
115
d-r6:
76 &rr6
DE 0s
5pao'XE o't
addidi
post
paot
add.
PacrtaME at
Y
Xp6vov
ante
c7s
tr. E E va om. DE P 117 .v
vE a,,I,:
aT vboiv
p, F.'rrvvaiov
D jj 118
76rrq: 7r- 76T r6rC
E jj 118-19
'Ilao'
(om. 3)
...
hlcpv:
Kvpfov
P
II
119
aio0 orm.
P 120 xKT :
rr
i
DP
omr.
E Kal:
&pa
Kal E om. P
8b
om. D
II
121
T -orrols:
-o0s
KgaT polS
E 7C01
KogT -pcov
DP
123
6vcopX7-rot:
-T rot DP
&vcoypXasE
M
?coMa-rra-rot
CK
post ipifvin
add. ftrl
-6
aO r6 E
ii
124
avtrois
D
II
125 dA
XiXous
D
KcaO 'gXIT VCv
E
tr&pas:
dw&paS
CK,
quod
malui,
sed cf. 138
II
126
E o4X0r1
om. D 615
GeO )a-ooviKlv
DE jj 127
d&yfcwov:
ytov
D om.
3P iyiaov:
f?yanfaoiv
D
207
"Ypto-ros.'
Kal
T 6re
o'T paT O T rrE SE o&st
rO v Xa6v
a-r~I
rrT T T raaE T O oSJ
Kai
T T rV
avco, Ka T O JroS IE PE T S KIa IO Va'L O VT ras
popE CE
&pIlaara
T aroptI.UK&.
130 Kai
T otrraE t T rXoT a sy6dAa Kcall
T rX()bP
ov 'Pcbiqu KalI O T &
T "rpo
-r'S
r*X-q
aS"ris
r'sp aT a
"
'Xaipots,
"PCAhl- q'pippusE , IdT
Xalpa
lcou
6sT a,
T r
a3%PR ooU T UKva, E VT It.O SE T
1O ', KpaT E l
T rv
T rfotriv
aou,
-t
iKT rE r,
8K
coo0,
paKptol yap ol KaT O lKO 0vVT E S E V O 0i.' T 6A'E O par8T Il
T r
aavea
yvil
Ka
T t-rroiO t
vaus
Kai
alaE XV'mrat &vapaov A'Xou Kxa
135
'A8Xou Kal E K"e'Sat -roT o0 A-raipous
a"rov.
861 B
'O
& SE %
r&pos I.Sipa
oKor-paT 0aE la
Kai
aO T os
T r-v
Mooro-roral.dav,
T raS
KuKA'a8
T rCv vvv' WV,
Ka aT oa-T paaT E Va o pT O VS
pE iS
Kal
I.O VL O VT oT aS
paviav 8sE l'j KT -ra
-r',v
&,acV.
Kaci
't"papL ;S
0E 01
1T r'
rov
61opao6v
T ri-s
KT I'aE CS
(rtvvs
8
q(paatv trri 'A8XE sv8pstav)
Ka
O iKxE '8 AK8T at
T O CJs
140
E cT aipouSarT O , ps0'jV 6O qv(E t
\8liKaL 8.ocat
6
uv6.avos Kai lpav6o.tvos.
E 'O
8
T p"roST O &
i
moai"T al Kai oT 'paT O nrE E o'aal
Kai
al"T O 'S
puyiav,
Kapfav,
FaAarT cav
KI
T -IV 'A'fav
Kal
'AppE viav
Kai
'Apapiav
Kia
AE ?0"T al
bV
Xa~1k', T &B ?a'yMCO V 'X11?0aiov KYAO e-'T al
Kai
O 0 O 'UA-
M1(pi'laarata
0U8
nrapaq(p)mO eraE a
Ss
T ov alwva.' Kaci T rara
dp11K&s
145
Ao'T at
Ka aUT oS
E v ?aIC
&ovVO T rc), T oUT -O riT V
l
ti
oVT t
IrroxK&T co
aT 0roV
T )V
hcaipcov
aT roU.
861 C
MT -r
"yovv
T r
ouavaX0ilvat
a*Jro'sJ
KQT VQVT -
.?~aAcov,
T 6T 8
KpO T 1r-
aouaiv
T r6A8Ipov pfyaV KaQ (poppv V Ka'AaUT o0S
Kal
O VyK6YO O UO IV
dA'Xous
PE IAr86V
CAaT rmp av I.aK<McpT a
T
rpT Pa-ra.
Kac
a"tT O KT aV
-
150
ovT ral o0 T psl paoctO X~, KaI y8VO .l VT jS KO T iiS
XU08T oqat
alita 'Pcopakcov
cbo' &q(6popT ros Ppox)q,
Kai
l
0T Cw)V O 0O
K
aT a<2-O q)&u
oT at
O
8
81S.
T 6T E
ovU ypao0jo"T rata
6Wa
b'aao
E v
T c1p
T 61 Krriivy9-
T oO IJ
atlcaT os
aO rCov
oarT a8fous 8bo88Ka.
Kal
\otm6v a"'cla
yuvv
XXpal,
0oo8
nT r
128
oarparoweSFuat:
o-rparT E *oai
D,
quod
malui,
sed cf. 141
T ovs aois
MDE
129 T o
s
vtO ovdlovras
DE P
popho'i: rroie1i,
pop~a
E
(lege
T iro'a1 popioat)
1
130
wotAioE t
...
Kat2
om. P1
131
aO rrfis
om.
P3 rpippuvp scripsi: rpipUpe
codd.
I
134
Kai
...
vaCs (va0KAaS
E
aO AaKas
P)
om. P
1
135
'A8Aou: 8f7(SACv
D
&KUeS-ma: iKu
~-rai
E K T rai
pP
1
136
KorrpartO omtu:
KaI
o-rpa-rT ioI
P an
arT 6s <E ds)
T rhv legendum? post
MeaorO T aifav
add. Kai CK
1
137
T r&s
KvKA&8BaS (cf. 280):
T rIV KvKAd8a
E
T r&d KO iM8as
DP
post
liov&lovras (T o1l s1.
DE P)
add.
Kai T 6V Xa6v
E 138
post &Acov
add.
Kpccro0i1evos
E
irr&pas:
&rr&pas
CK,
sed cf. 125
irrl:
KaT & DP
11
139
rrl 'AXE 6v8perav:
"riv
'
AXE &v8-
peav MyE otat 6ppa6bv
E lvai
r~is
otKouIvlvis
CK
j
140
post
6uv6pE voS
add.
SE tvcw#
KT a-r'av6T v E
KaI
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post
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bT s
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o
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add. CK
KaI
a"T r6;:
ante
Kai o-rpaT roirE SE 1a
tr. Yom. DE P
142
KaI2 om.
YD Ka3:
rT E
Kai E
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143-146
A9E 0"eat... a 'ro02: iv (rT c add. C) XvAaica
yE v61iE voS
rd
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Y
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om.
P) XE sy6iE vov
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Y
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144
post
al&va
add.
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6
0a6s
sKE T rai
sI
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sE aE hXE 0rai
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ha~
om. P
avvO -rcp: &
aiveE -roS
P
&auvrC03 6vros
DE P 147
yo0v:
oiv DE P
j
149
&7nifous: &XfX7Xots
BO
auvrovS;
&
aXXous
E v ...
-rrp6paT a:
ol v
aptKAco
T ats
d&Xewt
T av
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E
11
150
KO rrs: ey&l? -T oo
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p
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w7n'Xous "rcv
orpaT rE uIipoV
add. CK T O v
'PcojiaiO v
E 151
cbaE l
Y:
&b
s~
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cbs
DE
o*b8 eT s:
o~;SI5
D
yUVQL KE S
T T ooUo-v
a E va
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01X
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av
155
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s
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d
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Kai
o01 VE avioKo1 o KaT a-
leqO vT res &aVXlKO t &v8puvO 'v-reSo'ov-rat
cbs
XoT pot &T r6 %roNi &o'aco-rfiaS
861 D
pti
aoreav6aiE vot. T 6re
liaK0ptot
Kai -rT ptaKptot101 o v 6pC
'
Kai
a'rni1afot'
rt KUp'c ooXeUSO VT E S, 6rT I T a& 8i5ipoi'co yIv6pE va KaK O Q
864 A
O edaovrat, X'ME caouvrat liicos
I
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o
ya E NeoS,
160
ol
y~uK"-ra-roi
pvE
o1
SO t 'Aov-reS
Si Xpiowrbv
O Ioai 0hanT O d
T 0"0
T Vrovqpo0
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T o0O
'Av"riXp-rou.
T 6r5
81
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It
elv at
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tnowilov &d? XX
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&drcouixas
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E K
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t
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t
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9v T ij
n'6Ast ra-rl.
Kai
aT 'rl
PaKxE o'rpia, 0ro0
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O uy6rrlp,
165
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appevoerlAup.avS
,
Kali v
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a0crlij
gaov-ra
&aXXyXcov
9T -pou7ail
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O iKiaV, Kai
aq'(xouv u6io
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r'a-rT p
uti6v Ka
ip
'T rp elya-rT pa Kal
864 B
evya&,rp
pIr'pa
Kaci &8eX(p &NXp%6v
Kai
qi)poS;
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cKail
plao&S
v -bi
T r6As' rt
T aT i
Kal
v
rai
yc
"ytatu
KKob<icati
gvooE v
170
& dayE tal Kal
aco-nai
KKali all0~o1.i
Kk
alKi
pai
Kal
6PX
a';
Kali
-rpaycpat
o'laravtKal
Kal
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Kal
T r'aiyviac, &"T E p
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e8Iev orT e iE iv 8,0varat-
i
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Kai
ydp
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E KE (Vq
1
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Kaci O SE
ptaXop.VT 1
Kai
T rpoatpopvi
pE -r'aa*-roi aha'area,
K6T p pl vil
T )Q
O U'aO olta-
175
o-rlpta,
iKx
T -ri
aicoyiXvrv;s ac-;i-ri
&avT -rit .aro'a-rt 1.advil
in'(vra
rbv
Xa6v.
Kai
O crT pe rT 6 %T rp6oaw-rov ac
-riS
ei KT Kc K"
al
&p1"O T rr
v
864 C
'i
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i- T o- vao~
KKaI auvaQpoio'- T r% T ipias pop(PCaE SI- T rAv
&yiwv
Kal
T oiS
T iliouS
o-raupovS
Kal
T c &yict
eay~i
ta
Kal 'c a
wv-ra
6cwta-roov
Kac &wrrav yypa(pov
Pip.ov
Kcal
rroO 'i
o pbV
p.ov
y'av
Kl
j0al
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180
w0rp -r&vrac KaT T a-E ppCAel.
Kai
T ds
AKK
ricas;
KaT rao-T pE YE I Kal L T iT r O E t
154-55
p
Xpts... fiouoviv
om. P
11154 &v:
6re
E
11
156
&v8puvO evres: &vSpiO vrs
ante ol
KO T 'aXE lpO lv-rT E S
E
&v8puvO foiovrrai
Kai DP Cs: cbad E
I
1159
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7Xeos:
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11162
tit.
T repl
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Kai
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yvvan,6s
E
7,67E
Si:
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io-ipov:
a186o-,ov
CK
I
163
&vaaT oi'ovrat
BO
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...
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Y
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DE
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P
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1164
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165
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0
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CK
ab-rrs:
T aii-
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11166
&eXXMXcov E rmpovXai: &. irnpouvat
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a7oE r-mpov~Afat
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a(payal:
apaypot
E P
qpaypaot
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169
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ip6voi &vapiO p7rol
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T roT S uvloT S
v
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add. CK
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P
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v80ov E
II
170
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scripsi:
& exAyial
vel
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172
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P 11 173
hf
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P
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piav
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70
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ta &tia
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177
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T VE VatiaT lKc
o-9
V
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E
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180
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l,
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post
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add.
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7678
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rp&T rE L av,
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a
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185
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pE i
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864 D
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6
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6
oX6.co
v
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ravJT a7
190
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i,
y6yypaiva, i iKa
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l
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Kal i0O us'
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195
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1
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p
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c
865 A
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&varoO E I
j
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yi s
Kal &p i a~irav eis
V
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200
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E V I
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T S T 76MCO S
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(v)piKi T roA1 13of v
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T E KVO V
iou 'E imp&VtE , wT 6T s T lpCV ovv-T 8rE O lcrll'T ai, Kal &E rrp aot E lpiKa
205
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865 B
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S T o"
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T irs
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paotv
n71
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181
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P T oJ om. E
11
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II
183 ante
T rpdmE lav
add.
&yfav
DP
11
185
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DE P
jj 186
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wrrp6aowT rov
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inv.
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187
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190
wE fco
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E
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KE dvc. Kal &w r6T E
3
192
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194
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jj 195-96 Kal T C...
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195
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197
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201
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add. Kal DP
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202
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202-3
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P
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203
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204
post a'ip
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215
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,
230
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v
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v
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II
210 Worrr6v:
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E
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DE Kai
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post
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post
trl add.
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DE P
post
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add. 'lo~8a DE
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va P iv om.
P3 11
214
droopivous
scripsi:
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215
yis:
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216
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218
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p
1
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post iycb
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1
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post
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add. Kai
bV
T i
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cf. Ioh.
8,21,
24
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223 r& ..
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post
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add.
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K 224
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D
d&wrbAE lav
pP
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...
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as scripsi:
rrE O vagE s
E 226
post fpiT v
add. E l BMD
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P
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PD
227
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I
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iT rotlE V: E xov &v T oO M7y6lv
add.
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add. P
229 Kai om. D -M a'rj: oa,-mril E 230 post 0O NoSadd. P PXo-
pbov:-
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add.
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E T ooaara
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iO vi
I
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11
238
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p
uyo VCoAs ovvaXE vT rE S E IS
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1851a, O O
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240
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i
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L CO orT O
i
Kai
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T O I O E O U, T rCAS
T rdE ISE
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T w-rivS
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245
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v
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250 oiv
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i
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v
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868 C 255
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rT E apaKO VT a.
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T CO v
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KE lVcO V
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T
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Kai
T l
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T O
T XO US
T Sf ~E yyicravT ros.
Kal
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K1
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y p E T O S
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6
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t
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t
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260
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6
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Kai
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PacartXes
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ao
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869 A
T rivoVT E s,
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Ka1
13a
T PaXous
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Ki
T rraO aaV ptu-rrapiav
265 T oU K67
ou r v f18ovij. Kac od
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r
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fh
ex
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p
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P
II
243 tit.
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in
marg.
D
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w'6rE p:
w-rp (rll6 D)
povU pXra-ar
DE
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P
T O -O T r6: ipoi y&p Wrsp
r
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T O Jroo
84 E
JJ
244
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DE P
ovpworoT IL E oat
E
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D
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a:'jiv
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p
11
244-45
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...
KKm foifav: -r-~j pya -ro0 0eo0 &yfi qopia
D
(Kac
add.
P)
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py&Alv
t-ro0 vo00 opiav
E P
1
245
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DE P
KpE paaO j Val: KpE -
paaosT ~av
...
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(9uX&A-reaO a post &&pos)
P
II
246 8S om. DE P
247
pE ivE i
DE P SE :
y#p
DE P
ydp
om. E 6
es6S: es6S
6 D 6
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6 E P
I
248
dxstpowoifrots
P
Ka-roKE T :
Ka-roKcAv
DE P,
post quod Xpefav XE st rv6S
add. P
pb-rou: pv
oiv E P
p-rot wir&v-i
F
p-rot
wr&v-rcoS Janning psvi
E
pi
vE i P
|
250
oiov: y&p
DE P
ptvE i
BME
psivm
P Kaj2 om. O P
11
251
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&drwoiSavraa
M
&-woro8iouv
Kail P
KXaO aooi
PD
epnvifewea PD1
252
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yov-rs:
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epilvo0rE s E wlrco
E 253
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E
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C
psyAi)
Kal &pXafa
K
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E
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CK
254 avrij:
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D arij
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E
]1
255
&rr6 yo0v:
Kal drr6
"rr6vou
DE
Kcal &W'KaE IVoV
PKal
&-rri -rls SMyE x4)s
CK
1]
256
'Pcbp":
bv
'P9pv
P
T pi wporp vu-rkpq
'Pp),,
cbs aa'ros CK 11257 post
earaXoviKn
add. rO wo-raaa6psva -ro iv (i-ri add. C)
Pcbpq
PaatXA0ovrt
CK -ro0 ...
yyfav-ros: -wpps
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D
rrwp6s
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1
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P
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a-r
8
i
(lege j8) -ro0
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E
1
258
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E
11
259 Iv~aXi': Iv~ia D fortasse
recte, K1V8V1a5s
P
260
post
MaKE 86vcov
add.
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P
PatAXsis:
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D
1
261
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DE P
38E Aupcb-ra-ra
D
11
262
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B
avyXaofas
O MYala-
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P 263
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1
264
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t 6iouawv wv fiovi~
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covT rat.
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p
v o iv
fjp1pas
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at
elipat
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v
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T &
r
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0vra
Apy&dov'rat. 'O Atos E si alpa YVlyE Vlo'-rat PA'T rWcov rd'P~8E XypaT ra l
270
r-T S YiS &a'PX6CPE va.
CH
aE XAIVi Kal vrrva
V rT
araT O XE T Ia aXoxaoouvat.
O ayovrat
yap
Kal
T
oV
Xov
T fis yis.
T & O utaoc-r'pta KO IO pcoV
O KO USE pyacrO VT at Kai
T a
T iptaW O KE ST AV PlaaO art Xpcov-rat. T 6rT E
ot KaT O tKO UVT E S 'Aoaav pE UyrT CO oav
E IS -ras
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(T rmVaE l
ydp
'Aoa
"rds
vilaoUS Kai
at
vi~o'o T niv
'Aaiav')
o0
ydp
275
T ropE JcoovT al
v
aVT rals o tXaoi, &aXX'E aovT at rE VO ovres plpas
iaKO 'aias
fl1KO VT ra.
869 B
T 6T E
'yspSaF.orat
6
Ira'rv
6
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K
pu
s T oO
Aav
(ob
pFvT rot i8a 8uv st vvepworos yev6pavoS, I- yovoiT o, & Xd
"rradt
a0Crr KipioS
6
0e6S
om
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afioXp6v"v Kal
frvap6v,
&6-rcos
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v
280 a
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T &
T AO v
T rpoq~plAv)
Kal aT rO AU0waO 'tE T Ql K T CO V
T O
a8ou
BjtO pav,
E v
ols arr6v
6
8'o'6T rlS Xpito6S Ke-IoaF yev6p~vos
8F'laE v,
KaI
oaE O E a1-
oE ratl
iS 7r6 oK0o5
a6 T virXaao0v
avsr.
Kal yevv0ilvros aT roU &vapcbrou
KQia &V8pUVO VT oSKQa
I
paoto'?aavT os,
T O 6T r~
ap
lral
tsT rit8iKVUO 'a T ryiV
T 'ra'viv
aT roU, Ka0a 'qoaiv 'Icoavvns
6
0E o\6yos.
T 6T E
~ysipa-t r6XApov
285
T -rri
r&S KUK?&SaS
T &v
vilacov vi'-aot
S
Aowv,
6S
qrlaotv 'H aaSa,
ca
Fs
ivv$v
K&laiati. 'H Xto0 8' Kai
'E V&X
Kal
T oO utou T f& lPpO VT v-s
266
piv
oiv:
piv
Y
yap
DE P
11
267 at ...
aKO T ro
wO rvrati (aKoT aaO i rovT ai
D)
om. P
11
268-69
(KrlV
...
.pyy&ovwrat
om. E
11
268
ShiKlV: -ri'v
P
0prvov-a:
eprvoiaats
BMY
0p0vovras
O 0epvo0ioi
P iv
"-rC
&
pt:
-r4
64pt
D om. P
post g0ev
add.
KE T va
DP
jj
269
9py&rov-rat:
Kai add. E
&UXa
Kai add. P
eIS: cbS
DE
yE viomrat
D
post
PsE X~ypara
add.
-r&
E
II
270
wr&-vra
-r&:
T r& Xorrd
P
xoX&oouiw:
ouo-rarouoi
E
aKor&ovT rat
Di 271
y&p:
B&
o1
&vepcoirot
P-r&: -r&
5d
P 271-72
KiO pcov oT iKO Us: K0O pots O T KcV ~3Ki0poU
oiKmV
(o0Kov
D
olKov
P)
DP
(an Kolrpfcov pro
Ke0pcov
legendum?)
II
272 Kal ...
Xp1oovT al
om. D iv
pia'pat:"
CK
piO 'ipairt
BMY
pita'para
O E P
I1
273
'Aofav:
"-rv 'Ao(av
E
KUKL X&Bat:
KMA8aS
O KO lXAaS
P
I1
274
arve0Yort
...
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om.
D
1I
275
,T opoiaovwrat:
i-rt wopeokovrat
E
ApwopE iov-rat
P iv
a*raits:
iv
a"roT S
p iv
aorij
E
arr&S
P
ot Xaof:
Xaof p
II
275-76
&9aKo(fas
1KO VT a:
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9fjKovT a
(
E 9Ka-r6v
W1E vT rKovT a
CK 277 tit.
Irpt
T O O
&vrtXpiaT O V
Kai
T ?i
ouvrXasias -roO K6ipou
-rorrou K
-ar&v:
rarav&as
DP
1
279
abrro
(quod post
oKE Vos
tr.)
E :
a0r6v
PDP
II
281
Xpto-r6
sKE I
ome. f3 i1282
post
a-rr
add.
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bK
-roO
(8ou
E
yE vvrO gv-roS: yE vopvou
Pom. E
282-83a-ro.....
&vBpuvevT roS:
&vBpuv0O v-roST roO avepcbrwov a-roV
E
j11283 ap?t-ral
E i iE 8sf aO at E
aiE S1KVE 1IV
DP
11284 post
qpriv
add.
wppt aO roO
DE P
T 6-rE : T r6T y&p
D
-r6- y&p q(tiv
E
Kai
T -r6-rE
P
11
285
K1vKAaas:
KO XAd(BaS
P
E tryV
Cs:
(qPItv
CbS
(sic)
BO om. D
1
286-89
'H htoO ('H ifas P).
..
ovvi~ourt:
rrapayivovrat (-sE rat K)
B
T
r6 'E vCbX
6r
wp6
0ro0 v6pouV
Kai
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6 9v
T rO
v6pcp
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6
V
9
via
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iv
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T hO ioKO UV) T 6V Kalp6v
T
T is ov-rE Aseias (PaotAXias
K) Ka T
rV -rT O O VrX6vov Whrilpifav.
BtE NE 0(ovT at
i-i v
A
r Plfo0lS
Kai
T "rE paiV
Kai
T rpoKr)pO Jov(rlV (-mQrco
C)
to00 cA-rfpos
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T "rv
&5u-rpav
XE uo'iv.
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0eAlouovi
(-cooav C)
T O 0
nO 'KT E iVal
arroO S
$
XX0S
T n'A)Sa8tK'al,
rruO p XO V Ka-ra(p yeT ral (Ka-raxaT O -
otrat
C) aiQ
ros. wropE svovrat (-s-rat
C)
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iv
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pE y&A 1,
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T
r6v'AvriXpto-rov
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Kai
fiouoi (-coav C)
r
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v
p9acp
T rS
T r6Xsco, Kal
)K
io-vvaxO Xv-rs
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(-ounv K) aO T oS
cbS
dT rpooara-rT O rouS. T irouoouvo
8& a
T
U rl
T ros
rra-rifa
KE ifE va -r&
&yta
arrc~ov
r6bpacra
fjpipas rpE T S. pe~ooljras
8U
T r~s
T SerprrlT SKa-raT rroa
WrE plto-rE p&
bK
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d
a-rpairfr
'sr&vco
aO -rcv
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laWcv
wrvE a0ot
aO roT S,
Kai
(loXO rav-rsS
a
ysp0igy
ovrat
vC6T mov w6vrT CO v Ka T rp6pO SX1~4)E T ra
T O
ro
6pGv'ras
a0rrois.
