Heat Transfer 161 ‘Table 10-24 Allowable Water Velocities in Tubes The coelficent, hist he used with the length mean At In seramfine Hon Gp, < 2.000 = 0.07 oo) (8) (ao4s7 Vito area) Vine where = en sin At coefficient based on arithmetic ‘Table 10-24 is an experience guide for reasonable service using the types of water indicated inside tubes of the mater- ial listed. Sinek and Young! present a design procedure for pre- dicting liquidside falling film heat transfer coefficients within 205% jin 10% ‘and overall coefficients wit ‘Vaporization and Boiling Boiling of liquids occurs as nucleate or as film boiling. Fig: 1095A and 10-958 illustrate a typical fhax curve for water and hydrocarbons. In the region 1-2, the liquid is being heated by natural convection; in 2-8 the nucleate pool boiling accurs with bubbles forming at active sites on the heat transfer surface, natural convection currents et up, Q/Avariesat At where nis 34, and the peak flux ist point 3 corresponding to the critical At for nucleate boiling: at 3 film boiling begins; and at 4-56 film boiling oceurs. In film boiling heat is transferred by conduction and radiation hat the rate of through a film on the heating surface. Note effective heat transfer decreases beyond point 3, and itis for this reason that essentially all process heating/boiling equipment is designed to operate tothe left of point 3 ae TPN Sele ‘ier _pe9 ome Figure 10-95A. Heat fux for bong water at 12°F. (