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(gyspe?omE rat K) pcovi~
9K
T oU oopavo0 rp6&
as"roos
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&voea-rs
E rp6S
PE
ol0 piot pov.
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E 00stO KarE Xoo'a
vE sq kqi&pE i
(cpI
C)
a"ro0l K
KaKraoKivbKCit
a"roT s
E sr
T
6v -rrap68E siov
CK,
cf.
Apoc.
Ioh.
11,3-12
869 C
?AeXeo6cov
|Kav
wT pO KrpUavT cov
T 1'V
aO JT O T rroT WxcvatviiV KaQ
T rV
T O iUpfO U
'Iicaoi
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auviaouot. T l'ztpcs 8' raraevcot
"roS" T "rE
Xptortavo s, at'Xpl r~is
290
o-.)ars
va'rwvo,&s
0Xl3pov
K
a
6Avvvcov
crroO
o 6
P'T Iratos &'yav.
T 6T E a i T i
oC,0
"rrXavqri
s p
ya5
Kai pop3E p6&
pfXos
XpioaroO
qav'T E T a"
PcaKxptot
ydp
"r&VE S
ot
&
atot,
& AA
yE
rrXE A0o
ot rrti
avro
"T o0
'Avrt-
XpioT ou Ijpaprupaaot pMXovrE S,
ltaxcxptot
xati
rptoaoptoi
syfo'r
ydp
86?a
av"ro5as Sta8E "ra E ISaT E AE uri"rous alr'vas.
T T p'arov
8 '*X1t
295
&,roK'E T vat
T ov
'H Xiav, E lhra T 6v
'E vcbX,
Kat
o"rrcos "T 6v
ri
f
Ppovirfs
ul6v,
xal 7678
T ro5s
pl
o
T rovras
O oSV't a'T 6V0v
O avrc
rrtKpp
a(paviit.
872 A T 6T E goata E ra v
a'roG
j
oIxoi
NE lo6o 6o po3E p6s
.rrav
yap
yvco "rrpO s "6
T O T
5s
E Xetv, avg
&eviw
rrp
os
opav6v
av-rrrpa'
q-
T at,
o-rpcnT rcov
icat povT rcO v Xat KT T oUs T rotcv,
co-0E T "r
T XCPT liS
300
Po5is T rlv
O JT 'o0pavy6y ov0E toeat
xai
T E ptPiXecat
poPE pC'S Kxat
T S
T 6O T E
o0
eappltecE rat
Kal T ' wE t,
T -Kvov
yAXUKT aT O V; McK&ilptot 6T '
O T rVE S o
oo'Kav6At6o0jcovT at
v
T "
BSE oIrr6T 'T i Cv 'Al)roio Xpto'ro
?
r &?'r0tv O e~ 0 'llAv, paxdptoi 7678 O trves o&1< d"rroo'xotvioouov
<Kau'ro 5s)
KE
"T o
yE vvrosvT O S
'K T i
syicts
"rrap0E vou
Mapias,
aK4ciptot
305
oi
8ti
r
t'v
'y"rrllv
a"ro
&"rroO 0vouo't xKai E AE yoout xaKar rrp6o'oT rov
T 6v 8paKovT a Kai T T V aO T O U
&'oarr vi-ojatv, lpKptot
8oot
x
KaT '
T O O
8p&KO VT O S
aVbpUVO v"aO VT rat
at
yvvafico
ST
8a
V
aO rT oO
u
~y ouaoV,
872 B ol
pcoo-'PE S
0o
cpaot,
o
(piAT raT rot
j
Ipapyapirat,
at
Kap8aa
at
yXuxiE T at
Kal
T E pT rval
Kai
PE AIppuT oL ,
Kai
8oot
E IS
rraT -rpa
ial
ul6v
xat
&ytov
310
T rwvE pa,
E IS
rv
6yfcav
xai
6Aoocatov T pt8a rv E worotbv
morT rior-
O 'O U O ytv.)
287
6O 6v-ov(-6,-vP) Kc
om.E K
l-r'v: T fIv
-rs D
-iv S&
P
-riv
E
11288
Xptaroo
om. DE P 8sE v-rpav ante -rhv -roO KUpfov tr. E post R7viv add. St8apt-
aewrcov P1
288-89
67fyot
...
oavviaovau
om.
DE P1
290 ante
&varrvois
add.
carrcv
DE P
6XsvE wvcov:
6Xacvacov
E
6Nbvcv
DP
Siavs
"rilicapo1~svos
CK I
291
sT i rs: orrs
P
pavaeorat:
wogav80si
D
&rropave0
E
11292 rrXE T ov
E P
a*rrof om. D 293
iiap-rvpiata
IVAovrE s:
p
apwvpIav-rE ss
(q)ul.i
add.
E )
71
of
ix-
Nov-rE s
pap-rvpsiv
DE
Ipap-rvpT oaavT -rE s
oiroT l y&p
P
post
pIaK&pio0
add.
y&p
E
post
rptalaKc&ptot
add.
oaov-ral
P
1
294
8ita8~rat
DE
8ita8Xrat
P 8&:
y&p
DE P
II
294-95
iiv4xxsi &woKrsT vat:
7M7ovur &woKT rsivacl
BO
droKrsvivt
DE P
295 -r6v
'H Xiav:
'H Mav E P
r6v 'E v6X: 'E v6X
E
Kc o"T rcos: ~AT mE rra
DE P
296
sis
acrr6v: acrcj
E Pom. Y
&pavistr: rrapa8cbast
D 297
post
8sorr6-rov
add.
Xptorro0
DE
j1
298
y&p
om.
PDP
wp6s
-r6
-rWos
E CK:
wrp6
"r7ous
PDP
Xsiv:
-r6v
K6.Iapov
add. K
ro0
K6aO IO U
vro rovU r p&
ypa1tora
add. C
(nonne
?yyf(lstv
scribendum?)
paviC
8sv'i (cf. 138)
CK:
paviav
Sivhv
PDE P(liaviav
ante
9xsv
tr.
P,
ICaviav
Swiv ante
E Xstv
tr.
D)
wp6bs oO pav6v: Kai wp6s oO pav6v P3
om. P
d&vrrrtpdT r(at:
&vrtwiapa-rd(&"
rat
E
&v-rtwapa-r&derat
CK om. P
1
299-300 -rS
...
Pofis:
Xos
Ppov-'ri
P
300
ooSovO aet (ovioaat
D)... qosppcas:
fXE T V Kac aovL weoat
P
1301
O aCpn0os-rat: C
0apO i
p
[a0CPo~acerat,
quod post
r-rijsl KCa
(sic) tr., E
post
"rxvov
add.
IpovU
P 301-3
liaKptot0
... O .N
api
V om.
Pi
302 bv: &wl E P
'Iwoio
om. D
I
303 'iSAv om. E
post laK&ptot
add. o0v
P
1
304
kavroCs
addidi
&K
T o"0
ysE vv~O v-rO S:
T 'V
ysvVwO vT Ira
D
&y(as: O wspay(as
BO
wrappO vou:
0oT -r6Kov
BO P
11
305
oi:
oT Irvs
DY
6oot
P
&woO avoot D) &woe0voait
E
A
CAy?ai
E
1306 ro00:
T oo
crro0
E
I307 My?cama
E
&wrE My?caat
P
I
308 ante
papyapiT rat
add.
dpp-rvpE S Kcai P1
309
Kca
ante
6oko
om. E
Kc
Iante
ul6v om. E
11310 Kai
om. E P
"rpi68a c9rv
L Uoowo16v: Kai 00ooro16V
"rptdc8a
E
1
310-11
post
l'morrE aouvaw ('moT rsIoveaI
O Y
mT 'o-rE O acO .m
D)
add.
6oot &w6
"roy0
vfv
1morT Foviy
)yE viaeai
dv(orramT
VE Kp KPCV
1 K CAV
alIcVIO V Kai
Xap&v &drT strroyrov
KaI
T "riV
camXdavv T rW v opavc)vr T 6v KYptov hv'&v
'Icloov
Xptorr6v
r6v
-rra06v-ra
K
'racvra
Kcl
&vcoaT rVT -a
T '
T p"T pi
fil~pq KT r&
"rT s
ypaqc&S
E
T aira
oro
iaxapfou Ka0L opE vou
'ai
MyovroS, 'E T nmpaviou
8?
dKO O ovT O 5 r-rap6o
Vra yiVE o-ati Kar
T
IV O IKO UIIVT )V 0p1
VE t E K
p0a0oV
oT E VdwL CV' xai ydp, KaO cbs T ro0A(tS E tpT lrat, diyav oaupT raSIS
XPI-
315
paT IL E v.
E ra
yE t T rp6s T O 6V 6mowv* "Ao0pai o(ou, E hrT pO t, aT rc'
w
AstI
&i-6
T is
5 5
&a7pt
g0vati
V a
vO prrriT 6sT
Ka O O T O
yE v~o
a
fA
avdo-racts;" "E cpq
6
6cos"
"T oVS PE
T V lavapa 0vi AAov0rtv
872 C
vaxvcaat,
T ro5s
E *J
v T O tST UKVO T T 'rot5 T rO pO It5 0aVaT V O 'aO U'iV, T O 05
0T rolofT rou5
vS S
o'roo'S
6
'AvrT iXpiat-ros
8it
ptov
ava0boC't.
"O 0ot0 8
320
r
T
'AvrtXpio-T crp T rIT E llraO VUv &rroo-rT E WE i Kptos
6
0E s5
O T pia,
T rE -r6'lE va
xarT aov "'IE L E KtIN, E Xovra
v
rT a5 o0oipcIs avT covr 3P0oKE vT pa to0
-E -
leO -rCO tlva,
xai
6tot
ooX
0ouvr
76
oE
0
l ov
ri5
oqpayT 8o0 ro0
Xpto-roG
(r~ov
Kxal d0Kpaiov
~V
T O T S
E T O T rO ts5
a-T CO V, T r'aT O V
T O v
O qpiov
KE vrpo01VE vot Kxai
Ic
XaCE r@'
6AvvvpE vot
O avaT c) T rt
mKp
T E -
325
Uir'ovUav.
T 6T E E t T
5
T av
yicov
A)v
pnllfaiats a0ecv T 6v 'AvrT iXptIo-rov
E pO elaE rata,
rrav-ras5
6
K0pto5 T rVlE vpart 8uvaE co5E cs
aT -rov br
T
r
yia
T rr6E t tcbv O poiot' O O iT O f
SE i0IV
ol ypaqpE VT E S E 15 C10ov.
872 D
T oO 0 'AvtXpfo-rou
v8
T I
T ra'rXe'vT roS
Kal I
j O
0ros5 8aigotyv aT roU
awXaqT (pv-ros ial 0r6 wT rupivcov &yyyACov E aPE VeE vT roS iaci
u(paccXopla-
330
vou
T
1pitT llpkp
"T rapioT acoa
a craceatT E iciaT O atO a 5
8 'a
mps
T
Cv VuX&v
CVv
d'AmE -Vv,
T 6O T
oi' v
a6CAT rry?
IXIO E Kt
xat o<
v
0
po1
avaE roovrat
&(papT rot. "E -rrE t-rT a ol L cAvT -rE S, ai<cos
E
IT E V
6
T T laAos, E S1 T rv -rrapouodav
T O I
KupioU
ol 0T E ptXE 0qAE vrT E S, XAaybvT E S
v
tT r,0 60aApo0 dCT 06 O '0op5s
873 A
E is a0eapaiav &apa o'0v aT oT i5
sj
apT rayT rovT at
v
v E (pAaSE T avs -T s wlaV
335
T 0o' Kupfou
iIs
d5
pa.
"O T ay
oiiv 181
T 15 T n
r E - a
upB X
v 0
ope
'aE x
UrxuT a
IS
6v
T
K60'pov,
cB
T xKvov, T 6O 'T E yIVCO oE T CO 67T t
1E ri
0ipats T Vra Kxal
PIE a
ptixpv
6
Kprr1i5
T E AE V'T at."
T 0T ora
mv-rr a
6,AT IcE v
6
0paxaptos
T -r 'E -rriq(pavA T )' VUKT i
E KrIV)
dypumrrvobvT cov aT JT )v, T rapooT Sl
xai
T ls
E pIS T aT rE lv6T orIT O s.
T o
8
S
340 Aov
T 'Is
1ixlancaS
Kpo0ravroS hT rop1e0T o
6
'E T rt(pvios xet'E KI,
6
8S
paxaptoS
v
T ~
0iCpo
Ka0'arvT O v 'T poO T p0XE T O .
312
KaeGO E VO kVou Ka omr.
P
1312-13 'E wtcpaviov
8
idKoov-ros: 'E imp&vtos
doKcO av
E
1
313
yE voMat
DE
I 314
o-rE v&lov: o-rvayyp'av
PDP(malim
orE vaypo0IS &varriprcov,
cf. 873
B)
Kai
...
KmO S: Ka&iS y(p
P
KaO C(bS &S
E
KaO (bS
D
[
315
post
E ta
add. w&Xi E
II
316-17 K ...
.Vxad(,ra
om.
P
II
316
oircs
DE
yevoat:
yE vIaerar
E
I
317
pvuap&: pcppd
3 p
vovaiv:
O Movauv
DE
II
318
W1VKVO T &-
rots:
wmKpO -rots
P
T vK-ro-rT rots
(sic)
E ante
woMpots
add.
T 6T O ts
Kaic D1
319 8U: ante
rrwoXo7 ous
tr. DPom. E
woa-ro*s
6
'AvriXpa-ros:
6
'AvriXpto-ros
roes
"rmo-ro1s
E
8t& KO piO V (cf. 160):
V Kvpik
DP -r'
Kupi
E
II
320
totrcE i-
ocomv
DE P
II
321
Ka-r&
-r6v
'IE CE KthX om.
P
II
322 onK
PDP
ovauv
O YD
E Xovowv
P
aqpayikos: ypaci8os
D
11
323
f'airrT cv:
wrr6 w&vrcov
Pom. D
324
KmvrpoiAE VO i:
KE VT ro1*pE VO t
D
Kai
om. E
XaMT r,
6XvE vv1E voi: XaXE T Cr)
cbXawv6pE vot
P
XaXE T rc,~
dMox6pE vot
CK
XaXE swatv6pE vot
D
[
324-25 T
E mE vrac-
an E P
I1
325
E l rts: E Is
P
E l (lege ot)
E -v
pimiais post
sE pE 0l'arat
tr. D
ka0e6vrms
E
T r,
'AwrtXpia-rca
DE P
1I
326
post
E C0pS1E eaemt
(-oVrat E )
add.
Kai
DE P
post
&wawras
add.
acrros
E
1I
327
&depoifa:
dcpoilst
D
ovvaepofoat
P
bva0poaov-rat
E om. Y 328
f'Sq:
S iST I D
f'8T
8i P
waT craXO evros:
T aX-
isvros 3 Kai
om. BO
II
331
tXfaO t: pya
add. P
Kai aakriaiT E
add. E
332
dhwev: 19q
BO ante
fT aO Xos
add.
paKdXptos
BO
11
335
E drE XsXvu06-ra: All-
Xv6-ra
post
K6apov
D
?E 7eMIu6ra
post K6apov
E
1
336 Cb
om. DP
post
T rKvov add.
pov
E
ytvcaoxrca: ytvColE T Frai PyifVcAoxE
E
yvco-r6v
go-rat P
338
wr&v-ra
om. DE P T
O
'E wtapvi,:
post
&KE iV1,
tr. D om. P
j1
339
d&ypunr-
vofvres
P acrrlv
omr.
E P
wrrapoa"Somr.
D
215
T RANSL AT IO N
PG, 111,
col. O nce when
E piphanius
and the blessed Andreas had an
op-
852 C-853 A
portunity, E piphanius
took him to
1I
his house so that
they
could
spend
at least the
following
week at ease. As
they
sat alone
E pi-
phanius began
to ask the blessed
man:4 "Please,
tell me how this
world will come to an end and
when,
and what 'the
beginning
of the
birth
pangs'5
is and how men will know that it is
'near,
at the
very
gates.'6 By
what
signs
will the
coming
of the end be
proved?
H ow
will this our
city,
the New
Jerusalem, pass away?
What will become
of the
holy
churches which are
here,
and the crosses and the
precious
icons and the books and the relics of the saints?
Please,
explain
it
to
me,
for I know that it was about
you
and men like
you
that the
Son of God said: 'T o
you
it has been
given
to know the secrets of
the
kingdom
of
heaven,'"
how much more then to know those of the
world ?"
853 B T he blessed man
answered,
"About our
city you
shall know: Until
the end she will fear no nation
whatsoever,
for no one will
entrap
or
capture
her,
not
by any
means,
for she has been
given
to the Mother
of God and no one will snatch her out of her hands.
Many
nations
will break their horns
against
her walls and withdraw with
shame,
receiving
from her
gifts
and
great
wealth.8
"L et me also tell
you
about the
'beginning
of the birth
pangs'
and
about the end of the world and the rest. In the last
days
the L ord
4
According
to
E CK,
E piphanius begins
the conversation
by asking
about
topics
such as the stars
and the
changes
of weather conditions. In E the
beginning
of the
passage
seems to be
extremely
corrupt,
but then E
goes
on: "... and about
angels
and
archangels:
how one rank is
higher
than the
other,
and what the substance of the
light is,
and that the sun is
perceptible fire,
and what nature
the clouds and the air
have,
and in a
word, you
cannot tell it all because of the
length
of the conversa-
tion.
But,
passing
over most of
it,
I will relate a few
things
that were discussed between them." T he
explanation
of the sun as
w0p aloo-r6v points
forward to 884
C,
where E CK have a
chapter
on the sun
in which it is described as rvp
g
vAov.
6
Matt.
24:8, par.
6
Matt.
24:33,
par.
7
Matt. 13:11.
8
I
am not certain as to the
meaning
of
wrap'ac'ris.
Does it mean "from the
City"
or "from the
Mother of God"? Nor is it clear to me who will receive
gifts
and
great wealth,
the inhabitants of the
City (according
to
DM)
or the
withdrawing
enemies
(according
to
E YP).
A few words
may
have
dropped
out
here,
or there
may
have been some other
corruption.
For the whole
passage
"About our
city
...
gifts
and
great
wealth" the MSS CK have the
following:
"T his
city,
the
metropolis
of
many
nations and
cities,
will remain
impregnable
and
unconquered by
the
pagans
until the end. For the
Mother of God is
protecting
her with her own
wings
and
through
her intercessions she will be
kept
intact. Certain nations will attack her
walls,
but
they
will break their bows and retire with shame.
Nations will become rich from her and
enjoy
her
pleasures.
T here is a
prophecy saying
that the nation
of the
H agarenes
will enter the
city
and kill a
great
number of
people
with their swords. But I
say
that the fair-haired race will also enter
here,
whose name
begins
with the seventeenth letter of the
whole number of the
twenty-four
letters.
T hey
will come in and strew the
ground
with the dead
bodies of the
sinners,
but woe will befall them from the two scions
(?
d&w -r0Sv
80o 6prrfKcov
vel
6prT yycov),
whose swords are like the wind
(?
6v at
opqalaat
avpa)
and like a
sharp
sickle
cutting
wheat in summer.
For
they
will not return whence
they
came nor will
they
be left behind here." T o
this,
a late hand in
K adds in the
margin:
T his seventeenth letter which is mentioned here is the rho and refers to the
Rus
(?c?s)
or the Rusoi
(Posoous),
also called the fair-haired
race,
who will come in and
slay
the sons
of
H agar
"with the
edge
of the sword"
(E xod.
17:13
etc.).
God will raise
up
an
emperor
from
poverty.9
H e will walk in
great
righteousness
and
bring every
war to an end and make the
poor
rich,
and the
years [?]
will be as in the time of Noah.10
H owever,
this
853 C
comparison
has been
made,
not with
regard
to the
I
wickedness of
those
men,
but
regarding
their rest from tribulation. For in his
days
men will be
very
rich and in
deep peace they
will be
'eating
and
drinking, marrying
and
giving
in
marriage,'n
and without fear of
war and in freedom from
anxiety they
will devote themselves to
husbandry [?].
As there will be no
war,
they
will beat the blades of
their swords into
sickles,
and their
spearshafts
and
spears they
will
make into
farming implements,
with which the
ground
is
tilled.121
856 A
T hereupon
he will turn his face toward the east and humble the sons
of
H agar.
For the L ord will be
angry
with them because of their
blasphemy
and because their fruit is of Sodom's
gall
and Gomorrah's
bitterness.
T herefore,
he will strike the
emperor
of the Romans and
rouse him
against
them and he will
destroy
them and kill their
children with
fire,
and those who have been
given
into his hands will
be handed over to violent torment.13 T he whole of
Illyricum
will be
restored to the Roman
E mpire.
Also
E gypt
will
pay
her tribute. H e
will
put
his
right
hand on the sea and tame the fair-haired
peoples
and subdue his enemies. H is
scepter
will rule for
thirty-two years.
856 B In the twelfth
I
year
of his
reign
he will collect no taxes and receive
no
gifts.
Instead he will raise
up holy
churches and rebuild
destroyed
altars. T here will be no more
trials,
nor
any wrongdoer
or victim of
wrong. T hrough
fear he will make the sons of men learn
moderation,
and those of the
grandees
who
transgress
the law he will humble and
deliver
up
to death. In those
days
all
gold,
wherever it is
hidden,
will be revealed before his
majesty
at the
instigation
of
God,
and
with a
shovel14
he will
spread
it over his
people,
and his
grandees
will be rich and become like
kings
and the
poor
will become like
rulers. H e will have
great
zeal and
pursue
the
Jews,
and in this
city
856 C
you
will find no Ishmaelite.
I
H e will
keep
the
city
in
tight
bonds
[?]
and there will be none who
plays
the
lyre
or the cithara or
sings
9
Cf. the revised Second Vision of
Daniel,
ed.
A.Vassiliev,
AnecdotaGraeco-Byzantina (Moscow, 1893),
45
q(opcov revtXXp&,
=
E .
Klostermann,
Analecta zur
Septuaginta, H exapla
und Patristik
(L eipzig,
1895,
118,65,
and V.
Istrin,
O tkrovenie
Me/odiia Patarskago
i
apokrificheshiia
vidieniia
Daniila
v Vizantiiskoi
i Slaviano-russko
literaturakh;
izoliedovanie i
teksty (Moscow, 1897), T ext, 137,12.
10
Cf. Matt.
24:37;
L uke 17:26.
11
Matt. 24:38.
12
Cf. Isa. 2:4;
Mic. 4:3.
13
C.
Janning
writes
kpicprila' Piato-r&rac,
"violentissimis
flammis,"
but one
expects
a word with
a sense less close to that of
w0p,
which has
just
been mentioned. T he
original probably
had
rpall,
"sawing,"
i.e.,
"gnashing
of
teeth,"
"torment." T he closest
parallel
in the L ife of AS is 800 A
(text
of
PG) wonot
oiv
pe-rd XapS wopvE O ovu
r ...
Kca
O O K
olSait
rT oio5 rpT po5poS
T O O
O avcT rou
KcX
0?,5pi
KcI
68*Vvi aT rro T rrE ptpivE 1,
K c
WT rKpia,
K=1I
qKpiKl, KcaI ovvT ptrpp6. 'E prpiap6S
is the
reading
of D and the
variants are
"npt6iaosP3
E and
0epiap6s
P. Also in this case the sense
"gnashing
of
teeth,"
"torment"
seems to fit the context better than
"burning."
x1 For mrrfp, cf. Matt.
3:12, par.
songs
or commits a shameful
act,s15
for all such
people
he will hate and
obliterate from the
city
of the L ord. T here will be
great joy
then
and
gladness.
Good
things
will come
up
from the
earth,
and from
the sea riches will
rise.e16
It will be as when in the
days
of Noah men
enjoyed
themselves in
peace
until the flood came.
"When this
scepter
has
passed away
'the
beginning
of the birth
pangs'
will rise. A
short-lived[?]
son of
lawlessness1"
will
appear
856 D and
reign
in this
city
for three and a half
years.18I
H e will cause
lawlessness to be committed such as has not been committed since
the
beginning
of the
world, no,
and never will be
again.
For he will
sit down and
impose
decrees,
such as that father shall have intercourse
with
daughter
and son with mother and brother with sister. If he
refuses,
he who rebels will
die,
and such a man will be ranked with
857 A
John
the Forerunner on the
I
day
of
judgment.
H e will
join
the nuns
with monks in
marriage
and likewise with
priests,
and the lawlessness
of the intercourse will be worse than murder. H e himself will
prostitute
his mother and
daughter.19
In those
days,
because of the
accursed
licentiousness,
they
will
get permission,
these
fools,
to
neigh lecherously20
for their own sisters. T he 'stench and foul smell'21
will rise as an abomination before
God,
and the L ord God will be
filled with bitter wrath and in
great anger
look down
upon
the
whole earth. H e will command his thunder and
lightnings
in
heaven,
and
they
will
begin
to descend
upon
the earth with violence and
great
857 B terror.
Many Icities
will be burned in
flames,
and from the crash of
these fearful thunders the men will be
paralyzed by great
terror and
die
miserably,
and
many
will be consumed
by
the
lightning.
Woe then
to the earth because of the threats of the
Almighty
and his boundless
anger
and wrath which is
already coming
on the whole
world.22 But
this
scepter
will be smitten and thrown into the
'unquenchable
fire.'23 After those
days
blessed are those who live in Rome or Riza
or in
Armenopetra
or in Strobilos or in
Karioupolis,
for in these cities
15
Cf.
L eges H omeritarum, PG, 86,1,
col. 600f.
16
Cf. O racula
Sibyllina, III, 659f.;
the revised Second Vision of
Daniel, Vassiliev
ed.,
46
(Kloster-
mann, 118; Istrin,
137).
x17 Cf. II T hess. 2:3.
18
Cf. Dan.
7:25; 12:7: Rev. 12:14.
19
O ne would
expect
Kc
fai0r6ST ropvE FGt pr&
1yrT p6;
Kai O vyaT rp6s,
"and he himself will fornicate
with his mother and
daughter."
20
L ike lusty stallions, cf. Jer. 5:8.
21
Joel 2:20.
22
CK add the following: "For there will be famine on earth so that men will die from
hunger
and
the survivors will be too few
[
?
]
to
bury
the dead
[the
last
part
of the sentence is
missing
in
K].
T hen
there will be a
great earthquake
so that
every building
will fall and
many
evildoers will be buried
under the ruins and die
miserably.
T he sun will turn black and dark and the moon will become like
blood
[cf. Joel
2:31
=
L XX,
Joel 3:4]
because of men's
swinishness,
and the stars will fall to the
ground. E very
mountain and
every
island will move
away
from the
place
where it is seated from fear
of the
earthquake
and the threat. T hen the
priests
of God
together
with the
remaining
virtuous and
temperate
will flee to the
mountains,
the
caverns,
and the clefts of the cliffs"
(cf.
Isa.
2:21).
23
Matt.
3:12, par.
218 L E NNART
RYDE N
and
places they
will have rest.
E verywhere
else there will be wars
and
tumults,
and there will be
great
confusion
according
to him who
said that
'you
will hear of wars and rumors of
wars,'24
and so forth.
857 C
"T hereupon
another
reign
will rise
against
this
city,
and this
ruler will be a
grim-looking
ass
[?]
and
deny Jesus
Christ
and,
reading
the
writings
of the
pagans,
he will convert himself to
paganism
and like the devil
wage
war
against
the saints
through
the influence
of Satan. A few
days
after he has
begun
to
reign
he will burn down
the churches and call the
precious
and
life-giving
cross a
gibbet
and
cause the
clergy
to fall and cut down
ordinary people [ ?]25
in the
860 A
public
I
streets. T hen friends will
give up
friends to death and
brothers brothers and
neighbors neighbors
and a father his son and
a son his father.26
Many
will confess their faith from zeal for
God,
and their end will be
blessed,
for
they
will
reign together
with Christ.
T hen the islands and the
valleys
from T hrace and downward will
become
desolate,
turning
to nests of demons and dens of beasts and
serpents.
At that time there will be terrible thunders in heaven and
great
earthquakes27
and the
collapse
of
great
cities. 'For nation will
rise
against
nation and
kingdom against kingdom'28
and there will be
a terrible
misery upon
earth and 'tribulation and distress'29 for the
860 B sons of men. T hen there will
appear
a fire from
Iheaven
as
quickly
as
a flash of
lightning menacingly overshadowing
the entire face of the
earth. T here will be
frequent
afflictions from birds and the earth
will become filled with
poisonous
snakes
biting
men who reverence
transgressions [?].
All this constitutes the
'beginning
of the birth
pangs.'so
"After also this
ungodly scepter
has come to an
end,
then the
emperor
of
E thiopia
from the first horn31 will
come, who,
they say,
will hold the helm of the
E mpire
for twelve
years.
H e will be a
good
ruler and
reign
in
peace
and restore churches of saints ruined before
24
Mark. 13:7.
25
It is tempting to read K Korroaowrv ao viT I1 rqS 4aE cO SoT O tl'E t Kax KrT rd T r&s 8io'faaS orT p6rT aS,
"he
will cut down
people
in the Mese and in the
(other) public
streets."
26
Cf. Matt.
10:21;
Mark 13:12.
27
L uke 21: 11.
2s Matt. 24:7.
29
Rom. 2:9.
30
CK add the
following:
"For in those
days
the L ord will send his
holy angels
who are in
charge
of the winds to take them out of their stores and block
up
their
breath,
so that no wind at all will
blow in the whole
world,
so that there will be intense warmth and
boiling
and
burning
heat
upon
the face of the whole
earth,
so that in their distress men will turn and
repent
their sins. T he
great
ships,
not
being
able to sail the sea without
wind,
distressed
by
the
constraint,
will
blaspheme against
the L ord our God. T hen
everything green,
I mean
every plant
on earth and the
highest
trees
[C:
T hen
every tree]
will wither
away,
'and
every
mountain and hill shall be
brought
low'
[Isa. 40:4],
and one
third of the
animals,
both of cattle and
birds,
of
reptiles
and wild beasts will die. T he sea will become
like blood. And
immediately
one-third of the fish will
die,
for God will be
angry
with them because
of the sins of men and their
impenitence.
For because of their
great
wickedness men will hate each
other,
not
wanting
to look at themselves or amend their
ways
and turn to 'better
things
that
belong
to salvation'
[H eb. 6:9;
'not
wanting
... salvation' is
missing
in
C]
but
[and C]
'because the
wickedness is
multiplied,'
as the L ord
said,
'men's love will
grow
cold'"
(Matt. 24:12).
31
Cf. Dan. 8:8ff.
219
him,
and because of his
goodness
he will be loved
by
the
people.
860 C
During
his
reign
the love of the L ord will
spread
Iover
the whole
world,
and there will be
joy
and
gladness.
"But also this
scepter
will
pass away
and there will come another
scepter
from Arabia who will
reign
one
year,
as
they say. During
his
reign
the
holy pieces
of the
precious
and
life-giving
wood of the cross
will be united
together
at the
instigation
of the invisible God and
given
to the
emperor.
H e will
go
to
Jerusalem,
to a
place
where the
feet of
Jesus
Christ the true God stood and there he
will,
with his
own
hands,
dedicate the
precious
wood of the cross and the
imperial
diadem.
T ogether
with these he will also surrender to the L ord God
his soul.32
"T hen there will arise in this
city
three
young
men, shameless,
foolish,
and
good-for-nothing,
who will
reign
in
peace
for 150
days.1
860 D
T hereupon,
at the
instigation
of the
devil,
they
will become
angry
861 A with each other and
wage
a violent war
among
themselves.
I
T he first
will stand
up
and
go
to T hessalonica and
say
to her:
'T hessalonica,
you
will
conquer your enemies,
for
you
are the
pride
of the
saints,
and the Most
H igh
has consecrated
you.'
T hen he shall enroll her
people
from seven
years
of
age
and
upward,
and the
priests
and
the monks he will
equip
with
weapons
of war. H e will build
large
ships
and
go
to Rome and stand before her
gate
and
say
to her:
'H ail,
Rome of three
streets,
your
sword is
sharp, your
arrows are
numerous,
you
are honored: hold fast to
your
faith so that
you might
not lose
it,
for blessed are those who live in
you.'
T hen he will enroll the
fair-haired
peoples
and build
ships
and enter between Delos and
Adelos33 and wait for his fellow rulers.
861 B "T he second
young
man also will enlist an
army [?],
from Meso-
potamia,
the
'Cyclades
of the islands'
[?]
and enroll the
priests
and the monks in terrible
anger against
the others. H e will stand
up
and
go
to the navel of creation
(some say
to
Alexandria)
and
there he will wait for his fellow
rulers,
with whom he will
go
to
law,
raging
with
anger.
32
T he section on the emperor from Arabia according to CK: "After him
[i.e., the emperor from
E thiopia]
the
emperor
from Arabia will come and
reign
for one full
year.
In his
days
those who have
a
portion
of the
precious
wood of the cross will
open
their
reliquaries
and find them
empty.
For at
the
instigation
of
Almighty God,
the
holy pieces
of the cross will be united and it will become whole
and
perfect,
as when Christ our God was nailed to it and will be
given
to the
emperor.
H e will take
it and
go
to the
city
of
Jerusalem,
and when he has come to
Calvary,
he will with his own hands
surrender the
precious
cross
and,
having put
on the
top
of the cross the diadem that is on his
head,
he will lift
up
the cross and
say:
'L ord
Jesus Christ,
the number and sum of
years you
have set aside
for the
empire
of the Romans has been fulfilled: receive
your
famous and wonderful
spear
and with
it also
my spirit.' Immediately
an
angel
of the L ord will
fly
down from heaven and take the
precious
cross
together
with the diadem and the soul of the
emperor.
T hen the
empire
of the Romans will
pass away,
for the
precious
cross is the
empire
of the Christians. Blessed are those who have fled
from this
city
and
gone away
to deserts and mountains
[v.
1.
caverns]
and the caves of the earth."
For the
delivering
of the
E mpire
to God as a
sign
of the
end, cf. I Cor. 15:24.
88
Cf. O racula
Sibyllina, III, 363, ioT -rai
Ai'os &6i)os.
220 L E NNART
RYDtN
"T he third will also march out and enroll
Phrygia,
Karia, Galatia,
and Asia and Armenia and Arabia and come to
Sylaion
and
say:
'Sylaion
will be called and never be seized nor
captured.'
After these
words he too will
go
to an unallied
[?] people,
i.e.,
one which is not
under his or his fellow-rulers'
sway.
861 C
"H aving
assembled
opposite
each other
they
will
fight
a violent
and terrible battle and tear each other limb from limb like
sheep
in the meat market. T he three
kings
will be
killed,
and
through
the
slaughter
the blood of the Romans will flow like
pouring
rain,
and
not one of them will be left. T he sea on this
spot
will be red from
their blood at a distance of twelve stades. T hen
every
woman will be
widow,
so that seven women will
try
to
get
one
man,34
but not find
any
until
foreigners
learn of it and come from abroad. T he
young
boys
who have been saved will reach manhood before their time
and,
without
noticing
it,
become like swine from much
lechery.
T hen
those will be blessed and thrice-blessed who serve God 'on moun-
861 D tains
I
and in
caves,'35
for
they
will not see the evils done in
public
864 A but in isolation
I
wait for the
great mercy
at the
very gates,
the most
sweet
sheep
who will be sacrified for the sake of Christ
by
the evil
demon Antichrist.
"As there is no man of
importance,
but all are
depraved,36
there
will arise a woman from
Pontus,
wicked
...
.
.
who will
reign
in this
city.
She will be full of Bacchic
frenzy,
a
daughter
of the
devil,
a
sorceress,
mad after men and women alike. In her
days
there will
be mutual
plotting
and
slaughter
in
public
and in
private.
A son
will kill his father and a father his son and a mother her
daughter
and a
daughter
her mother and a brother his brother and a friend
864 B his
friend.38I
T here will be much vice and hatred in this
city,
and
within the
holy
churches there will be licentiousness and
profligacy
and incest and
cithara-playing
and
dancing
and Satanical
songs
and
mockery
and
ridiculing jests
of a kind that no man has seen nor
will be able to see until that time. For this unclean
empress,
who
claims to be a
goddess
and
fights
with God and wants to wrestle
with
H im,
will defile the
holy
altars with filth and with all the
defilement of her
harlotry
she will defile the whole
people.
She will
turn her face toward evil and rob the church of
every
vessel and
864 C
gather together
the
precious pictures |
of the saints and the
precious
crosses and the
holy gospels
and
every writing
of the
apostles
and
every
written
book38a
and make a
huge pile
and set fire to it and
burn it all to ashes. She will overturn the churches and search for
the relics of saints in order to obliterate
them,
but she will not find
34 Cf. Isa. 4:1.
86
H eb. 11:38.
36
For
rS &drcAA(as,
cf. II T hess.
2:3,
6
v16ST -rbS &rcmO Wias,
"the son of
perdition" (i.e., Antichrist).
3
T he word
j6vStov
is still
unexplained.
38
Cf. Matt. 10:
21, par.
38a
I.e.,
it
seems, every
book of the O T .
them because God
by
his unseen
power
has removed them from this
city.
T hen the wretched woman will overturn the altar of the Great
Church of God's
Wisdom,
and when she has
destroyed
the whole
church she will
insolently
turn eastward and
say
to the Most
H igh:
'You whom
they
call
God,
did I hesitate to
wipe
out
your
name
from the earth? You
impotent
God,
see what I have done and
you
could not even touch a hair of
my
head!
O nly
wait a bit and I will
864 D let down the firmament and
go up
there
Iand
see who is the more
powerful
of us and discover who has
strength among gods
and
goddesses!'
T his and even more she will
say
and
do,
this
gangrene,
spitting
and
throwing
stones towards the
sky.
But I refrain from
telling
her worst deeds.
"At that time the L ord God the
Almighty
will bend39 the bow of
his violent wrath and with the
terrifying power
of his
strength
stretch
out his hand
against
this
city
and seize it with
great
force. With his
mighty
sickle he will cut
away
the soil under the
city
and tell the
waters which have carried her of old to swallow
her,
and with
terrifying
obedience
they
will
gush
forth with
great speed
and with a
865 A terrible roar. H e will
pull up
her
foundationI
from the earth and
lift her on
high
like a
whirling millstone,40
so
that those who are in
the
city
will feel
great
fear and
cry,
'Woe!' T hen she will
quickly
be
brought
down
again
and the waters as
they gush
forth will
irresistibly deluge
her and cover her and surrender her to the
terrifying
and immense sea of the
abyss. Such,
my
son
E piphanius,
will be the end of our
city,
and the terrors which I have now said
will come
upon
the world are those which our L ord
Jesus
Christ
said are 'the
beginning
of the birth
pangs.'
865 B
"T hen,
after the
passing away
of the
city,
the events of the end
will
begin.
Some
people say
that after the fulfillment of the
reign
of the
gentiles
God will see to it that the divine tribes of Israel will
arise to
reign
until the
completion
of the seventh
age, adducing
as
proof
the
saying
of Isaiah: 'It shall come to
pass
in the latter
days,
when the number of the
gentiles
has been
completed[?],
that the
L ord God will raise an
ensign
for the
sheep
which have been
dispersed
among
the
gentiles
and
gather
the lost sons of Israel in the
holy city
of
Jerusalem,
and it will be for Israel as when
they
left the land of
E gypt,'4r
"
and the
saying
of the blessed Paul: 'When the full number
865 C of the
gentiles come,
then all Israel will be
saved.'42 Now, J
these
authors
agree
in this
opinion,
but the
martyr H ippolytus
said that
when Antichrist comes the
Jews
will be deceived
first,43
and his
39
For XIvE T , cf. II Sam. 22:10, Kci gKE VE V oO pavoCi Kca KT ia-rPq.
40
Cf.
Jer. 28
(51):42 and
63f.; Rev.
18:21; Pseudo-Methodius, rec. tertia, ed.
Istrin, 64, 2f.
'41
Isa. 11:12 and 16.
42
Rom. 11:25f.
43
T he
passage
referred to seems to be
Pseudo-H ippolytus,
De consummatione
mundi,
ed. H . Achelis
in: Die
griechischen
christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei
Jahrhunderte,
I
(L eipzig, 1897), 298,
20ff.
word is confirmed
by
Christ who said to the
Jews:
'I have come in
my
Father's
name,
and
you
do not receive
me;
another will come in
his own
name,
and him
you
will receive.'" It is clear that God will
gather
them in the
city
of
Jerusalem
and return to them what is
theirs in order to remove once for all the
[false?]
excuse
they
find
in their
dispersal,
for if he did not do
that,
they
would
say
in the
judgment:
'If
you
had
gathered
us in
Jerusalem
and restored to us
what
belongs
to
us,
we would
long ago
have believed in
Christ,
destroying
the
pretext
for
envy
that the
gentiles
are
preferred
to
865 D us.'
I
But now when
they
have been
gathered
and have received
what
belongs
to them and still remain in the same
disbelief,
how
can
they
be
saved,
when Antichrist
immediately
will come out amidst
them
?45 T hey
will believe in
him,
according
to the fearful voice of
the Son of God.46 For God the
O nly
who
said,
'I am the truth'47 does
not lie.
By gathering
them
together
for a while he will in the first
place deprive
them of this defense. For Paul said that
they
will be
868 A saved
I
not from the eternal
punishment,
but from so
many years
wandering
about in
foreign
lands and from the abuse of the
gentiles
and their untold shame. After
living
in such distress and in such
ridicule,
a
laughingstock among
the
gentiles
for so
many years, they
will be saved from their
slavery
and their
yoke
as
they
are
gathered
together
in their native
city,
but
not,
as I have
already
said,
from
the eternal
punishment.
For those who were not
persuaded by
the
tribulation to believe in the
life-giving
and
only-begotten
Son of
God,
how shall
they
be
persuaded by
the so-called
joy
?48 And so forth."
868 B
E piphanius
said, "Please,
leave
that,
dear
Father,
and
explain
to me the
following:
Some
people say
that the Great Church of God
will not be
submerged
with the
city
but will be
suspended
in the
air
by
an invisible
power."
T he
righteous
man
said,
"What are
you
saying, my
son? When the whole
city
sinks into the
sea,
how can the
Great Church remain? Who will need her? Do
you
think God dwells
in
temples
made with hands
?49 H owever,
what
they say
is not
false,
but it is
only
the column in the forum that will
remain,
because it
has the
precious
nails.50
O nly
this will remain and be
saved,
so that
the
ships
will come and tie
up
their
ropes
to it and
[the
merchants
will] weep
for and lament this
Babylon, saying,
'Woe to us! O ur
great
city,
in which our business
prospered,
has
disappeared
into the
depths
of the
sea!'51
,6 John
5:43.
45
Antichrist will rise from the tribe of
Dan;
see 869 B.
46
John 5:43,
quoted supra.
'~
John
14: 6.
48
Cf. Matt. 25:21 and 23.
4,
Cf. Acts 7:48 and 17:24.
5o
Cf. 837 C.
61
Cf. Rev.
18:9-19;
E zek. 27.
868 C "T he
mourning
for her will last
forty days.
After those
days
the
E mpire
will be
given
to Rome and
Sylaion
and
T hessalonica, when
the end is
already approaching.
From now on the
government
will
become weak and the situation terrible and
dangerous.
For this
year
the L ord God will
open
the
gates
in Indalia
[?],
which
Alexander,
the
king
of the
Macedonians,
had
closed,
and
seventy-two kings
will
come out with their
people,
the so-called
filthy
nations,
who are
868 D more
disgusting
than all defilement and
foul-smelling
filth.
T hey
will
spread
over the whole earth under
heaven,
eating
raw
[? ]
human flesh and
drinking
blood,
devouring
with
pleasure dogs
869 A and rats and
frogs
and all sorts of filth. Woe to
every part
of the
world where these will
go!
In those
days
let there be no
Christian,
oh
L ord,
if
possible,
but I know there will be. T hen those
days
will
be darkened as if
weeping
in the air because of the defilement which
those foul nations will
bring
about. T he sun will turn into blood
when it sees the abominations
vying
with each other on the earth.
T he moon and all the stars will
stop shining,52
for
they
will even
eat the soil of the
earth,
they
will turn the sanctuaries into houses
of
pots3
and defile the
precious
vessels. T hen let those who live
in Asia flee54 to the
'Cyclades
of the islands'
(for
Asia will mourn
for the islands and the islands for
Asia).
T o them the
peoples
will
not
go,
but
they55
will mourn for 660
days.
869 B "T hen Satan Antichrist will rise from the tribe of Dan
(not by
his
own
power becoming
a
man,
not
by any
means,
but the L ord God will
form for him an
ugly
and
filthy
vessel,
that the words of the
prophets
might
be fulfilled in
him)
and be loosed from the chains of
H ades,56
in which our Master Christ bound him when he descended
there,
and
he will enter into the vessel that has been made for him. When he has
been born as a human
being
and has reached manhood and become
a
king,
he will
begin
to
display
his
deceit,
as
John
the
T heologian
says.57
T hen he will stir
up
war
against
the
'Cyclades
of the
islands';
islands
are,
as Isaiah
says,58
the churches
among
the
gentiles.
When
869 C
E lijah
and E noch and the Son of T hunder come out
I
and
proclaim
his deceit and the second
coming
of
Jesus Christ,
few will believe and
understand.59 Bitterly
he will humble those who are Christians then,
52 O n the sun, the moon, and the stars, cf. Isa.
13:10; Matt.
24:29;
Acts
2:20; Rev. 6:12.
53 O r, perhaps,
"houses of
filth,"
as
suggested
in the
apparatus.
54
Cf. Matt.
24:16,
par.
55 I.e.,
those who are on the islands.
56
Cf. Rev. 20:7.
5
Cf. Rev. 20:7f.
58
Isa.
41:1;
49:1.
59
T he
longer
version of CK: "T hen
E noch,
who was before the law
[i.e.,
before
Moses],
and
E lijah,
who was in the law
[i.e.,
after Moses but before
Christ],
and
John,
who was in the new
grace [i.e.,
in the
NT ],
will come and
proclaim
the time of the end and the arrival of the deceiver.
T hey
will
go
about
performing signs
and wonders and announce the second
coming
of our Savior
Jesus
Christ.
If
anyone
tries to kill or otherwise
injure them,
a fire will
appear
and devour him. For
they
will walk
in
great authority.
And
having
denounced
Antichrist,
they
will be killed
by
him in the
city
of
224 L E NNART
RYDE N
to their last breath
afflicting
and
hurting
them
beyond
measure,
the fool that he is. T hen he who is not led
astray
will stand out
as a
great
and
mighty
friend of Christ. For blessed are all the
saints,
but more blessed still are those who are
going
to witness
during
the
reign
of Antichrist himself.
T hey
are blessed and
thrice-blessed,
for the
greatest glory
will be theirs for
everlasting eternity.
First
he will kill
E lijah,
then
E noch,
and at last the Son of T hunder. T hen
he will annihilate in bitter death those who do not believe in him.
872 A T hen there will be a terrible war between him
Iand
the
Master,
for
when he sees that the end is
approaching [? ]
he will revolt
against
heaven in terrible
anger, lightning
and
thundering
and
making
violent
sounds,
so that from the reverberation of his
shouting
the
earth under heaven will shake and echo
fearfully.
Who will not then
be alarmed and
fear,
my
dear son? At that time those will be blessed
who do not take offense at our
Master, Jesus Christ,
our true
God;
those who do not cut themselves off from him who was born of the
holy Virgin Mary;
those
who,
because of love for
him,
are killed and
rebuke the
dragon
and his deceit face to
face;
all those who meet
the
dragon courageously
and denounce his crimes
bravely,
the
872 B beautiful
lights
of
heaven,
the dearest
Ipearls,
the
sweet, delightful,
and
honeyed
hearts,
and all those who believe in the Father and Son
and
H oly
Ghost,
in the
holy,
consubstantial,
and
life-giving T rinity."
As the blessed man sat
telling
all this and
E piphanius
heard
what is
going
to
happen
in the world he
wailed,
sighing deeply,
for he
was,
as I have often
said,
extremely
sensitive. T hen he said
to the
pious
man:
"Please,
tell
me,
how will mankind be erased from
the earth and then the resurrection take
place?"
T he
pious
man
answered,
"Some will be annihilated
by
the
filthy peoples,
others
1
872 C will be killed in the numerous
wars,
and the
remaining
faithful will
be
put
to death
by
Antichrist for the sake of Christ. For those who
believe in Antichrist the L ord God will send
creatures,
flying,
as in
the
description
of
E zekiel,60
having ox-goads
in their tails filled with
poison,61
and those who do not have the
sign
of the seal of Christ
whole and
pure
on their foreheads62 will be
stung by
these creatures
and will succumb to
dangerous poison
and end their life in bitter
death.
T hen,
if
anyone
of the saints is found in the
deserts, having
escaped
Antichrist,
the
L ord,
through
the
spirit
of his
power,
will
Jerusalem.
T heir bodies will be thrown in the middle of the
city
and
people
will
gather
around them
and
laugh
at them as
they
have no
protection.
T heir
holy
bodies will be
lying
in the street for three
days.
In the middle of the fourth
day
a dove will
fly
down from heaven and
circling
above them like
a flash of
lightning
she will breathe life into
them,
and
gathering strength they
will arise in the
presence
of
all,
and
trembling
will come
upon
all who see them. T hen there will be a voice from heaven
saying
to them: 'Come
up
to
me,
my
friends.'
Immediately
a cloud will descend and take them and make
them a
dwelling
in Paradise." Cf. Rev. 11:3-12.
6o
Cf. E zek. 1:5ff.
61
Cf. Rev. 9:10.
63
Cf. Rev. 9:4.
225
gather
them all in the
holy city
Zion. T hese are those who have been
written in the book of life.63
872 D "When Antichrist has
already
been smitten and
I
seized
together
with his demons and
put
in chains
by angels
of fire and is
being
kept
under
guard
to stand before the court and
pay
retribution for
the souls he has
destroyed,
the
trumpet
will sound and the dead will
rise
imperishable.
T hen those who are
alive,
as Paul
said,
who are
left until the
coming
of the
L ord,
will be
changed
in the
twinkling
873 A of an
eye
from
perishability
to
imperishability
and
together
with
these will be
caught up
in the clouds to meet the L ord in the air."
Now,
when
you
see that the foul nations have come into the
world,
my
son,
you
should know that all is at the
very gates
and that the
judge
soon will follow."65
All this the blessed man told
E piphanius
while
they kept vigil
that
night;
I
too,
humble
man,
was
present.
But when the church's
sounding
board
struck,
E piphanius
went to church while the blessed
man
prayed
at home alone.
CO MME NT ARY
853 A
E piphanius' questions
on the end of the world are seven in
(5-10)
number: 1. H ow will it
happen?
2. When will it
happen?
3. What is "the
beginning
of the birth
pangs"?
4. H ow will
men know that it is
"near,
at the
very gates"?
5. What
are the
signs?
6. H ow will
Constantinople pass away?
7. What will become of its
churches, crosses, icons, books,
and relics? O f
these,
no. 1 is answered in 868 Cff. and no. 2
in 865 B: "after the
passing away
of the
city,
the events of
the end will
begin."
T he answer to
question
no. 3 is that
the time from the second
emperor
to the
disappearance
of
Constantinople
will constitute the
"beginning
of the birth
pangs":
856
C,
"when this
[i.e.,
the
first] scepter
has
passed
away
the
'beginning
of the birth
pangs'
will rise"
and,
865
A,
"such will be the end of our city, and the terrors which I
have now said will come
upon
the world are those which our
L ord
Jesus
Christ said are the
'beginning
of the birth
pangs'."
No. 4 is answered in 873 A: "When
you (T is)
see that the
foul nations have come into the world
you (T iS)
should know
that all is at the
very gates
and that the
judge
soon will
follow." T he answer to no. 5 is
given throughout
the
63
Cf. Isa.
4:3; Rev.
20:15, par.
64
Cf. I Cor.
15:51ff.;
I T hess. 4:15-17.
65 Cf. Matt. 24:33.
eschatological description.
No. 6 is answered in 864 D f. and
no. 7 in 864 B f.
It is worth
noting
that
E piphanius
does not ask about
the fate of the Roman
E mpire
as a
whole,
but
only
about
that of the
city
of
Constantinople
itself,
which he charac-
teristically
calls not New Rome but New
Jerusalem.66
H is
questions
are not those of a man concerned about the actual
political
situation,
but those of a man interested in escha-
tology
in
general
and
especially
in the final
destiny
of the
city
where he lives and which he considers
holy. Certainly,
there are in the
following
answer of AS a number of other
place-names
as
well,
but these names seem either to reflect
the
eschatological
tradition
or,
if used here for the first
time,
are of a
very
uncertain
significance.
853 B T he
concept
of Rome as the eternal
city
was transferred to
(14-20) Constantinople,
but not without
changes,
as it was in-
compatible
with Christian
doctrine,
according
to which
nothing
in this world will last forever. T he
Byzantines
had
to
modify
it and
say
that
Constantinople
will
last,
not
forever,
but to the end of the world.67
It is instructive to
compare
what AS
says
on this
topic
with the
corresponding passage
in the Greek translation of
Pseudo-Methodius,
ed.
Istrin,
22ff.: j
yap
...
paaiia
acvrT i
KE xKT I-rairo
T O
.y
Kacxl o'aE pO awov
~Aro
0toJ
T piou
Kxa lco'noloo
O T aupoU T O
VE v
O CYA,
T -S y)S T rayE vT O S
...
cs
yap
?pT E V, &ya-rrj-
T O t, T O 6
V
tlaw
T S L CO fiS
O Xov
pa~Xov
8
T s
y is~
1T praybvT a [cooT roi
6Xup&ral o-raupa68
...
.roia
ya'p
ia)X0s
r
Suvao-rE ia
io
CXal
T rWT rO T E
T V T O y
o0raupoJ "E pi8pd'aorO at
80vaiptv;
...
T r&ha
yap
&PXQ
xal
iouova 0T o K6voyO U T O vT O u
KaT apYlvT 0rE oT ai
aVE u
T aJT I]S.y9
Kai y&p
ai*ir
T roXA4patat Kai O x (sic)
rraT at.
First,
Pseudo-Metho-
dius,
writing
in
Mesopotamia
in the seventh
century,70 speaks
about the Roman
E mpire,
whereas the main concern of
66
In the L ife of AS Rome means ancient
Rome,
whereas its successor is called
Constantinople
(629
D,
664
D),
the
Imperial city (f
PaaiXE ouVoa r6AtS
in 744 B
etc.),
the
Queen
of cities
(i
~Paahis
-rcv
r6XE coV
in 888 C
etc.),
the
city
of the L ord
(856 C),
New
Jerusalem (853 A),
and this
Babylon
(868 B).
T he name
Byzantium appears only
in the title of MS D in the rather
peculiar
formula
-6
Bul&vT -riov
T 'S
0opuX&c-rou
vrr6XE CO S.
As for "New
Jerusalem,"
see A.
Frolow,
"L a d6dicace de Con-
stantinople
dans la tradition
byzantine," RH R,
127
(1944),
61-127,
esp.
86f.
(add
to Frolow's
material the homelies of
Photius),
and for the names of
Constantinople
in
general,
see E .
Fenster,
L audes
Constantinopolitanae,
Miscellanea
Byzantina Monacensia,
ed. H .-G.
Beck,
IX
(Munich, 1968).
*67
P.
J.
Alexander,
"T he
Strength
of
E mpire
and
Capital
as Seen
T hrough Byzantine E yes,"
Speculum,
37
(1962),
343.
68
O ne would prefer -r
b
v piacp -rifS yijSpwrayirrt E coowoicp 6Xvpcati oraupcp.
61
I.e., -is T rGAv "PcAopacAov PaaaiXS.
70
T he original was written in the
Syriac language
sometime between 644 and 678. T he Greek
translation was made in the seventh or
early eighth century.
See P.
J. Alexander, "Byzantium
and
the
Migration
of
L iterary
Works and Motifs. T he
L egend
of the L ast Roman
E mperor," MedH um,
N.S.,
2
(1971),
55ff.
Nicephorus,
the author of the L ife of
AS,
writing
in Con-
stantinople
three hundred
years
later,
is the
capital.
Second,
Pseudo-Methodius
says
that the Roman
E mpire possesses
the cross that was
planted
in the middle of the
earth, i.e.,
in
Jerusalem,
and that this is a
guarantee
that the
E mpire
will last to the end of time. AS instead bases his assertion
on the belief that
Constantinople
has been
given
to the
Mother of
God,
by
whom it will be
protected. By
the time
Pseudo-Methodius wrote his
prophecy Jerusalem
had
already
been taken
by
the Arabs.
According
to
T heophanes
Confessor,
the
E mperor
H eraclius had removed the cross
from
Jerusalem
before the
catastrophe
and had
brought
it
to
Constantinople.'
It is not clear whether Pseudo-Metho-
dius meant that the cross remained in
Jerusalem
or not. If
he meant the
former,
his assertion that the Roman
E mpire
has the true cross is a rather
strange
one, and,
in that
case,
he must have
regarded
the Arab
conquest
as
temporary,
claiming
that
Jerusalem
still
belonged
to the Romans. If he
meant that it had been transferred to another
place
within
the
E mpire
he does not tell when and how it will be restored
to
Jerusalem
before the last Roman
emperor goes
to
Golgatha
and
puts
his crown on the
cross,
thereby
sur-
rendering
his
power
to God. In the L ife of
AS,
on the other
hand,
there is no
uncertainty
in this
respect.
H ere it is clear
that
Jerusalem
no
longer belongs
to the
Byzantine sphere.
When AS
says (861 B)
about the third evil
young
ruler that
he, too,
will
go
to "an un-allied
people,
i.e.,
one which is
not under his or his fellow-rulers'
sway,"
this
implies
that
Jerusalem,
which has been alluded to
just
before,
lies
beyond Byzantine
influence. T hat it is no
longer
the
city
where the true cross is located is an
acknowledged
fact.
T he
day
when the last
emperor goes
to
Jerusalem
to hand
over his
power
to
God,
the scattered
pieces
of the cross
must first be reunited and
given
to him and he himself
must
bring
the cross with him to
Jerusalem
in
order to
carry
out the
ceremony (860 C).
In the
eyes
of
Nicephorus
and his
contemporaries
the role of
Jerusalem
had been
taken over
by
the new
Jerusalem,
Constantinople.
Constantinople
was
supposed
to
enjoy
the
special protec-
tion of the Mother of God ever after its
delivery
from the
siege
of the Avars in the
year
626,
which was attributed
to her
intervention. T here was also a
legend saying
that
Constantine the Great had
formally
dedicated the new
71
T heophanes, Chronographia,
ed. C. de
Boor,
I
(L eipzig, 1883), 337,8ff.
228 L E NNART
RYDE N
capital,
not to
T yche (to
whom
Constantinople originally
was
dedicated)
or to Christ
(as
a
competing legend said),
but
to the Mother of God.72
E xactly
when this
legend
was born
is not known. T he first "historical"
description
of the
dedication to the Mother of God
is,
according
to
Frolow,
to be found in the
beginning
of the eleventh
century
in the
Synaxarium
CP,
col. 673:
-racrnS
"iS
E oqudaxT rovu ac
l
a1i8os
r6AE caSr
T ~
~atpE T
caVaKE S
IE V~g
T ,
-rpoo'aT
a i-
T " 1raVa)'la
aXpaV-
T rou 8&oT oivls pCf)v O E oT 6Kxou Kxal &E rrapO Wvou
Mapias
Kxal T r'a-
T ijs
81x
T avT os
oooPi ...
.(Subject: Constantine)
&vaedis
rarT nv
(i.e., Constantinople)
'ri
rpE v86
,
8o-rrolviv T Itv
E or6oKx Kc
xai a
&E twapeCvA)
...
&vtXO E v E v
T c
96pc
.... T he
legend
seems to be
implied
in a
legendary
Vita Constantini from
ca.
900,
in which the L ord
says
to Constantine: ... &X& xa
la
T 1
plrpi
ov
T r1 O E oT 6Kct Mapia
oixo8op
u
T 6t
rp6 &varo7d
XIouov ev
6
T O i6w
airr6s
a
srosi 0o 1ot,73
and also in a tenth-
century
mosaic,
in the southwest vestibule of St.
Sophia,
representing
the Mother of God
holding
her Son.
T hey
are
surrounded
by
Constantine the Great and
Justinian
I,
of
whom the former is
presenting
to the Mother of God a
model of the
city
of
Constantinople
and the latter a model
of St.
Sophia.74 According
to
Frolow,
it is
already implied
in a stanza
by
Andreas of Crete
(ca. 700), beginning
with the
words yv ,r67v
aovyou 9pXaar, O E oymvvfirop wravayve.75
At
any
rate,
it is a reasonable
question
to ask if the
expression
xi(xapto-rat
E oT eo'6x in the
present passage implies
the notion of a
formal dedication
by
the first
Byzantine emperor.
T he
answer seems to be
given
in a
in the
Vita Basilii
iunioris,
ed. A. N.
Veselovskij (1889),
65
(cod.
Mosquensis synod.
249,
fol.
134).76
Basil is
predicting
the
attack of certain barbarians called
'PS ai
"O y
xal
M6y, i.e.,
the Russian attack of the
year
941. H is
pupil Gregory,
the
author of the
Vita,
asks him
anxiously:
Kiptik Pou, xKpm,
xai
IoIT rT oT E
#Me
iapo
yowO ailt ravT r1V
lviv
r6T tv;
Basil reassures
him: 'H
Iurjp 0oo
Kupiou
il.6cv
'Inoiio Xptowro0
on 0 &ax
T at
aT V
T imv 1T 'H tv 'rapcxa-roiva v
Xipas
aX0piV av-rT , E i- yap K7VrpO V
aovT 1s
&8oT aal
auT h apa T O GE oV, Kal lKavCO aoT 1f 'rrrpaoirftE at.
H ere it is
expressly
stated that
Constantinople
has been
72
O n this whole
topic,
see
Frolow,
"L a d6dicace de
Constantinople."
73
F.
H alkin,
"Une nouvelle Vie de Constantin dans un
l6gendier
de
Patmos," AnalBoll,
77
(1959),
79.
'
Frolow,
"L a d6dicace de
Constantinople,"
91f. For a
reproduction
of the
mosaic,
see C.
Mango,
Materials for the
Study
o/the
Mosaics
of
St.
Sophia
at
Istanbul, DO S,
VIII
(Washington,
D.
C., 1962),
pl.
5,
or H .
KMhler,
Die
H agia Sophia.
Mit einem
Beitrag
von
Cyril Mango
iiber die Mosaiken
(Berlin,
1967), pl.
91,
with
Mango's analysis
on
p.
58f.
7s
"L a d6dicace de
Constantinople,"
69 note 1.
76
In: Sbornik'
otd~61enija russkago jazyka
...
Imp.
Akad.
Nauk', XL VI,
No. 6
(St. Petersburg,
1889), Supplement,
10-76.
given
to the Mother of God
by
God H imself. As the two
passages
are
very
similar,
it
may
be inferred that Nice-
phorus
also,
if he meant
anything
in
particular,
meant that
the
giver
was God. T hat
would,
in
fact,
very
well suit his
concept
of
Constantinople
as a
holy city,
a new
Jerusalem.
T he belief in the Mother of God as the
protectress
of the
inhabitants of
Constantinople
is
expressed
a second time in
848
Cff.,
where AS and
E piphanius,
while
attending
a
night-
long doxology
in the soros of St.
Mary
of
Blachernae,
see in
a vision how the
Virgin
takes off her veil and
spreads
it
over the
congregation.
T he
city
of
Constantinople
is not
mentioned
here,
but it seems reasonable to assume that the
people
in the church
represent
the
people
of
Constantinople
as a whole.
As to the
longer
version of
CK,
according
to which Con-
stantinople
will be attacked
by
the Arabs and
by
a
people
whose name
begins
with the seventeenth letter of the Greek
alphabet,
I have
suggested
in
E ranos, 105,
that the mention
of the latter of these enemies reflects the
legendary
account
of the famous Russian attack on
Constantinople
in the
year
860. Be that as it
may,
the
relatively precise
kind of
information which CK
give
does not
easily
fit the
generally
unhistorical character of the
AS-eschatology.
I
consequently
think that
here,
as often
elsewhere,
CK
represent
an
enlarged
and
secondary
version.
853 B-873 A T he
eschatological
drama described
by
AS
may
be sum-
(21-337)
marized as follows:
1. An
emperor
"from
poverty"
will
reign
for
thirty-two
years.
In the twelfth
year
of his
reign
he will
impose
no
taxes,
but raise
up
churches and restore
destroyed
altars.
H e will humble the sons of
H agar,
tame the fair-haired
peoples, bring Illyricum
and
E gypt
back under Roman
domination. H is
reign
will be characterized
by peace,
wealth, righteousness,
and
orthodoxy.
2. T he son of lawlessness will
reign
years.
3. T here will
appear
an
emperor
who will
deny
Christ,
read the
writings
of the
pagans,
and
persecute
the Christian
priests.
4. A
good emperor
will come from
E thiopia
and
reign
in
peace
for twelve
years.
5. Another
good emperor
will come from Arabia. After
one
year,
he will
go
to
Jerusalem
and surrender the diadem
(i.e.,
the
imperial power)
to God.
6. T hree evil
young
men will
reign
in
peace
for 150
days.
T hen
they
will start a civil war and kill each other in a
terrible battle.
7. For lack of
men,
the
power
will be
given
to a wicked
woman.
8.
During
her
reign, Constantinople
will sink into the
sea;
only
the column of Constantine the Great will remain
visible.
9. Between the
description
of the
"beginning
of the
birth
pangs" (2-8)
and the
description
of the events of the
end
(10ff.),
AS
polemizes against
those who
say
that from
now on the
Jews
will
reign
until the end of the seventh
millennium.
10. After a
period
of
mourning
of
forty days
the
power
will be transferred to
Rome, T hessalonica,
and
Sylaion.
11. Within a
year
after the
disappearance
of Constan-
tinople
the
gates
which Alexander the Great closed will
open
and the
seventy-two
foul nations will come
pouring
out and devastate the whole world.
12. Antichrist will
appear
from the tribe of Dan.
E lijah,
E noch,
and
John
the
E vangelist
will be witnesses.
T hey
will be killed
by
Antichrist. T here will be war between
Antichrist and Christ and Antichrist will be killed.
13. T he dead will rise and Christ will return.
H ow does this scheme
compare
with that of related
eschatological
documents, i.e., first,
in the Greek Pseudo-
Methodius,
and
second,
in the Second Vision of Daniel?
T he first half of Pseudo-Methodius'
apocalypse
is a kind
of
survey
of the
history
of the world from Adam to the
author's own
time,
to which there is no
parallel
in the L ife
of AS.77 T he second half
(chap.
8
ff.)
is a
prophecy
which,
after the
description
of the
preliminary
victories of the
Ishmaelites,
contains the
following
main
points:
1. An
emperor
who was considered dead will arise from
the sea of the
E thiopians
and defeat the Ishmaelites. T here
will be
peace
as in the time of Noah.
2. T he
gates
in the north will
open
and the foul nations
come
pouring
out.
3. T he
emperor
will
go
to
Jerusalem.
4. After ten and a half
years
the son of
perdition
of the
tribe of Dan will
appear.
5. T he
emperor
will
go
to
Golgotha
and
put
his crown on
the cross and surrender his
power
to God.
77 For an
analysis
of
Pseudo-Methodius,
see
Alexander, "Byzantium
and the
Migration
of
L iterary
Works and
Motifs,"
54f.
6. T he son of
perdition
will
go
to
Jerusalem
and sit in
the
temple.
7. E noch and
E lijah
will denounce Antichrist and he will
kill them.
8. T he return of the L ord.
Along
with certain common
elements,
such as the foul
nations and the surrender of the
imperial
crown in
Jerusalem,
there are a number of
significant
differences between the
eschatology
of AS and that of Pseudo-Methodius. Pseudo-
Methodius'
survey
of the
history
of the world serves the
purpose
of
showing
that
E thiopia
in Psalm
68(67):
32,
Aletowia rrpo8&eo'eX Xelpa
aO t'rrti"
T r E ,
is in fact the
Roman,
i.e.,
the
Byzantine, E mpire.
AS on the other hand has no
historical introduction and does not
try
to
prove anything,
although
he now and then refutes different
opinions
on
smaller
questions.
Further,
Pseudo-Methodius has
only
one
emperor,
whereas AS has five. T his
emperor roughly
cor-
responds
to AS no.
1,
but Pseudo-Methodius does not
say
that he will
reign
for
thirty-two years
or that in the twelfth
year
he will rebuild churches and altars. H e will be the last
Roman
emperor,
the one who
goes
to
Jerusalem
and sur-
renders his
empire
to God. In the
prophecy
of AS the fifth
emperor
will do this. In Pseudo-Methodius there are no
"three evil
young
men";
the
parallel
to these is in his
"historical"
section,
where Alexander the Great is succeeded
by
his four
wT rccSE s,
i.e.,
servants. T here is no wicked
woman,
nothing
on the fate of
Constantinople,
no
polemics against
the
Jews. T hus,
Nicephorus,
even if he
may
have known
about
Pseudo-Methodius,
certainly
did not use him as a
model for his own
eschatology.78
As to the Vision of
Daniel,
there are several different
versions.
Alexander79
lists the oldest
three,
all of which he
dates to the ninth
century:
First Greek Vision of
Daniel,
ed.
Vassiliev,s80 33-38,
by
W. Bousset8' called M
II;
Second
Greek Vision of
Daniel,
ed.
Vassiliev,
op.
cit., 38-43,
by
Bousset called D
I;
O ld Church Slavonic Vision of
Daniel,
translated from a lost Greek
original composed
in the ninth
78
T here seems to be no clear indication that Nicephorus had first-hand
knowledge of Pseudo-
Methodius. T hat the
twelve-year emperor, i.e.,
a reincarnation of Alexander the
Great,
is said to
come from
E thiopia
could
give
the
impression
that he had
some,
perhaps indirect,
knowledge
of
Pseudo-Methodius,
in whose work the
alleged E thiopian origin
of Alexander
plays
an
important
role.
But,
on the other
hand,
Nicephorus might
as well have
got
this feature from the Alexander romance
itself. O n the idea that Alexander the Great was the son of an
E thiopian princess,
see E .
Sackur,
Sibyllinische
T exte und
Forschungen. Pseudomethodius,
Adso und die tiburtinische
Sibylle (H alle,
1898),
26ff.
79
P.
J. Alexander,
"Medieval
Apocalypses
as H istorical
Sources," AH R,
73
(1968),
999.
80o
Anecdota
Graeco-Byzantina.
81x
W.
Bousset, "Beitrige zur Geschichte der
E schatologie (Schluss)," ZKircheng, 20
(1900), 261-90.
century.
T he first of these versions has little in common
with our text. T he last I am not able to use. T he
second,
entitled
"O pac0t T oio
AavtA
werpl
0ro
oYX&E rov xatpoo ial wrE pi
r'
ovVT rE E Ias 70o atlcovos,
is worth
comparing
with the
prophecy
of AS. T he situation in the
beginning
is that the Ishmaelites
are
invading
the Roman
E mpire
led
by
a
young
man.
T hen,
the main
points
of the
story
are the
following:
1. T here will
appear
an
emperor
'
woAugp6pou
(?)82
whose
name begins with 76
Iptaxoor6v o-rotXeov83 (i.e., A). T here will
be a battle in which so much blood is shed that a horse can
get
drowned in it. H e will
pursue
the Ishmaelites
together
with the fair-haired
peoples.
H e will
go
to Rome and
destroy
-6
L 68ov
(?)
and receive riches which will be dis-
tributed
among
the
people.
2. An evil
emperor
will shed the blood of the
saints,
join
brother and sister in
marriage,
and arm the
priests.
3. T he Roman
E mperor
will come from the west and
adorn
Constantinople.
H e will
say:
"Woe to
you, City
of
Seven
H ills,
for
you
too will be drowned
by
the waters."
H e will
reign
in
peace
for
thirty-two years.
H e will be
pious
and rebuild the churches. T he
great
men will become like
kings
and the
poor
will become rich.
4.
During
the
peaceful reign
of his successor the foul
nations will
appear.
T he
emperor
will
go
to
Jerusalem.
T here will be war
everywhere.
T he women will become
widows and seven women will lust for one man. After
twelve and a half
years
the son of
perdition
will
appear.
T he
emperor
will surrender his
empire
to God.
5. T he son of
perdition
will
go
to
Jerusalem
and
destroy
the
temple.
E noch and
E lijah
will witness and be killed
by
the son of
perdition.
6. T he resurrection and the return of Christ.
Bousset identified nos. 1 and 2 of this
eschatology
with
L eo III and Constantine V.
According
to
him,
this Vision
of Daniel was first written in the
beginning
of L eo's
reign
and then
enlarged during
the
reign
of his son.
But,
as
Dr. S. Gero has
pointed
out to
me,
it is
unlikely
that the
portraits
of the first two iconoclast
emperors
would have
been so
completely
different with
regard
to
good
and evil.
82
An interpolation in
Pseudo-Methodius, by Bousset called M I
A,
has in the
corresponding
context
the variant
reading
gK
,woAAo^ 96pou,
followed
by
the words
irtp6O pE voS 80o
Aswr&
6vifaaaeat Uppovs,
8s
veS0aJoro adxKov
(ed.
Istrin,
p. 40, app. crit.).
T hus the
point
seems to be that the
origin
of the
emperor
will be humble.
83
T he normal sense of
oa-rotXlT ov
is
"letter,"
but as the Greek
alphabet
has
only twenty-four
letters,
the
meaning
must be "the thirtieth numeral." T he
in the First Greek Vision
of Daniel reads
a-riv 8S
-r6
6voga
aO rroO
E ls
-r6
-rptaKoaor6v
Ke)&Aatov
("the
sum
thirty").
T hus
aorotXeT ov
may
be
corrupt
for sqx&Aaiov.
233
As the document in its
present shape
dates from the ninth
century,
the
question might
not be as
simple
as I
thought
it was in
my paper
in
E ranos, 101ff.,
in which I
accepted
Bousset's
interpretation.
As to no.
3,
Bousset
thought
that
one of the Frankish rulers was alluded
to,
perhaps
even
Charles the Great himself. T his identification is not
easy
to
prove.
I would restrict
myself
to the observation that the
model of this
emperor clearly
is Constantine the Great who
came from the west and built the new
capital
on the
Bosphorus
and was
supposed
to have
reigned
for
thirty-two
years.
T he
parallel passage
in the
apocalypse
of
E lijah,
quoted by
Bousset, 277,
is also an obvious allusion to the
founder of
Constantinople
and
not,
as Bousset had
it,
to his
son Constans. At
any
rate,
the
AS-prophecy
has more
elements in common with the Second Vision of Daniel than
with the First or with Pseudo-Methodius. H ere we find not
only
one,
but four successive
emperors,
of whom the
first,
the
third,
and the
fourth,
who in the end will surrender the
Roman
E mpire
to
God,
are
good
and the second evil. T his
differs from the succession of
good
and evil
emperors
in the
L ife of AS
only
in that there the first
good emperor
is
succeeded
by
two evil ones.
T hus,
it seems
highly probable
that
Nicephorus
was familiar with the Second Vision of
Daniel in one form or another. T hat in turn reminds us of
the often
quoted
statement of
L iudprand
of Cremona in
T he
E mbassy
to
Constantinople, chap.
39: "T he Greeks and
Saracens have certain
writings
which
they
call T he Visions
of
Daniel;
I should call them
Sibylline
Books. In them is
found written how
many years
each
emperor
shall
live;
what
crisis will occur
during
his
reign;
whether he shall have
peace
or war and whether fortune will smile
upon
the Saracens or
not.
According
to these
prophecies
the
Assyrians
in the time
of the
present emperor, Nicephorus,
will not be able to resist
the
Greeks,
but
Nicephorus
himself will live for
only
seven
years.
After his death an
emperor
will rise worse than
he
.... "84
Note that in
L iudprand's
version of the Vision
of Daniel a bad
emperor
will succeed a
good
one
(or
a less
bad
according
to
L iudprand), exactly
as in the version that
has been
preserved
until the
present day.
O n the other
hand,
it is clear that
Nicephorus
has not
just
taken the succession
of
emperors
from the Second Vision of Daniel and
simply
expanded
it
through
the insertion of a second evil ruler. H e
has treated the tradition much more
freely.
Nos. 1 and 3
have been combined into a
single emperor, i.e.,
the first
one,
84
T he Works
of
L iudprand
of Cremona,
trans. F. A.
Wright (L ondon, 1930),
257f.
which
explains
the
strange
mixture of
peace
and war in the
description
of his
reign.
No. 3 has been
replaced by
an
emperor
whose
reign
will last for twelve
years.
After the
last
emperor
has surrendered the
empire
to God there will
be two more evil
reigns,
first that of the three
young
men
and then that of the wicked
woman,
both of which are
missing
in the Second Vision of Daniel.
Closely
related to this vision is the
interpolation
in Pseudo-
Methodius,
ed.
Istrin, 40,
afp.
crit.,
by
Bousset called M I A.
T he three first
emperors
are
roughly
the
same,
but the
fourth,
during
whose
reign
the foul nations will
arrive,
is
characterized as
blasphemous.
It ends with the
sinking
of
Constantinople
into the
depths
of the sea.
L ater revised versions of the Second Vision of Daniel are
legion.
O ne which has been
preserved
in
many
MSS can
be studied in
Vassiliev,
op.
cit., 43-47,
in
Klostermann,
Analecta
zur
Septuaginta, H exapla
und
Patristik, 115-20,6
and in
Istrin,
O tkrovenie
Mefodlia Patarskago,
135-39. Bous-
set calls this version D II and describes it as "ein
spites
Machwerk wohl schon aus dem Zeitalter der
Kreuzziige,
in
dem die E lemente alterer
Weissagungen
in verwirrender
Weise durcheinander
geworfen
sind"
(262).
H owever,
the
parallels
with the
AS-apocalypse
show that at least its
second half
represents
a
considerably
older structure. It
begins
with the
prophecy
that three
angels
will be sent to
the
earth,
one to the
wE pip36Xata
(?)
and the
islands,
one to
the
west,
and one to
Asia,
Phrygia,
Galatia,
Cappadocia,
Syria,
and the Mother of cities. A number of elements follow
which seem to be late and have little or
nothing
in common
with the AS-text. T hen its scheme is as follows:
1. T he
Byzantines
will find a man who is
righteous,
merciful,
and
qop~v
-rE vtxpa
and will make him
emperor.
H e
will beat the
Ishmaelites,
E thiopians,
Franks, T atars,
and
all
peoples.
O n his return the treasures of the earth will
open
and
everybody
will become rich and the earth will
bring
forth a sevenfold
grain
and the
weapons
will become sickles.
H e will
reign
for
thirty-two (v.1. 36) years.
2. T here will arise an
emperor
who will
reign
for twelve
years
and then
go
to
Jerusalem
and surrender his
power
to
God.
3. H is four
sons,
reigning
in
Rome, Alexandria,
H eptalo-
phos (i.e., Constantinople),
and T hessalonica will kill each
other in civil war.
85
French translation in the
study by
F.
Macler,
"L es
Apocalypses apocryphes
de
Daniel," RH R,
33
(1896),
311ff.
4. For lack of men a wicked woman will
reign
in Con-
stantinople.
5. Because of her
blasphemy Constantinople
will be
drowned in the sea.
O nly Xerolophos
will remain visible.
6. Another ruler will
reign
for a short time in T hessalonica.
Soon also this
city
will be drowned.
7. T he
reign
of Antichrist.
According
to this version of the Second Vision of Daniel
there will be
only
two
emperors
before the surrender of the
imperial power
to God. O n the other
hand,
the act of
surrender to God does not indicate the absolute end of the
Roman
E mpire,
as the succession of different
reigns
will
continue for a while.
O bviously
it does
mean, however,
that
from now on there will be no
good
and
pious
ruler. T hus the
pious twelve-year emperor
will be succeeded
by
his four evil
sons who will
wage
war
against
each other. T he former
is,
as
already
indicated,
a reincarnation of Alexander the
Great;
his sons are the diadochs. T heir
equivalents
in the above
summary
of the
AS-prophecy
are nos. 4 and 6. It now
becomes clear
why
in this
prophecy
Alexander does not
immediately precede
the diadochs.
Nicephorus
wanted an-
other
emperor
to deliver the
imperial
crown to God. As
there could be no
good emperor
after this
ceremony
had
taken
place,
the author had to
put
him in before no.
5,
thus
slightly weakening
the link between him and his traditional
successors.
Nicepheros
also
changed
their number from four
to
three;
this will be discussed below.
Both the diadochs and the wicked woman are
missing
in
the
original
Second Vision of Daniel. O ther features which
are
missing
there but are common to the revised version and
the L ife of AS are the
description
of the
flooding
of Con-
stantinople (in
the older document mentioned
only
as a
prophecy
within the
prophecy)
and the
prediction
that after
the
disappearance
of
Constantinople
the
power
will be
transferred to T hessalonica
(to
Rome,
Sylaion,
and T hes-
salonica
according
to
AS).
T he revised version also stresses the
poverty
of the first
emperor
more
expressly
than the
original
Second Vision
(tK
wo7up6pou
the Second
Vision, qopw$v
wE viXp&
the revised
version,
rrr6
wE vias AS).
T hus,
the
comparison
with
this text
strengthens
the
impression
that
Nicephorus
was
familiar with some version of the Second Vision of Daniel.
T hat this version was not identical with the Second Vision
of Daniel
proper,
but with one which had
developed later,
seems clear. H ow much later ? T he version
just
summarized
was,
according
to
Bousset, op. cit., 290, composed
in the
thirteenth
century.
But,
as the
passage
which can be
compared
with the L ife of AS
obviously
has been inherited
from an older
stage
of the
tradition,
this
date,
even if it
could be
confirmed,
is of no use in our case.
Moreover,
there
is a third
example
of this
eschatological
tradition which
offers
parallels
to the AS
prophecy, namely
the one
printed
by
Istrin,
O ktrovenie
Mefodiia Patarskago,
145-50,
under the
title:
T oO
vv
ayioots 1T arpo
iT iGv
Me0oSfou sirroiax6rou v6yos rE pi
T CO v cr&rcov
?epCv
Kal
T E pl
T o
avrilXpioT ou.
It
begins
with the
prophecy
of the three sons of
H agar,
0~aXs,
'Aggthap,
and
Mopq60ap, invading
the Roman
E mpire
and
threatening
Con-
stantinople
from Chalcedon.
T hey
are
depicted
in a
way
that reminds the reader of the three
angels
in the
preceding
version of the Vision of Daniel. T hen the
savior-emperor
will
appear
and defeat the Ishmaelites and there will be
peace
and wealth. H is
reign
will last
thirty-six years.
H is successor
will be an evil
emperor
who will
join
relatives and monks
in
marriage.
T hen the wicked woman will
reign
and Con-
stantinople
will
disappear.
T he
power
will be transferred to
Rome. T hen the
Jews
will be reunited in
Jerusalem
and
harass the Christians all over the world. T he Antichrist will
be born and the
Jews
will believe in
him;
and so forth. In
this variant
many
standard features are
missing,
such as
the
twelve-year emperor,
the surrender of the
empire
to
God,
and the foul nations. T he name of the
savior-emperor
is said to
begin
with the
eighth
letter of the
alphabet,
i.e.,
with e. Bousset wonders if T heodosios III
(715-17)
could
be meant. T o me the evidence for such an
early
date seems
rather
weak,
especially
as in that case one would
expect
it
to be more
closely
related to Pseudo-Methodius than it
actually
is. O n the whole it is not
very
like the
eschatology
of
AS,
but there are a number of close
parallels
in the
details. When the
savior-emperor
defeats the Ishmaelites
the blood of the fallen will redden the sea at a distance of
twelve
stades,
just
as in the battle between the three evil
young
men in the L ife of AS.
E xactly
as in this
L ife,
only
the column of Constantine the Great will remain visible
when
Constantinople disappears (in
the Vassiliev version
[supra,
note
80],
43-47
ff.,
it is
Xerolophos). T hereupon
the
power
will be transferred to Rome
(to
T hessalonica
according
to the other
version,
to
and
Sylaion
according
to
AS). During
the
reign
of Antichrist "those who
live in the mainland will flee to the islands and those who
live in the islands will flee to the
mainland,"
which reminds
the reader of the L ife of AS of the
prophecy
that "those who
237
live in Asia will flee to the
Cyclades
of the
islands,
for Asia
will mourn for the islands and the islands for Asia"
(869 A).
T hus,
none of the versions of Pseudo-Methodius or the
Vision of Daniel summarized here can have been
Nicephorus'
only
source of information on these matters. H e must either
have read and used more than one of the
eschatologies
we
know or have used an unknown text which included all the
features we now collect from different sources. O f these
possibilities,
the latter is
purely
theoretical. It is
unlikely
that there ever existed a version that contained all the
features we now find scattered in
many
sources. As far as
we
know,
the
eschatological
tradition was unrestricted and
unsettled. As time went
by
some features were
abandoned,
others were
added,
old features returned in new combina-
tions,
and so forth. In the case of
Nicephorus,
his
polemics
against
different
T 1V&
who
say
certain
things
indicate that
he was familiar with several
apocalyptic
documents. It
seems to me that one of these was the Second Vision of
Daniel in a form not
yet fully developed
in the ninth
century.
But absolute
certainty,
if it can be arrived
at,
is
not to be
expected
until the
Middle-Byzantine eschatological
tradition has been examined in its
entirety.86
853 B-860 C T he
prophecy
of the end of
Constantinople begins
with the
(21-121) description
of the
reigns
of five successive Roman
emperors,
of whom the
first, fourth,
and fifth are
good
and the second
and third evil. Who are these
emperors?
It is
tempting
to
try
to link them with a succession of
Byzantine emperors
of the ninth or tenth
century.
T hus,
the first
emperor
has
been identified
by
A. A. Vasiliev87 with Michael III and
by
J. Wortley88
with Basil I. As the
description
of the
following
emperors
does not fit the successors of Michael and
Basil,
these identifications
imply
that the L ife of AS was
written,
say,
in the sixties of the ninth
century,
or that
Nicephorus,
writing
at a later
date,
included in his work an
apocalypse
written at that time. But as far as I can see there is no
reason to believe either that the first
emperor
was Michael III
or that he was Basil
I,
nor is there
any
other Middle-
Byzantine emperor
who
might easily
be
recognized
as the
86
A major work on the eschatological tradition in Byzantium before the crusades is being prepared
by
Professor Paul
J.
Alexander.
87
"T he E mperor Michael III in
Apocryphal L iterature," Byzantina et
Metabyzantina. A Journal
o/
Byzantine
and Modern Greek
Studies,
1
(1946),
237-48. T he section on the L ife of AS is
repeated
in
idem,
T he Russian Attack on
Constantinople
in
860, Publications of the Mediaeval
Academy
of America
(Cambridge, Mass.,
1946),
161 ff.
88
"T he
Warrior-E mperor of the Andrew Salos Apocalypse," AnalBoll, 88 (1970), 43-59.
model of
any
of the
eschatological kings
of the Vita. In
fact,
Nicephorus
does not seem to have had
any contemporary
emperor
in mind. O n the
contrary,
AS is
obviously
re-
counting,
in the future
tense,
the
history,
distorted
by
anachronisms and
legend,
of the first
years
of the
Byzantine
E mpire.
As I have tried to
explain
in
my paper
in
E ranos,
101
ff.,
the
first, second, third,
and fifth
emperors represent
the
Byzantine emperors
from Constantine the Great to
Jovian.
T he
fourth,
characterized as Alexander the
Great,
is
closely
connected with the three
young
men who succeed
the fifth
emperor,
in 860
C,
and bear the traits of the
diadochs. O ne would
expect
Alexander to be their imme-
diate
predecessor,
but as a
good emperor
he is not
sup-
posed
to
reign
after the fifth
emperor
has surrendered
the
imperial
crown to
God,
and so the author inserted him
before this
emperor.
H owever,
this identification does not
mean that
Nicephorus incorporated
in his work an
apoca-
lyptic
document written in the
year
364,
when
Jovian
died.
It
simply
means that he
arranged
the
eschatological
material
available in his time in the
pattern
of the earliest
history
of
the
Byzantine E mpire.
It means further that his
description
of the last
Byzantine emperors
is more theoretic than that
of most other
apocalyptic
texts. T his feature fits the
general
character of the Vita. T he L ife of AS is not
only
a saint's
L ife but also a kind of
pseudo-learned encyclopedia,89
answering questions
such as: Where do the clouds
get
their
rain?
Why
is the snow white? What is the soul made of?
Where are the souls of the saints now? It is
significant
that
MSS E CK should let
E piphanius begin
the conversation
by
asking questions
about natural
phenomena (see
853
A,
app.
crit.).
T he
eschatological question
of the end of the world
and the fate of
Constantinople
should not be isolated from
these other
questions.
O n the
contrary,
it should be inter-
preted
as
forming
a
part
of the
encyclopedia
which
occupies
a
large
portion
of the Vita. Within an
encyclopedic
frame-
work a
general,
timeless treatment of the
eschatological
question
is more
appropriate
than a
prophecy
which inter-
prets
its own time as the
very beginning
of the end.
853 B-856 C It is a characteristic feature in the
AS-eschatology
that it
(21-58) begins
with
peace
and
happiness
whereas the
eschatology
of
Pseudo-Methodius and the Second Vision of Daniel
begin
with
the
description
of a
desperate military
situation from which
89
I
owe this observation to Professor P.
J.
Alexander.
239
the
Byzantines eventually
are saved
through
the sudden
appearance
of a victorious
emperor
whom
everybody
had
thought
was dead. Pseudo-Methodius and the author of the
Second Vision of Daniel wrote under the
impression
of the
Arab
conquests.
T he mention of the war
against
the sons
of
H agar (856 A) probably
is a reminiscence of the victories
of the
savior-emperor
of Pseudo-Methodius and the Vision
of
Daniel,
but the situation in the Vita of AS is
quite
different.
H ere,
there is no mention of a
military
threat.
T he reason for the Roman
expedition
is
only
that the sons
of
H agar
are
supposed
to be
blasphemous.
T his accords
well with the
assumption
that the L ife of AS was written
in the tenth
century.
It was
obviously
written
by
a man
who felt secure within the borders of a
strong empire
and
whose main concern was not the
military
but the
religious
situation.
As
pointed
out
above,
Nicephorus' description
of the first
eschatological emperor
contains features which characterize
two different
emperors,
the first and the
third,
of the Second
Vision of Daniel. T he
emperor's
humble
origin
and his war
against
the Ishmaelites and
taming
of the fair-haired
peoples
derive from the first source. T he idea that he will
appear
as
a revived Constantine the Great
originates
from the second.
It is hard to know how
generally
it was understood that the
prototype
of this
emperor
was in fact Constantine the
Great,
but that
Nicephorus
himself was aware of it
appears
clear
from the fact that he describes his successors after the model
of Constantine's successors and from the
prophecy
that in
the twelfth
year
of his
reign
he will raise
up
churches and
restore
altars;
this
corresponds
to the later
image
of Con-
stantine,
according
to which he founded
Constantinople
-r,<~
iP'
-rE I
riis
Paoolias
a0-roQ,?
but is
lacking
in the Second
Vision of Daniel.
In his article "T he
Warrior-E mperor
of the Andrew Salos
Apocalypse,'"'9 Wortley
has traced a number of similarities
between this
emperor
and Basil I and concluded that the
former alludes to Basil.
Undoubtedly
there are
similarities
between the
two,
but in
my opinion they
are not
striking
enough
to make
Wortley's
conclusion
imperative. When, e.g.,
Wortley
concludes that the
prophecy
"in the last
days
the
L ord God will raise
up
an
emperor
from
poverty"
alludes to
90
See
my paper
in
E ranos, 107f. T o the evidence mentioned there add
H alkin, "Une nouvelle
Vie de Constantin"
(supra,
note
73),
84
(par.
8,
line
28).
91
See note 88. In
my opinion,
the
designation warrior-emperor
is rather
inappropriate,
as the
reign
of this
emperor
is characterized more
by peace
than
by
war.
Basil I because this
E mperor
was of humble
origin,
I would
prefer
to
explain
it as a variant of the
description
of the
first
emperor
of the Daniel Vision. T he
similarity
to Basil I
may
be due to coincidence. It is
perhaps
also
possible
that
the
poverty
of the future Basil I was stressed and ex-
aggerated
because of the
apocalyptic
tradition. It
is,
how-
ever,
interesting
to
compare Nicephorus' description
of the
first
with Constantine
Porphyro-
genitus' portrait
of his
grandfather
in the Vita
Basilii.
T his
portrait
has been
analyzed by
Professor Alexander92 from
the
point
of view of the
Byzantine Kaisergedanke.
In the
Byzantine Kaisergedanke
the notion of "newness"
played
an
important part
but,
as the
analysis
of
the Vita Basilii
shows,
"newness" did not mean innovation but
rejuvenation,
the restoration of a
splendid past.
Prof. Alexander demon-
strates that this conservative
concept
of the
imperial
mission
goes
back to Constantine the
Great,
in whose
opinion
the Christian
religion
was as old as the world itself
and who considered it his
duty
to restore man to the con-
dition he had
enjoyed
before the Fall. God had recalled man
the first time
through
his
Son,
now he recalled him
again
through Constantine,
the first Roman
emperor
to
accept
and
favor
Christianity.
Now,
AS does not
say
that the first
will restore men to the innocence of
the
period
before the
Fall,
but that his
reign
will be like
the
days
of Noah. Such a
statement,
based as it is on
Matt. 24: 37f. and L uke 17:
26f.,
would
normally
mean
that men will live in
prosperity
combined with wickedness
until sudden destruction comes
upon
them,
taking
them
completely by surprise. Pseudo-Methodius,
speaking
of the
reign
of the
savior-emperor, quotes
the same biblical
passage,
and in this
context,
even if there is no mention of
wickedness,
it is more
appropriate,
as the
days
of
happiness
are inter-
rupted suddenly by
the invasion of the foul nations. In the
L ife of AS the
comparison
with the
days
of Noah is rather
pointless, first,
because the
"beginning
of the birth
pangs"
will not come until the second
emperor
and later on there
will be two more
good emperors
and destruction will come
still
later; second,
because
Nicephorus
stresses the
righ-
teousness, moderation,
and
orthodoxy
of the
reign
of the
first
emperor.
T he
comparison,
as he hastens to
remark,
is in
this context
strictly
limited to the rest from tribulation. H is
description
of the first
seems to
me,
92
In
"T he
Strength
of
E mpire
and
Capital" (supra,
note
67),
348 ff.
with its
emphasis
on the restoration of Church and
E mpire,
on
righteousness,
moderation,
and
orthodoxy,
to be a
good
example
of the
Byzantine Kaisergedanke
as outlined
by
Prof. Alexander. T he
presence
of this
ideology
in the AS text
is,
I
think,
due
precisely
to the fact that Constantine the
Great has been chosen as the
prototype
of the first
emperor.
So far as I can
see,
there is insufficient reason to believe that
Nicephorus
learned it from the Vita
Basilii.
I still have no definite answer to the
question why E gypt
and
Illyricum
are
especially
mentioned in connection with
this
emperor.
T he
attempts
of Vasiliev and
Wortley
to link
them with incidents
during
the
reign
of Michael III or that
of Basil I are
unconvincing. My
own
explanations
in
E ranos,
110,
are tentative. It is worth
noting,
however,
that both
E gypt
and
Illyricum
are
among
the countries that will be
attacked
by
the
expanding
Ishmaelites,
according
to Pseudo-
Methodius,
ed.
Istrin,
15.
Consequently,
these names fit the
situation in the seventh
century,
but I do not think this
should be taken as evidence for an
early dating
of the
AS
apocalypse.
Instead,
Nicephorus may
have chosen them
more or less at random
among
several
possible
names in
order to
express
what seems to be the main idea of the
passage, namely,
that before the
"beginning
of the birth
pangs"
the Roman
E mpire
will once
again
be restored to
its former size and
splendor.
856 C-857 B T he second
emperor corresponds,
as
Bousset,
"Beitraige,"
(59-85)
274, shows,
to the second ruler of the Second Greek Vision
of Daniel and the second ruler of Bousset's M I A
(Istrin,
O tkrovenie
Mefodiia Patarshago,
40,
app.
crit.).
H owever,
the
parallel passages
are much shorter than the version of AS.
When M I A
says
he will be
6?xyoxp6vios,93
AS
explains
that
he will
reign
years,
which
designates
him
as a forerunner of Antichrist.94 Both the vision of Daniel
and M I A
speak
about the
incest,
but AS dwells on it at
greater length and adds that the emperor will join monks
and nuns in
marriage.
Bousset thinks that the
description
would fit Constantine V seen
through
the
eyes
of a
monk,
a view which I
accepted
in
1968,
but about which I am now
somewhat
skeptical
because it is hard to understand
why
93
T his
suggests
the
reading 6?tyoxp6vtos
for the
unintelligible
&pacyXiXoS,
Vita
AS,
856 C
(line 60).
94
Cf. Rev. 12:
14, Katpbv
KI
Kaitpo0i KaI fuA
v
KatpoO (after
Dan
7,25
and
12,7); Pseudo-H ippolytus,
ed.
Achelis,
299
(supra,
note
43) (chap. 25):
-roO
y&p
AavtjA
eiT r6vroS
"
oP8o0&8a
'fav
0fjo'oat "-rv
StaO fDK1V
gO U" T r
&
rT r
r 8
g'l)5ij
cAooE v,
T 6
i'jtov
T
rs
pS0od0so T O
K1lpIXat
ro*s
wpocpfrT aS
Kai,
T 6
jpitov
T
I3o&0568o~0
jyouvrd T & T pfca la taI ~PactAexast
6
&dT rfiXpto-ros
T ri
T ri"syiS.
242 L E NNART
RYDtN
the
image
of the iconoclast
emperor
L eo III should be
altogether good
if the
image
of the iconoclast
emperor
Con-
stantine V is
altogether
evil.
T hus,
I would now restrict
myself
to
identifying
him with
Constantius,
the son and
successor of Constantine the
Great,
for reasons
given
in
E ranos,
110.
T he
wordy
narrative of AS does not
give many
more facts
than the shorter versions of M I A and the Vision of Daniel.
T he
description
of the thunderstorms
may
be an elaboration
of Matt. 24:27
(cf. Pseudo-H ippolytus, chap.
36,
ed.
Achelis,
303f.).
T here
is, however,
one remarkable feature which AS
mentions but the other sources
omit,
namely
the statement
that after these
days
those will be blessed who live in
Rome,
Riza,
Armenopetra,
Strobilos,
and
Karioupolis.
Do these
names have
any
historical
implication?
Riza and Armeno-
petra give
no
clue,
as I have not been able to
identify
them.
A
Karioupolis
is mentioned in "L a Vie de S.
Philarete,"
ed. M.-H .
Fourmy
and M.
L eroy, Byzantion,
9
(1934),
165
line
28,
where the author
says
that he wrote the Vita
~rous
,sT ' (in
the
year 821/822)
E v
opa icov
v
flXowovviroaco,
v
Kaptouw6Xti.
T he editors assume that the exile was due
to his
being
an
iconophile.
But that does not seem to solve
our
problem.
If AS alludes to
places
not infested
by
Icono-
clasm one would like to see
Karioupolis
mentioned as a
place
where monks are said to
escape
Iconoclasm and not as
a
place
where
they
are exiled because of their
icon-worship.
A Strobilos was situated on the southeast coast of Asia
Minor.95
It was
besieged by
the Arabs in 913 and would
probably
have been taken had not the Saracen commander
Damianos fallen ill and
died.96
T hus,
does AS refer to
places
that will not fall into the hands of the Arabs ?
But,
even
assuming
this,
the choice of names is
strange
and, moreover,
the context does not seem to allude to
any particular enemy.
As to
Rome, Riza,
and
Armenopetra,
AS
may
be
playing
on the
meanings "strength," "root,"
and
"rock,"
indicating
that their inhabitants will be safe because they live in places
that are
strong
and firm.
Perhaps
even Strobilos and
Karioupolis
were chosen because the author attributed to
these names some sense which is hidden to us. At
any rate,
I doubt that he is
alluding
to
any specific contemporary
events.
95
A. A.
Vasiliev,
Byzance
et les
Arabes, II,1
(Brussels, 1968),
166 note
1;
W.
T omaschek,
Zur
historischen
T opographie
von Kleinasien im
Mittelalter, SBWien, Phil.-hist.
KI., 124,
8
(Vienna, 1891),
38f.
96
T heophanes Continuatus, ed.
Bekker, 388; Vasiliev, Byzance et les Arabes, II,1, 229.
857 C-860 B T he third
emperor
has no
counterpart
in the other Middle-
(86-107) Byzantine eschatologies.
H e seems to be
Nicephorus'
own
invention,
created to fit his
conception
of the last
reigns
of
the Roman
E mpire
as a return of the
emperors
Constantine
the
Great, Constantius,
Julian,
and
Jovian.
T he
prophecy
that he will
deny Jesus
Christ,
read the
writings
of the
"Greeks,"
and convert himself to
paganism clearly
connects
him with
Julian
the
Apostate.
Also,
the sentence
T '6v ritiov
Kai
lE oo-rroo6v O raUpbv
ovpKav
6vogaomt
seems to suit the
image
of
Julian perfectly.
H ow-
ever,
J. Wortley97
has found a
striking parallel
in
E uthymios
Zigabenos (twelfth century),
Contra
Messalianos, PG, 131,
col. 45 B:
T oT s
...
T 6v fT ipov cKat
L ooorot6v
oraup6v q)oAxiav T ro-
Kaxolm
...
&v&.eia.
H e believes that
Nicephorus
was
directly
inspired by
this
work,
which in his
opinion
is not authentic.
But,
authentic or
not,
the Contra Messalianos seems to
reflect the acts of a council held after
1092;98
so there is
little chance that
Nicephorus
could have used it. Still it
remains
possible
that he borrowed the statement in
question
from the Messalians. It can
hardly originate
from
Julian
himself,
as he is
unlikely
to have used an
expression
like
qoxpKac.
But if
Nicephorus
borrowed it from the
Messalians,
he
obviously changed
the
meaning
when he
applied
it to
Julian,
because the
contempt
of the Messalians for the
cross
was,
according
to Germanos
II,
patriarch 1222-1240,
based on the fact that it had killed Christ:
O 0
xpi,
qacrt
(i.e.,
the
Messalians),
T oyv
o-raup6v rpoouKvE T v Kati
o-rL E oO alt,
&AX'drr&lE tv
xal d
T roo-rp'gE crGat, 6s 'r6v Xptiorbv &wA6vra Kxal
8avaT C2CravT a (PG,
140,
col.
632B).
T his is of course not the
argument
of an
apostate.
Why Julian
should be called a
"grim-looking
ass" I
am not able to
explain. Usually Nicephorus
uses
~pAoaup6s
only
in the
expression
P3Xoovp4
rT
6yowat (656
B,
697
B,
760
D);
it occurs as a variant
reading
in 757 B: E x -rAv
69O 6aX-
iCv
acxeroi Kazn"v6v
E rxopau6iotvov
A;
similarly
P:
3PAooaup6v
DE .
T o the combination Xoovp6s 6vos
I
have no parallel. Until
an
explanation
is found it
might
be best to
regard 6vos
as
corrupt.
Another
peculiar
element in the section on
Julian
is the
prophecy
that he will make
Ka-raKo
rlV Xao0
-ri5 0a0eco
Kax-r
r&s 86ioofas o-rparas, i.e.,
if the text is
sound, that he will
97
"T he L ife of St. Andrew the
Fool,"
Studia
Patristica,
X.
Papers presented
to the Fifth Inter-
national Conference on Patristic Studies held in O xford 1967. Pt. I.
E ditiones, Critica,
Philologica,
Biblica, H istorica,
L iturgica
et
Ascetica,
ed. F. L . Cross
=
T U,
107
(1970),
318.
98 M.
Jugie
in
DT C, 5,
col. 1579f.
244 L E NNART
RYDE N
"cut down
people
of the Mese in the
public
streets." T his
is
not,
as far as I
know,
a
typical
element in the
image
of
Julian
the
Apostate;
nor,
on the other
hand,
does it
contradict it.
Probably
it is
just
another characteristic of
his evil nature.
Nicephorus may
have borrowed it from the
description
of some other evil ruler. T he form
esCO S,
for
which Du
Cange suggested
1woecos,
I take as a
Byzantine
genitive
of
pril;
cf. 760 C:
SE pxoPvVou acT roG
E Mi
aeCO s
(sic
DE :
T ri kacos
is
missing
in
P,
the whole
passage
is
missing
in
P);
768 D: E ... . o
O waaK
O
op rgil
mcos
T rpopPXeoaat
Kil
PAwrE IV
T c SvupfSas
-ro
Kxa-roT rE vlact
KcAAO s
PoXei-p6v Kxal &a6T ptov (the
details
vary,
but even
P
has
Mi rrMCoS);
further,
784 A and
804 B:
PaE sCO S
for
t&Xins;
and S. B.
Psaltes,
Grammatik der
byzantinischen
Chroniken
(G6ttingen,
1913),
174,
on other
metaplasmic
forms of
Kmbli, ~p&Xl,
etc. "H
ME o'r
proper
was
the main street from the
Augustaion
to the forum of Con-
stantine,
but
iW Mlo
may
also refer to the main street from
Constantine's forum to the Golden Gate and the church of
the
H oly
Apostles.99
Metonymically
it was also used of the
people
in the
street,
as
appears
from
Georgius Continuatus,
ed. I.
Bekker,
824:
T rpop3&7a-rat MtaiXX B&pSav -r6v
O e-ov acrov
Kaiaapa- 6 rri & appa-ros
T ropE vE ISg680K'SV
C
QT *ra-rE iav-
r
O .
T hus,
in the
present passage,
Xa6s
-ris
E osS perhaps
stands for
the
people
of the
street,
ordinary people
in contrast to the
tepa-rE ov,
the
clergy,
mentioned
immediately
before. But the
expression
is so
strange
that it
may
be
corrupt
and in need
of an emendation.
A
large portion
of the section on the third
emperor
is
missing
in the
important P-branch,
in which there is a
large
lacuna from the middle of 857 Cto the end of 860 A.
Unfortunately,
the difficult
passage
which I have rendered
by
"the islands and the
valleys
from T hrace and downward
will become desolate" falls within this lacuna. For
&KovT as
(KoO v-ras
P) acro0s,
which is
certainly wrong,
I
suggest
Ka-roKO :VrE s.
T he
expression
"those who live on the islands"
etc. for simply "the islands" etc. is strange but has a certain
support
in
Pseudo-Methodius,
ed.
Istrin,
39:
epipooeav
...
T oos KaXT O 1KO UVT cas rXla(iov
Pcbns.
It
may also have an O T
flavor;
cf. Ps.
72(73):
19
(subject:
the
wicked): y}vov-ro eis
Ap#icocn,.
In both cases the idiom
appears
to be of Semitic
origin.
T he whole
passage
seems to echo
Pseudo-Methodius,
ed.
Istrin, 29,6
f.:
KcXIi
Vi
ot -rib
0aX&(x(x5
~
pSi
p
O (V
E goO V-at
KaL
ol
KaXT O 1KO UVT E s
eV
aO T O rais aWO XO rVT cL ItaXaPa
Kcd
aIXpaiooo-ia.
9*
R.
Janin, Constantinople Byzantine,
2nd ed.
(Paris, 1964),
390.
245
As far as the islands are
concerned,
the allusion
appears
to
be to the raids of the Arabs in the
Aegean
Sea. As these did
not
begin
until the seventh
century,
the
passage
is anachro-
nistic in relation to the
reign
of
Julian.
T hrace was sacked
throughout
the centuries
by
different invaders. It is hard
to know whether
Nicephorus
had
any particular
invasion
in mind.
860 B T he fourth
emperor
will come from
E thiopia,
"from the first
(108-13)
horn,"
he will be a
good
ruler and his
reign
will last twelve
years,
all features that characterize him as an Alexander
redivivus,
for reasons which I have
given
in
E ranos,
111. As
such he is an intruder in the series
Constantine, Constantius,
Julian,
and
Jovian,
but forebodes the
arising
of the
diadochs,
i.e.,
the three evil
young
men in 860 Cff. See
above,
note 78.
860 C T he fifth
emperor
will
reign
for one
year
and be a
good
ruler.
(114-21)
T his fits
Jovian,
who
reigned
for
only eight
months but
was
highly regarded by
the Christians because of his restora-
tion of
Christianity
after the anti-Christian rule of
Julian.
It is remarkable that AS
says
that he will come from
Arabia. In
E ranos, 112f.,
I
suggested
that it
might
have
something
to do with the
Syriac Julian romance,
according
to which
Jovian,
before he became
emperor,
was in command
of
170,000
Arabian soldiers in
Julian's army.
As there seems
to have been no Greek translation of the
Syriac Julian
romance,
this
explanation presupposes
that
Nicephorus
knew
Syriac.
Professor I. Shahid
points
out to me that
Pliny,
Nat.
H ist., V, 20,85,
refers to the western
part
of northern
Mesopotamia
as
Arabia,
while the eastern
part
of the same
region
was called in
Syriac
Beth-Arabaye,
i.e.,
the abode
of the
Arabs,
or Arabia. As
Julian
died and
Jovian
was
proclaimed emperor
somewhere on the eastern side of
T igris
north of
Ctesiphon (Ammianus Marcellinus,
bk.
XXV),
Nicephorus may
be
referring
to the fact that
Jovian
became
emperor
in or near an area called Arabia.
According
to the
Julian
romance
Jovian
was crowned
emperor
in a miraculous
way:
the
imperial
crown was
put
on the cross and
Jovian
knelt before
it,
whereupon
the
crown descended
by
itself and
placed
itself on
Jovian's
head.'?
If
Nicephorus
knew this
legend,
it must have seemed
natural to him to
apply
to
Jovian
the
prophecy
that the
10O
T h.
N61deke, "tber
den
syrischen
Roman von Kaiser
Julian," ZDMG, 28 (1874), 278; H . Gol-
lancz,
Julian
the
Apostate
now translated for the
first
time
from
the
Syriac original (O xford-L ondon,
1928),
212ff.
246 L E NNART
RYDE N
last Roman
emperor
will
go
to
Jerusalem, put
the crown
on the
cross,
and surrender his
power
to God.'0' In the
seventh-century Apocalypse
of
Pseudo-Methodius,
where
the
legend
of the L ast Roman
E mperor
is first
attested,
the cross seems to be in
Jerusalem, waiting
for the crown
of the Roman
E mpire. Nicephorus, writing
in the tenth
century,
is aware that the relics of the true cross have been
spread
all over the world and therefore
says
that the
scattered
pieces
will be collected and
put together again
and
that the restored cross will be
given
to the
emperor,
who
will
bring
it back to
Jerusalem.
Arriving
in
Jerusalem
the
emperor
will
go
to a
place
where the feet of Christ
stood, i.e.,
I
presume,
to
Golgotha.
T hen the MSS
vary
as to the details of the
ceremony.
According
to D and Phe will dedicate the diadem
by putting
it on the cross and
together
with these surrender his soul
to God.
Apart
from the surrender of the
cross,
this is in
accordance with the traditional
story,
but seems to
put
a
certain force on the sense of the verb
wT rapaT i0lrp. According
to
p and E he will dedicate the cross and the diadem and
together
with these surrender his soul to God. In this case
cross and crown are
equivalent,
which is
contrary
to the
usual form of the
legend
but suits the fact that the
emperor
will
bring
both cross and crown with him. As to
wT rapaiO rl~en,
it is here used in a
way
which has a
parallel
in the
inscription
on the column of Constantine the Great in
Constantinople
as
quoted by Nicephorus
Callistus
Xanthopulus, PG, 145,
col. 1325D:
Xot,
Xpioiro
6
E 6S, wrapaniO rl
pi 'v
16Axiv
T ra-aT v.
T hus,
weighing
the
pros
and
cons,
I am inclined to choose
this version instead of that of D and P.
860 Cff.
Although
the diadem has been dedicated in
Jerusalem
and
(122ff.)
thus the Roman
E mpire proper
has come to an
end,
the
succession of rulers will continue for a while. T here
is,
however,
a
change
at this
point.
From now on there will be
no more
pious
ruler and no more ruler who can be identified
with
any Byzantine emperor.
What follows is a
description
of the
gradual
loss of
power
and the
disintegration
of the
E mpire.
860 C-864 A T he first
reign
of this
period
is that of the three
young
men
(122-61)
who will
reign
in
peace
for
only
150
days
and then start a
101 O n the biblical and
theological background
of this
prophecy,
see
Alexander,
"Byzantium
and
the
Migration
of
L iterary
Works and Motifs"
(supra,
note
70),
55ff.
civil war and kill each other in a
bloody
battle.
T hey
are,
as
pointed
out
above,
closely
connected with the Alex-
ander of the fourth
reign
and thus
represent
the
diadochs,
who have a bad
reputation
in the
apocalyptic
tradition. O ne
would
expect
them to be four as in the Daniel Vision
summarized
above,
but in fact the first
young
man,
who
will
go
to both T hessalonica and
Rome,
represents
two
different
diadochs,
namely,
the one
reigning
in T hes-
salonica and the one
reigning
in Rome. In 1968 I assumed
that the reason
they
are
only
three was that
Nicephorus
associated them with the
triumviri,
who
appear
in the
Sibylline
oracles, III, 52,
and
there,
as in the L ife of
AS,
are followed
by
a woman. It must be
added, however,
that
there is also a certain
similarity
to the three
angels
mentioned
in the
beginning
of the same late Daniel
Vision,
especially
between the third
young
man,
who will enroll
Phrygia,
Karia, Galatia, Asia, Armenia,
and
Arabia,
and the third
angel
who will be sent to
Asia,
Phrygia,
Galatia,
Cap-
padocia, Syria,
and the Mother of cities. As I have said
before,
these in turn
correspond
to
O 0*Xis,
'Aiaqap,
and
Mopq6oap,
the three sons of
H agar
mentioned at the be-
ginning
of the Methodius text
printed by
Istrin,
O tkrovenie
Mefodiia Patarskago,
145-50. I am not certain as to the
exact interrelation of these two
versions,
but it seems clear
that
Nicephorus
in this
passage
has conflated two different
traditions,
one
originating
from the
history
of Alexander the
Great and the diadochs and the other from the
apocalypses
inspired by
the Arab
conquests.
T hus,
the
similarity
with
the triumviri
probably
is
only superficial
or,
at the
most,
indirect.
T he first sentence of the section on the second
young
man
is difficult. If the text is
sound,
E a-rpaT rE u'E i
must be tran-
sitive and mean "make to march
out,"
but for this sense
there is
only
a distant
parallel
in the Ars rhetorica attributed
to
Dionysius
of
H alicarnassus, 9,5:
6
yap 'Ayacipyvcov &rr6pcos
E xE l
ko-paruai
T rO 1
s "E T Vncas.
It is
quite possible
that it has
its usual intransitive
meaning
and that
something
has
dropped out, perhaps something
like
ac
o-T paT oT oSE .Iot
after
o'paQrestcE
propter homoeoteleuton,
or that an
E is
should be
supplied
after
aCr6s. Further,
the
expression T as KuiaXl6cs T CoV
vi.cov
is
peculiar,
but
Nicephorus
uses it
again
in 869 A and
B. In the latter
passage
he
explains
it as an allusion to
Isaiah
meaning
"the churches in the land of the
gentiles."
But it is not certain that the
"Cyclades
of the islands" is
always
used
figuratively.
248 L E NNART
RYDE N
From
Mesopotamia
and the
"Cyclades
of the islands" the
second
young
man will
go
to "the navel of the
earth," i.e.,
Jerusalem,
which,
on the basis of Ps.
73(74):12,
was
sup-
posed
to be situated in the center of the world.102 T his
seems to be
Nicephorus'
own
view,
as he adds that
T vs
say
that he will
go
to Alexandria. T hese T nvs are
probably
identical with those in the revised Second Vision of
Daniel,
already
referred to several
times,
according
to which one of
the diadochs will
reign
in Alexandria and the others in
and
Constantinople respectively.
O ne
may
wonder what caused
Nicephorus
to
exchange
Alex-
andria for
Jerusalem
and also
why
he
gave Mesopotamia
such an
important
role. I have no definite answer to these
questions,
but some tentative answers
may
be
suggested.
O ne reason
may
have been that both were closer to the
existing Byzantine E mpire
than was
Alexandria,103
another
that the
only city
mentioned in connection with the three
angels
in the
beginning
of the late Daniel Vision is a0-r1f
'irmp
-rv
T r6emov,
which
presumably
means
Jerusalem,
and
thus
may
have influenced
Nicephorus' choice;
in the version
published by
Istrin,
O tkrovenie
Mefodiia Patarskogo,
135ff.,
Mesopotamia appears
in the same context. A third reason
may
have been that he wanted a
city
with a
meaningful
name like
or
Sylaion
and that in this
respect
"the navel of the earth" served his
purpose
better
than the colorless name of Alexandria. O f these
possibilities,
I
regard
the first as the least and the second as the most
likely.
A
puzzling passage
in the section on the third
young
man
is that on
Sylaion.
T o
begin
with there are two cases of
textual
uncertainty.
First,
before
XRiacov
most MSS have
T 6 8
Usy6pE vov.
If this is the
original reading,
a
piece
of direct
speech
must have
dropped
out,
as
Janning says (in
his
note no.
33),
before the
following T a0T a E tplims.
H owever,
it
seems more
likely
that the sentence
beginning
with
XIAamov
constitutes direct
speech;
so I
prefer
the variant of E
r6&8
Mycv,
which also
corresponds
well to the
bycov acxir
in
the
beginning
of 861 A.
Secondly,
the MSS
vary
between
ovang0jo'E T ra (1 D)
and
ov07o~Ao-eT a
(E P).
In the latter
case the
9 may
have been omitted
unintentionally,
but it
may
also stand for
ov7n10ro'aT ,
which in itself would make
102
Sackur, Sibyllinische T exte und Forschungen (supra, note 78), 77 note 3; A.
Frolow, L a relique
de la vraie
croix, AO C,
7
(Paris, 1961),
57 note 2. T here seems to be little
support
for the view of the
MSS Cand K that Alexandria was the navel of the world.
103
In the
reign
of L eo VI a theme was
organized
under the name of
Mesopotamia;
see N. O ikono-
mides,
L es listes de
prdsdance Byzantines
des IXe et Xe
sicles (Paris, 1972),
349. But it does not seem
likely
that
Nicephorus
is
alluding
here to this small border theme.
249
reasonable sense. T he author is
playing
on the name of
Sylaiont04
as he has
just
been
playing
on the names of
Rome and
T hessalonica,
and both verbs can
apparently
serve this
purpose.
I
have, however,
chosen
ov
8ao"E -rat.
T he
meaning
of this verb is
slightly ambiguous,
and so the
addition of o
O 8t
rapaXya0
rat
seems
natural,'05
whereas the
combination
ovN0imotrat
-
wapaX1jy E o-rat
forms a
hysteron
proteron.106
As to
xAY0&n
E T at,
the
reading
seems
safe,
but the
sense has not been understood
correctly. Janning
renders
it
postulabitur
ad deditionem and the MSS CK
change
it to
mytiKXqaat, "(Sylaion)
is
your
name." Neither of these
interpretations
is
convincing.
What is said here
points
forward to 868
C,
where
Constantinople
has
disappeared
into
the
depths
of the sea and the
power
of the Roman
E mpire
is
transferred to
and
Sylaion.
T he third
young
man is
saying
that
Sylaion
will be
spared
because
after the fall of
Constantinople
it will be called to take over
the
power together
with Rome and T hessalonica.
T here is no
description
of the
battle between the diadochs
in the Daniel Vision edited
by
Vassiliev, Klostermann,
and
Istrin.
Nicephorus'
model seems to have been the
apoca-
lyptic
battle in which the Arabs will be defeated
by
the
savior-king; maybe
this is the reason
why
the armies are
supposed
to be drawn
up
in
places
outside the
E mpire.
We
are
not told where it will take
place,
but the
parallels
indicate
that it will be
fought
at
Constantinople.
864 A-865 A T he wicked woman
appears already
in the O racula
Sibyllina,
(162-206)
III, 75ff.,
and
VIII, 194ff.,
where the historical
prototype
clearly
is
Cleopatra.'07
She also
appears
in the Armenian
Vision of
Daniel,
where
according
to the translator she
represents Verina,
the wife of the late L eo
I.108
But the
closest
parallel
to
Nicephorus'
version of the
story
is,
as is
so often the case in this section of the
Vita,
a
passage
in
the revised version of the Second Vision of Daniel:
K i9v T -o"
Is
E lvac &v~pa Xpa p1i
ov
poaatXsitSI yuvi plap&
Av
"ri 'E r-rma69p
104
In the case of Sylaion the pun is of the ex contrariis type; cf. E . R. Curtius, E uropdische L iteratur
und lateinisches Mittelalter
(Bern, 1948),
487.
105
For
wrapaAapP&vco,
"capture
a
place," cf., e.g., Martyrium Arethae, ed.
J. F.
Boissonade,
Anecdota
Graeca,
V
(Paris, 1833), 57,
wrapeA?lenr T ayqdp
f1 ctAiouva w6Als.
106
T he MSS BDE Pall
spell XZAatov with one A, but if oAu
q~WAifrat
is
authentic, it should perhaps
be
changed
to
XAxaiov.
107
H . Jeanmaire, "L e rbgne de la Femme des derniers jours et le rajeunissement du monde. Quelques
remarques
sur le texte de 'O racula
Sibyllina'
VIII
190-212," AIPH O S, 4,1 (1936) (Ml61anges
Franz
Cumont),
297-304. A.
Kurfess,
Sibyllinische Weissagungen,
Urtext und
Ubersetzung (Munich, 1951),
288. I.
Becher,
Das Bild der
Kleopatra
in der
griechischen
und lateinischen L iteratur
(Berlin, 1966),
111.
108sMacler, "L es
Apocalypses apocryphes de Daniel" (supra, note 85), 300.
250 L E NNART
RYDE N
Kti
plt&vij T & &ya T oiO 0E oO
ouaucraoT lpta Kai
oT raO eicra bv
lacp-
T r5
'E rraa6c0ov
Poilot qacovI
ptyd&Aq,
XMyoucra- T is
E 65
T rrlv
lO 0
xial- ri'
8ivacrait
a
vroa'rivat 'yvF
'Vty aPactMfav;
(quoted
from the edition
of
Klostermann, 119,89ff.,
corresponding
to
Vassiliev,
46,16ff.,
and
Istrin,
138,4ff.).
Neither the Vision of Daniel
nor the
AS-apocalypse
seem to allude to
any Byzantine
empress.
As P. Maas has
remarked,'o9
there is
nothing
to
support Murray's
tentative identification of the woman with
the
empress
Irene.10
According
to Macler
(supra,
note
85),
loc. cit. note
1,
the woman alludes to
Jezebel.
T his
might
be true in some
respects;
cf. the words O e&v
~t-rv
KpaT ocrt11~
in our text 864 B with Rev. 2:20: ri'v
yuvaT ac
'IeL a &E , i
Xyouvaa uvr?v rpogfriv.
H owever,
her
harlotry
reminds the
reader more of
"Babylon,
mother of harlots"11"2 in Rev. 17
and
her
lT reprqavia
of the
king
of
Babylon
who
says
that he
wants to ascend to heaven and make himself like the Most
H igh (Isaiah 14:13f.).
T he belief that in the end Con-
stantinople
will sink into the
depths
of the sea is
closely
related to the final fate of
Babylon
as described in Rev.
18: 21: K
pal
V
pE VE ts yyE AO S ioXvpbs Xieov b6s C0iuvov
Vyav,
Kil
'paaE v
E iS
-rv
06XAa'av ?Mycov"
orrcos 6ppiarT r
PXo-'al
8
BapB3ucv
Sy1P&Xs
n
T r6Xsm,
KaO o
pi
"
E pE eSfO t;
cf.
Jer. 28(51):42
and 63f.
Nicephorus
does not mention the name of
Babylon
here,
but in the
in the third version of
Pseudo-Methodius,
ed.
Istrin, 63,29ff.,
Constantinople
is
expressly
called the
"Babylon
of Seven H ills":
t6vtros
5
T O
Paatcoso
"
BacxPvo Sri 'rfuaX6yova ii t 'rrolV5
v
T orrc6 &rra-
XO E 1
T notror-io
rat
l T r6?u
S
?syopfvn
BaP3u?.cv8y
7vrp6rrov
6ppil~parn
MO ou;
Cf. further the Armenian Vision of
Daniel,
trans.
Macler,
300,
"Malheur a toi ...
Babylone
aux
sept
collines,
quand
la
veuve
regnera,"
and the
original
Second Vision of
Daniel,
ed.
Vassiliev, 41,8f.,
where the
king
from the West who
will
reign
for
thirty-two years (i.e.,
Constantine the
Great)
enters the
yr&Xoyos BaPuX~cbv
and
prophesies:
o00i
aot,
tirt-
NoqT E , 6"T
Kal
o 'rr6
'
&'Krcov KT aroriE al.
L ater
Nicephorus
himself,
who in the
beginning of his eschatology calls Con-
stantinople
the New
Jerusalem, gives
it the name
Babylon,
namely
868
B,
where the seafarers bewail
riAv Bapu7&va cax-
my, i.e.,
the sunken
city
of
Constantinople.
I find it reason-
able to assume that
Nicephorus
here
applies
the biblical
o109 BZ,
21
(1912),
318
(rev.
of S.
Murray,
A
Study of the
L ife of Andreas).
11no
In
L ife of
Andreas
(supra,
note
3), 31.
x
As to the sense of
Kpcrr0o, cf.
Vita Nili
iun., PG, 120,
col. 57
B, patv6Wv6v
S
Kpcrro0v-res,
and
Demetrakos,
Mega L exikon,
s.v.
Kpa-rr,
18.
112
For "mother of harlots"= "the
biggest harlot,"
see
T heologisches Wdrterbuch zum Neuen T esta-
ment,
ed. G.
Kittel,
I
(Stuttgart, 1949),
512 note 3.
251
method of
comparing
certain cities with harlots113 and that
the wicked woman is
nothing
else than a
personification
of
Constantinople
itself. T hat
Nicephorus says
that she will
come from Pontus is
puzzling,
but he is
perhaps playing
on
the literal
meaning
of the name and
connecting
it with the
verb
worfL E tv
or
alluding
to the
"City by
the Sea" or some-
thing
similar. If he meant that she will come from the real
Pontus,
the woman must
represent something
more than a
personification
of
Constantinople;
in that case I have no
explanation
to
suggest.
It
may
be noted that the
X6yos
ME eoSfou printed by
Istrin, 145ff.,
simply says
that she is
an
?a6puXoos
(147,36).
Still harder to
explain
is
why
she is called p6vatov.
Janning
printed
it as a
name,
but no woman with that name is
known.
Moreover,
as the
preceding
rulers are
anonymous,
she is not
likely
to have a name. If it is an
adjective,
it is
equally unparalleled.
Both
meaning
and
etymology
are
obscure. Most
probably
it is a false
reading demanding
emendation.
For the words
KxaT
fr" v
Y K1al KXaT & olxfav (864 A),
cf. Pseudo-
H ippolytus,
ed.
Achelis,
303: v
wXaT efa Kal bv T O tS O T KO lt
O v1nlxpaT a,
v
T hacT E fatSl
Kal bv
oiots
iE mlva Kal SiFJa,
4v
T rXaT E fatS
6O puPolt, E v O iKotS KO WE T O f.
For relatives
killing
each other
(864 A)
as a
traditional
element in the Antichrist
story,
see W.
Bousset,
Der Anti-
christ in der
Uberlieferung
des
Judentums,
des neuen T esta-
ments und der alten Kirche
(G6ttingen, 1895),
76f.
As to the
Ktaepat
ialx
6O PXf Ksmal T rpay)cxlat
caraavT Kaf
(864 B),
cf. Rev. 18:22: ixai
qcov Kt0ap8p
v
Kxal atoutovY.v
Kai
aJX1T C'V
cxal
aXXT orv
oir '
CKolKuoJ
~v
col
(i.e., Babylon) 8T 1.
At the
same
time the
passage
reflects the constant
fight
of the
apostolic
fathers
against
secular
song
and
dance, cf.,
e.g.,
E phraem Syrus,
ed. G.
Assemani, III,
col. 381 E
(under
the
heading:
T 6
T rrcas T rlto-rp9qE t T S
ls
T -a 6-riaco Ka
lO T t
0
Xpoi T rafQL av
Xptortav6v)
6 6
icPoXos
KaAi th1 Kteapcovy Kal
Xop'v
Kal mlrdT cov
8atjovKcv,
and the
L eges H omeritarum, PG, 86,1,
col.
600 B f.
O Klteapcq)o,
oKa
ol
7L upto-raT ,
Kai ol T payC6Soi, Kca ol
KpO T O VT E S
X)p(E l, xal ol 6pxoo(avot 0wroIL vT coocav (the
verb
meaning
"should be
punished," according
to the
editor);
see further
Ph.
Kukules,"4 V, 206ff.,
and H .
Reich,"5
109ff. In the
opinion
of
Reich,
the wicked woman is a
predecessor
of
Antichrist in the
guise
of a
Byzantine
mime
(p.
824
note).
13
Ibid.,
513.
114
BuL av-rtvtAv
Bios K
roI
O T T o7rrit6S,
1-VI
(Athens, 1948-57).
11
Der Mimus
(Berlin, 1903).
252 L E NNART
RYDE N
Regarding
KvF.T ...
O ub6v
(864 D),
cf. the
6yos ME O eoSfou,
ed.
Istrin, 148,7f.:
yXfE t O ptoS
T
rv
6pyi'v ao-ro0.
See also
supra,
note 39.
T he use of the word
xovs
in the sentence
*'T rO T 4,
T 6V
Xo'v
T 6V T rO KxarT CO
T wi
T 6X-oms (864 D)
is
strange.
I
guess
the author
has borrowed the
expression
from Mark 6:
11,
E KT tVna'T E T -V
XoV- T 6v rIoxKaT r T caV wT O Sav
i wv, without
taking
note of the
different situation.
T he
image
of a millstone for
Constantinople (865 A)
evidently
derives from Rev.
18:21,
quoted
above. T he
participle
yupoP3oXooiE vo5
I have rendered
"whirling."
T he
verb seems to have been a
wrestling
term;
cf. the demotic
verb
yupoPoXtd&L o
which,
according
to
Demetrakos,
is used
of
wrestling;
he
paraphrases
it
wE ptoT rpE pov T tVy
T 6V
'rT v&
n
co
wl T O oI
t
SaPous.
In the
story
of Andreas
wrestling
with the
E thiopian giant (636 C)
it
appears
as a variant in DE .
865 B-868 A I do not know who the
T -V&s
were
who,
on the basis of Isaiah
(207-42)
11: 12 and 16 and Rom. 11:
25f.,
say
that after the
reign
of
the
gentiles
God will let the divine tribes"6 of Israel
reign
until the end of the seventh millennium."'
T hey
are not
likely
to have been
Jews,
for in that case
they
would
probably
have been
quoted
as
such,
and it is also less
likely
that a
Jew
would have
quoted
St. Paul in
support
of his
opinion.
It is true that Isaiah 11: 12-16 is referred to
by
a
Jew
in the
part
of Vita
Gregentii
known as
Disputatio
cum
H erbano
Judaeo, PG, 86,1,
col. 692
Aff.,
but there the
seventh millennium is not
mentioned,
nor is St. Paul referred
to. H erban also
quotes
Isaiah much more
exactly
than AS
does."s
Nor have I found
anything
similar to the view of
the
T -wVS
in the ancient commentaries on the biblical
passages
in
question
or in the treatises contra
Judaeos
known to me.
T he traditional Christian
interpretation
of the
anPE ov
of
Isaiah 11: 12 is that it refers to the cross."9 Rom. 11: 25 was
no
1
E 6O (T r-rpa
is a
hapax.
I understand
oxirr-jpov as
qvAl
and eeo- as
'belonging
to
God,' perhaps
referring
to Ps.
81(82),6: 'E yd& iwdx
O
E of iT or, K.al
viol
'Ypfo-rov
W
T vT E S.
117n
If we are to believe that the conversation between AS and
E piphanius
took
place during
the
reign
of L eo I
(457-74),
this means that the
Jews
will
reign
for about 1000
years,
as the seventh
millennium was
supposed
to
begin
around the
year
500
(see,
for
instance,
P.
J. Alexander,
T he O racle
of
Baalbek. T he T iburtine
Sibyl
in Greek
Dress, DO S,
X
[Washington, D.C., 1967], 119f.).
But the
T wis
referred to
probably belonged
to
Nicephorus'
own
time;
and so it is not certain that
they
were
chiliasts.
118
For the
participle d&rroovovs
in Rahlfs'
Septuagint
text, the MSS of the L ife of AS have
&rrdoAAXvvouvS
and
&dcoapvouS.
It is
interesting
to note
that,
according
to
PG,
all three variants
appear
in the MSS of the
Disputatio.
O n the
Jewish hope
of a return to the
H oly L and, see,
for
instance,
W.
Bousset,
Die
Religion
des
Judentums
im
spdthellenistischen Zeitalter,
3rd
ed.,
ed. H . Gressmann
(T iibingen, 1926),
236ff.
n119 See,
e.g.,
Basilius of
Caesarea, PG, 30,
col. 557
Aff.;
Cyrillus
of
Alexandria, PG, 70,
col. 329 Dff.
and
T heodoretus of
Cyrene, PG, 81,
col. 317 D.
253
interpreted
as a reference to the conversion of the
gentiles.120
No
commentary
I have seen relates the two
passages
to each
other. Both Isaiah and St. Paul are
quoted very freely by
the
T nvVS.
T he words of Isaiah ds
r& avevn
("he
will raise an
ensign
for the
nations") they replace by
Av
T ri" ov4rXrjpco'oE i
T -v
evCv,
which seems to mean "when the number of the
gentiles
has been
completed."
In Rom. 11: 25
they
substitute
iia for
dtoN1t
to make
possible
the
interpretation
"when
the full number of the
gentiles
has
come,"
which
is,
I take
it,
equivalent
to "after the
reign
of the
gentiles," i.e.,
in
this
case,
after the
reign
of the three
young
men and the
wicked woman. All that can be said on the basis of
my
material is that their
speculation
makes an unorthodox
impression.
T heir tolerance
toward the
Jews may
be com-
pared
to that demonstrated
by Gregory,
the
pupil
of Basil
the
Younger
and author of the Vita of this saint.
Gregory
says
he had started to think that the
Jews
were not so bad
after
all,
but Basil soon convinced him in a
spectacular way
that he was
wrong.121
Nicephorus
himself does not think that Rom. 11:25f.
implies
more than that the
Jews
will be allowed to return
from exile before the end. T he
only
reason for this
is,
according
to
him,
that
they
thus will be
deprived
of their
pretext
for
envy.'22
T hen Antichrist will
appear immediately.
According
to 821
B,
the
Jews
have been
waiting
for him all
the time. In the
present
context
Nicephorus says
that
they
will be the first to be deceived
by
Antichrist. T he
H ippolytus
6
fapprvu referred to in
support
of this
opinion
seems to be
the so-called
Pseudo-H ippolytus,
who
probably
in the ninth
century compiled
a
treatise on the end of the world on the
basis of
H ippolytus'
De Antichristo and certain homilies
by
E phraem
the
Syrian.'23
But the related belief that Anti-
christ will establish the
kingdom
of the
Jews appears already
in the
writings
of
H ippolytus himself;
see A.-M.
Denis,
Introduction aux
pseudipigraphes grecs
d'Ancien T estament
(L eiden, 1970), 298. Denis thinks that H ippolytus is referring
to a well-known
legend
of
Christian,
or at least not
Jewish,
origin.
T he
T 1vis,
who think that God himself will establish
the
kingdom
of the
Jews,
do not take this tradition into
120
See, e.g., John of
Damascus, PG, 95, col. 533 Df.
121
Vita Basilii iun., ed. Veselovskij, Sbornik' otdblenija russkago jazyka, L III, No. 6 (1891),
Supplement,
3ff.
(cod. Mosquensis synod. 249,
fol.
147vff.).
122
For 96vov (end of 865 C) I read
906vov
with E , which gives a better sense. T he envy of the Jews
is also mentioned in Vita Basilii
iun.,
ed.
Veselovskij,
loc.
cit., 131,29; 132,1; 139,27 (cod. Mosquensis
synod. 249,
fol.
299vff.).
123
H . Achelis, H ippolytstudien, T U, N.S., 1,4 (L eipzig, 1897), 79.
consideration but concentrate on the
interpretation
of Isaiah
11:12 and Rom. 11:25f.
T he
quotation
from
John
8:21
(24),
xa'i v
7J
ap?ap-f: 0riO v
dT roeavaeo
(865 C),
I have excluded from the text as
having
little value as evidence in this context and because it is
lacking
in MSS
P
and P. It
may
be
noted, however,
that
the combination of
John
5:43 and 8:21
(24) appears
also
in Vita Basilii
iun.,
ed.
Veselovskij (1891),
8
(cod.
Mos-
quensis synod.
249,
fol.
153v).
I am not certain as to the
meaning
of
tw'r'&rcoias
(865 C),
which
may
be
corrupt.
I have
tentatively
rendered it
"false."
868 B As in the case of the
T Vis
in 865
B,
I cannot
identify
(251-54)
the
T -is
who
say
that the Great Church of God
(i.e.,
St.
Sophia)
will be
suspended
in the air when the rest of
Constantinople
is flooded
by
the sea.
Nicephorus may
be
referring
to some rather obscure oral
tradition,
or even in-
venting
the
tvws
just
to make his narrative more
lively
and
interesting.
T he
prophecy
that
only
the column in the forum will be
left when
Constantinople disappears
contradicts the Daniel
Vision edited
by
Vassiliev, 43-47, Klostermann, 115-20,
and
Istrin, 135-39,
according
to which it is the
Xerolophos,
as the seventh hill of
Constantinople
was
called,
that will
remain above water. T he basis for this
particular
view is
perhaps
that the name of the seventh hill contains the
adjective ?np6s,
"dry."
H owever,
it
agrees
with the
prophecy
of the
;6yos
ME oo8iou
edited
by Istrin, 148,8ff.:
Kxal T
raO ya
T a
T )X(T KaT awowt
at xai
O 0 0plaT 1
rwi
T lVE t av
o'of,
E l ifti aorAos T o0
ME y&Aou Kcovorravvrivou, I'va
E iO p'rvlv0tyO 1T v
o 01rrAE ovT E ST T r)v
O &?acr'av.
T hus,
we find here another instance of the
affinity
between
this document and the
AS-eschatology.
For the belief that the nails which had fastened the
body
of Christ to the cross had been inserted in the statue of
Apollo-H elios
in the
guise
of Constantine the Great on the
column in the
forum,
more
specifically,
in the
rays
which
crowned its
head,
see this
L ife,
837
C; further,
the L ife of
Constantine
published by
H alkin
(supra,
note
73),
94,
33ff.
and Frolow
(supra,
note
66),
77. Frolow
refers,
besides to
the L ife of
AS,
to the
Scriptores originum Constantinopo-
litanarum,
ed. T .
Preger,
II
(L eipzig, 1907), 174;
to
Zonaras,
XIII, 3,
ed.
Bonn., III,
18
(PG, 134,
col.
1112A),
and to
Synaxarium CP,
ed.
Delehaye,
col. 673. H e observes that
this detail was not added until the Middle
Ages,
when there
255
seems to have been a
tendency
to render the statue in the
forum more venerable.
For
Constantinople
as a new
Babylon,
see 864 A4-865 A.
868 C T he variant
reading
of
DE ,
xal
d&rr6
T r6vou
"T AV
W1p8pv
fwvov,
(255-58)
is
perhaps
intended to be a
counterpart
to Matt.
24:29,
rar&
T ri
v
X vtv
T A
pp)v f~E pGE
ivCov
(cf.
the variant xai
&rr6
"rfis
xtdecos
"rav
fi epGv imwov
of
CK),
and could thus
possibly
be
understood as "after the distress of those
days."
I
have,
however,
chosen the
simpler
version of
P
which seems safer
and has a
parallel
in 857 B.
T he transfer of the
political power
to other cities after the
flooding
of
Constantinople
is mentioned also in the
M6yos
Me0oSiou
edited
by
Istrin, 145ff.,
and in the Daniel Vision
eds.
Vassiliev, 43ff., Klostermann, 115ff.,
and
Istrin,
135ff.
According
to the former
apocalypse,
the
Pacrxoia (cf.
the
PcoofAetov
of
AS)
will be
given
to
Rome;
according
to the
latter it will be
given
to T hessalonica. Both of these cities
are
among
those held
by
the diadochs at an earlier
stage
in
the
eschatological
drama. T he L ife of
AS, however,
seems to
be the
only
source
according
to which the
power
will be
divided between three of the cities mentioned in connection
with
the diadochs.
O nly Jerusalem
is
missing,
but this
omission seems to be motivated
by
the
preceding polemic
against
the
Jews.
In other
respects
the
parallelism
between
this section and the diadoch section is
very striking.
In
both cases there is a
tripartition
of
power
which illustrates
how the
imperial authority grows
weak and the
E mpire
disintegrates.
O ne
may
ask whether this
parallelism
is
peculiar
to the L ife of AS or whether it was
already
tradi-
tional at the
time when
Nicephorus
was
writing.
I am
inclined to attribute it to
Nicephorus'
own
invention,
but a
definite answer
depends
on a correct
interpretation
of the
enigmatic
role of
Sylaion
in this context. It is indeed
remarkable that a small town on the coast of
Pamphylia,
whose sole merits were that it had a
bishop,'24
that it was
one of the bases of the
navy
of the
Cibyraeot theme,'25
and
that near it an Arab fleet had been
wrecked,126
appears
in
the AS
eschatology
as an heiress of
Constantinople
on a
par
with Rome and
T hessalonica. It
may
be that
Nicephorus
here makes an allusion
which,
if we were able to understand
124
W. M. Ramsay, T he H istorical Geography of Asia Minor, Royal Geographical Society, Sup-
plementary Papers,
IV
(L ondon, 1890),
420.
125
H .
Ahrweiler, Byzance et la
mer; la marine de
guerre, la
politique et les institutions maritimes
de
Byzance
aux VIIe-XVe sidcles
(Paris, 1966),
83 note
3; 108;
111.
126
T heophanes, Chronographia, I, ed. de
Boor, 354,10.
256
L E NNART
RYDE N
it,
would throw
light
not
only
on this section but on the
whole Vita. So
far, however,
I have not been able to see
any
other common denominator for the three cities than the
etymological pun
on their
names,
and it is
quite possible
that no
deeper
sense should be
sought.1'27
T he words
T o0 "rXous 3Sr
n
yyicavcros
xal
?rom6v
a'rova
-rd
rrp&ypaywara
yevi~lorrrat
have a certain
ring
of
H esychius
Milesius,
ed. T .
Preger, Script. O rig.
Const.,
I
(1901),
1,1ff.
Ao
xali'
Kxovra Kxai "lptaxot'ooav
a"T r6
riS
Auyo~rT ou Kaicfapos
povapXiasc
8teE MI9u06"rcov
wviaurav "ri" rrperaPu-rp 'Pa T Kim T -V
rpayliarcov
auris
1r1 1rrp6&
SrrpaS
&qtypi:vcov
Kcavo-rav-
T ivoS
6
Kcv-rav'rou
-ris
imT Aa6~aPevos "r5O v
O 7
T 'rpcov "r-Mv vcav
&viT r1lct 'Pc)P1v
toT rv
acCT -MV
)
"T fpcb-r,
XpiaL a-ri.v
yrrpoo-ra7as.
T he
idea,
developed
in the sixth
century
and
implicit
in this
passage,
is that the new Rome in the E ast was the
young,
vital Rome in contrast to the
aging,
senile,
dying
Rome of
the West.128 In the
eschatology
of AS the words are similar
but the situation is different.
Constantinople
itself,
which is
never called New
Rome,
will
pass away.
Its
power
will be
transferred to
and
Sylaion,
and thus
the old Rome will revive
again
and survive what was
officially
considered the new Rome. But
only
for a short
time. Soon
r& 'rpaytiara,
an
expression
I have rendered as
"government,"
will lose its force
again,
this time
definitely.
T he
readings
of
P, -rrps
70r rXos
i r i
yyavmres,
and
D, rrp6s
76
7os iO yyiO ovros 180i,
are still closer to the
passage
of
H esychius
Milesius
quoted
above. If
they
are more
original
than that of
P,
which I have chosen because of its better
syntax,
the
meaning
is either "which
[i.e.,
the three
cities]
already
are
approaching
the end" or "which
[i.e.,
the
E mpire]
will
already approach
the end."
868 C-869 A 70
yap
~ros
kT 1vo:
i.e.,
in the same
year
as
Constantinople
will
(258-76) pass away.
T he
reigns
of
Rome,
Sylaion,
and T hessalonica
will last for
only
a short
time;
cf. the Daniel
Vision,
ed.
Vassiliev, 46,23f. (Klostermann, 119,96f.; Istrin,
138,11f.).
icxi oorm~s (after
the
passing away
of
Constantinople) pacxtoe0-
O st 8repos Av
O ecoYAovih<
T i Xp6vov pm'p6v.
&rroqpa&e:
&rroqpr'-ro
has its traditional
meaning,
"block
up, stop up"
in 653
B,
but here it must mean the
opposite,
"to
open,"
a
meaning
which occurs in later
Greek;
see
127
O n the mediaeval
thinking
in terms of
etymology,
see
Curtius, E uropdische L iteratur
(supra,
note
104),
488ff. T he
examples
in
hagiography
are
legion, see,
e.g., my Bemerkungen
zum L eben des
heiligen
Narren
Symeon
von L eontios von
Neapolis (Uppsala, 1970),
48f.
128
F.
D61ger,
"Rom in der Gedankenwelt der
Byzantiner," ZKircheng,
56
(1937), 24;
see also
E .
Gren,
"Zu den
L egenden
von der
Griindung Konstantinopels," E ranos,
55
(1947),
153ff.
257
Demetrakos,
Mega
L exikon, s.v.,
and also
my Bemerkungen
zum L eben des hl. Narren
Symeon (supra,
note
127),
57.
T aS rO AaS T as bv t 'IvaXa ti &S E KAE tO E V
'A
Xav~pos 6
T 0Av
MaKE -
86v50 , Kai
iE E asoovT rai paotis
I38P5opKovT a
8b00o:
Nicephorus,
on two
points,
differs in a remarkable
way
from the corre-
sponding passage
in Pseudo-Methodius'
prophecy,
ed.
Istrin,
20,7
ff. 9v T
E ots E o(XSaots KaipoiS
KaQ
T aT i1vT O v
o700
'lE E KtE x q)VfV K-ai
T rpop)T IT mfav
T rlv
?Myouaav
"iv
T i)
E o'X
arX(a
m1apa
T Si
aUVT E AE ias T O o
Ko6apoV E E MVraE T rai Frby Kal MayVcby E IS T -'v yiiv 'lapaijX" (cf. E zek.
38:14-16)
o1
E liVo
E v-
Kipa
piotis, o0s KaO E T p?E V
'AMAavapos
9v
roT is r~pacr T o0v
Boppa,
F&y ixai May&by
...
(Pseudo-Methodius
enumerates
twenty-two peoples).
First,
Pseudo-Methodius
locates the
gates
to the
north,
which is the normal location
in texts influenced
by
the Bible
(cf.
E zek.
38:15),
whereas
the MSS of the L ife of AS
place
them in
'lvSaXia,
or in
KtvSO 'vas,
or in
'lv8ia.
T he first two variants do not seem to make
sense;
so it would be
tempting
to
adopt
'lviaa.
It is true that no
other
source,
at least
among
those known to
me,
says
that
the
gates
are in
India, but,
as India
plays
an
important part
in the Alexander
romance,
Nicephorus may
have
put
the
gates
there more or less
carelessly. Secondly,
the number
of the
kings
and their
peoples
is
twenty-two according
to
Pseudo-Methodius,
but no fewer than
seventy-two
according
to
Nicephorus. Directly
or
indirectly,
Pseudo-Methodius
arrived at his number from the number of barbarian nations
which Alexander the Great
traditionally
was
supposed
to
have
subjugated,
0T rT a?E v
(i.e., 'AM?av8pos) gevr1 3Pappapcov
K1p',
'E XXivvA
1',129
and in his turn
passed
it on to later
apocalyptists
who used him as a source.130 In the earliest
work which is
specific
on this
point,
the
Syriac
Christian
L egend Concerning Alexander,
the number is
twenty-four,
a
number which
appears
also in
other,
later sources.131
According
to H . Stocks132 and
myself,133
this is due to the
fact that the foul nations were identified with the
offspring
of
Japheth,
one of Noah's three sons
(Gen. 10),
and thus
may
have been
supposed
to
represent
one-third of the
seventy-two
biblical
peoples.
It should be
added, however,
that none of our sources
explicitly
allots
twenty-four
of the
seventy-two
biblical
peoples
to
Japheth.134
O ther numbers
129
H istoria Alexandri Magni, ed. W. Kroll, 2nd ed. (Berlin, 1958), 146,2f.
130
A. R.
Anderson, Alexander's Gate, Gog and
Magog, and the Inclused Nations, Monographs of
the Medieval
Academy
of
America,
V
(Cambridge, Mass.,
1932),
54f.
131
Ibid.,
54.
a32 "E in
Alexanderbrief in den Acta Cyriaci et Julittae," ZKircheng, 31 (1910), 37.
133
In
E ranos, 116.
134
Anderson, op. cit., 24 note 1.
258
L E NNART RYDE N
are also mentioned in the
sources,135
but as far as I
know,
Nicephorus
is the
only
author who
says
that the
peoples
are
seventy-two
in number. H is motive for that is not
quite
clear. T he fact that he does not mention
Gog
and
Magog
could indicate that he is
thinking
not of a fraction but of
the whole sum of the biblical
peoples,
which was
seventy-
two.136 O n the other
hand,
he can
hardly
have meant that
Alexander excluded all
peoples. Probably
he is
simply using
seventy-two
as a traditional round number of
peoples
characterized as 6v
a3pti6os cbi appos 0aa'als,
which is used
of the foul nations in the
original
Second Greek Vision of
Daniel,
ed.
Vassiliev,
41.
T he
expression
aapKas avepcrrcov L baas
(868 D)
I under-
stand as "the raw flesh of men."
Pseudo-Callisthenes,
version
P,
ed. L .
Bergson (Uppsala, 1965),
205,1
and the
Second Greek Vision of
Daniel,
ed.
Vassiliev, 42,9f.,
have
simply
aoapKas
avepcoT rcov;
Pseudo-Methodius has
vE KpcAWv
cpKas
(ed. Istrin,
18,7).
T he
Kepcov o'wKous
(869 A)
is dubious.
H owever,
the
general
meaning
of the sentence is
clear,
namely
that the sanctuaries
will be
profaned.
Cf.
Pseudo-H ippolytus,
ed.
Achelis, 291,
o0 vaol
0o0 eoV
O
s oT xot oovrat;
ibid., 303,
T
r
iE p T
W-
KKvxyijav
cbs "6-rrcopoq~pAcKiov" (Isaiah
1:
8)
yE vioVwrat;
Pseudo-Metho-
dius,
ed.
Istrin,
32
(the
Arabs
appear
in the
guise
of the
foul
nations):
T oys
pE is
v8ov
sis T ra
ayia
oXovavT -res
KaT acya'ovUa
KCxai KoT raco(O O VT ra T iras yuvaitIv T CA)Vv E V T osv rT srT oIs
Kai
ipoiT s T 6-
T rois,
v
ols
T
uiT
K
)
orKKaavaiawxxosKT O T ri-tE rat eO Uia; E uthymios
Zigabenos,
Contra
Phundagiagitas,
PG, 131,
col. 56 A:
K-riL ou-
oy KK&yA.iCifas oi
ao
3PT S, KKaC)S5 aCroO
T T QVQ
"aT r&vT r
a
o?6yr(oav, o0
T rICetI, &WX'E iS
T O
IT rcaL E tv, KQi alaivitv
avrrs,
v acrr
"rT
O u
eiaO -rorpiC
T -5S
iapaS
T rpadet,
Kxi
K
i o
iopa
otiE l -tI rapai-troO IIE vot.
T he exhortation to flee
(869 A)
echoes Matt. 24: 16
(Mark
13:14,
L uke
21:21):
T 6T E
ot
'
v
T -ij
'louvSaif payrJT coaav
is
T &
6pn. T he
following
statement that Asia will mourn for
the islands and the islands for Asia seems to be an
adaptation
of a
prophecy
found in the
?6yos
Me0o8fou,
ed.
Istrin, 149,
14f.:
T O T E . .. 01 E V
T 10 orT E paq
)'1
ge1(ovaT Q
E V T a15
vflO o0i Kal
ol E V 7Q15
vicrous
Av
75
o-rep~a.
869 B For the belief that Satan will come from the tribe of
Dan,
(277-86)
see
Bousset, Antichrist, 112ff.,
and for his
ugliness, ibid.,
101f.
135
Ibid.,
54ff.
136
For references concerning the 72 peoples of the world, see
Alexander, T he O racle of Baalbek
(supra,
note
117),
32
(note
on line
47).
As to the statement that Christ himself had descended to
H ades and bound
Antichrist,
cf. Vita
Basilii iun.,
cod.
Mosquensis synod.
249,
fol. 105
(ed. Veselovskij [1889], 41):...
"r
T a.E
a
0T o &80ou,
'&
ovvrpiyE V
6
Klptos
wIAv
'Ilroios
XpobT 6S
~v
-
Ka
p
O
t0o0 T vIipoU 1al
T "XpavT ovU "Sous
aaT oU KaT icv
E taE
per&
PVuXI SO ix'SKC Kal
na'cav
T T )V 8Ivaptvc T O O avarT O U Kxal T O o &8O U 8' E 0-
aas 8
E oaoT S &AT roIs T 6v XT a-ravav
(the
text seems
slightly corrupt,
but the sense is
clear). According
to Rev. 20:1
f.,
it was not
Christ himself but an
angel
that bound Satan.
H owever,
chap.
1:18,
"I have the
keys
of Death and
H ades,"
indicates
that the idea of Christ's descension to H ades and his
fight
with Satan and
victory
over him existed
already
at the
time when the Revelation to
John
was written.137
For Isaiah on the
islands,
cf.
Gregory
of
Nazianzus,
O r. 44 in novam
Dominicam, PG, 36,
col. 608 A:
'E yKatviL ovT at
pIv
r'p6os
8E bv viot, T r, 'H pacH a aCo-E p
avE yvatiE v,
&rorivas
T
T as
Vious
T aO rars
rroT
r-'ov- olgpat
SE r
&sn'6
rSav
AO vv 'E KKAitias
ap-i
KaO fioralvaS,
Kxal -6jS &Apupas &mrT -rias
&vaKUyT roJ"acS,
Kal
T tryV XappavoO oaS,
eE
C)
p
3eO 'p
O v.
869 C T he traditional
opinion
was that the witnesses who will
(286-96) appear during
the
reign
of Antichrist are E lias and E noch.138
T he L ife of
AS,
here and in 817
A, B,
represents
a later
stage
of the
tradition,
according
to which these two will be
joined by John
the
E vangelist,
a version which is also
represented by
Pseudo-Methodius and
Pseudo-H ippolytus,
among
others.139 T his belief seems to have been
regarded
as
popular,
to
judge
from the
commentary
of Arethas of
Caesarea on Rev. 10:11
(PG,
106,
col. 645
B): O 0
ayvoE iv 8S
8E T
b
-ST 6
ro T rou
tov00
1T iT roi
toi0, AE T i o
a T rAtv
T rpoyp0o'ac,
E XoUval
86(av
ol
on'ooi
cbi PiXp)
T 1s
o'uvT eXias
6 padpsos
o~oT S
(-l,
Kal
I(Si KcT x
Kalpov o0o
'AvriXpiarou
p.wr
'E v~X Kca 'H Xiou &pa
ac
rol-
E roavop0o01tE voS T oois
T
axVIKasT o
Vp&8IT O US,
Kai' "T K6 T O O I
'Avr?Xpioa-rou
6T roxKT avO ioE T ai.
T he long version of the MSS CK
is
mostly
an
adaptation
of Rev. 11.
T he variants
6?~vco,
6~E vvJoC,
and
6?evvyjvc,
which
appear
here and in 872
C,
seem to be late forms of
6?Auva,
but so
far I have seen no other instances of these
particular
forms.
T hey apparently represent
a
development
in a direction
which came to a dead end. As in most cases of
doubt,
I
have followed the
reading
of
p.
137
W. Bousset, Kyrios Christos. Geschichte des Christusglaubens von den An/dfangen des Christentums
bis
Irenaeus,
6th ed.
(G6ttingen, 1967),
30.
x138 Idem., Antichrist
(supra, p. 251),
134ff.
1a9
Ibid.,
137. Bousset
says John
the
Baptist,
but he must mean
John
the
E vangelist.
873 A
rwapooO ais5 Kai
ri
si5 fT israxriv6T rT ros.
Nicephorus
sometimes
(339) pretends
that he knew AS
personally
and therefore some
commentators have dated the
composition
of the Vita to
the sixth
century.'4
But the L ife of AS is
fiction,
not a
historical document. A number of anachronisms show that
it must have been written several centuries after the
supposed
lifetime of the Saint.
As I have tried to show
above,
his
theory
on the end of
the world reflects the
apocalyptic
tradition in a form it did
not
develop
until after the
appearance
of the Second Vision
of
Daniel,
dated to the ninth
century.
In 648 A he
says
that AS ~v
rwaicL cov KaT &
T ov
W rXat XuPE CO V KE IVO V T oV O aupao-r6v.
According
to the
sources,
Symeon
Salos lived in the sixth
century,
and his L ife was written in the middle of the
seventh. As the adverb
T r&Xai
indicates that
Nicephorus
regarded
him as a man of ancient
times,
this is a
revealing
anachronism. In 712 B he mentions the church of the
Mother of God in Constantine's
forum,
built
by
Basil I
(867-86).141 Among chronological arguments
e
silentio,
the
references to the
avT iqopos (656 B),
ra
Mauptavoi
(832 D),
and
T 6
'E T rrr&oKaXov (841 D) may
be mentioned.
E lsewhere,
the
earliest reference to an
&v-rigopos
in
Constantinople
seems to
be Constantine
Porphyrogenitus,
De ceremoniis aulae
By-
zantinae,
ed. I. I. Reiske
(Bonn, 1829),
165,17.
T &
Mauptavoc
is not known before the ninth
century'42
and
T 6
'E
rO KaXov
not before the tenth.143
Further,
the mention of a
xaprouxA-
pios
T
roV
otpcov in 849 B is
clearly
anachronistic.'44
O n the
whole,
the author is not
greatly
concerned with
time. At the
beginning
of the section translated here Nice-
phorus speaks
about
'v
Pav
T rarJT nv IPaopa8a,
but we are not
told what week he is
referring
to. Now he
says
that the
conversation has taken
place -ri,
VKT I
AdE E V1,,
although
we
have not
previously
been told that AS and
E piphanius
were
meeting
at
night.
It is
clear, however,
that we shall
imagine
the conversation as
taking
place
not
long
before the death
of the Saint. It is the first in a series of conversations on
spiritual topics
which form the end of the Vita and in which
AS
says
farewell to his friend. It is a natural
place
for an
eschatological message.
140o
See
Murray,
L ife of Andreas
(supra, note
3), 17ff.,
and G. da
Costa-L ouillet, "Saints de Con-
stantinople
aux
VIIIe,
IXe et Xe
siecles," Byzantion,
24
(1954),
179ff.
141
T his was already pointed out by P. Maas, op. cit.
(supra, note
109), 318.
142
Janin, Constantinople Byzantine (supra, note
99), 386.
143
Ibid., 229.
144
Ahrweiler, Byzance et la mer
(supra,
note
125),
74. O n the other
hand,
there is little anachronistic
about the winter storm described in 660
Cf.,
which has been connected with the severe winter 928
(Da Costa-L ouillet,
op. cit.,
183).
It is in fact a reminiscence of Vita Danielis
stylitae,
ed. H .
Delehaye,
SubsH ag,
14
(1923),
51f.
INDE X O F PRO PE R NAME S
Adelos,
861 A
Alexander,
868 C
Alexandria,
861 B
Andreas,
852 C
Antichrist,
864
A,
865
C, D,
869
C,
872
C,
D
Arabia,
860
C,
861 B
Armenia,
861 B
Armenopetra,
857 B
Asia,
861
B,
869 A
Babylon,
868 B
Calvary,
860 C
(note 32)
Christ,
860
A,
C
(note 32),
864
A,
865
C,
869
B, C,
872 C
"Cyclades
of the
islands,"
861
B,
869
A,
B
Dan,
869 B
Delos,
861 A
E gypt,
856
A,
865 B
E lijah,
869
B,
C
E noch,
869
B,
C
E piphanius,
852
C,
853
A,
865
A,
868
B,
872
B,
873 A
E thiopia,
860 B
E zekiel,
872 C
Galatia,
861 B
Gomorrah,
856 A
Great
Church,
868 B
Great Church of
God,
868 B
Great Church of God's
Wisdom,
864 C
H ades,
869 B
H agar,
856 A
H agarenes,
853 B
(note 8)
H ippolytus,
865 C
Illyricum,
856 A
Indalia
(?),
868 C
Isaiah,
865
B,
869 B
Ishmaelite,
856 B
Israel,
865 B
Jerusalem,
860
C,
865
B,
C
Jesus
Christ,
860 C
(note 32),
865
A,
869
C,
872 A
Jews,
856
B,
865 C
John
the
Forerunner,
856 D
John
the
T heologian,
869 B
Karia,
861 B
Karioupolis,
857 B
Macedonia,
860 A
(app.
crit.
96-99)
Macedonians,
868 C
Mary,
872 A
Mesopotamia,
861 B
Mother of
God,
853 B
New
Jerusalem,
853 A
Noah,
853
B,
856 C
Paul,
865
B, D,
872 D
Phrygia,
861 B
Pontus,
864 A
Riza,
857 B
Romans,
856
A,
860 C
(note 32),
861 C
Rome,
857
B,
861
A,
868 C
Rus,
853 B
(note 8)
Rusoi,
853 B
(note 8)
Satan,
857
C,
Satan
Antichrist,
869 B
Sodom,
856 A
Son of
T hunder,
869
B,
C
Strobilos,
857 B
Strymon,
860 A
(afpp.
crit.
96-99)
Sylaion,
861
B,
868 C
T hessalonica,
861
A,
868 C
T hrace,
860 A
Zion,
872 C

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Greek Text, Translation, and Commentary

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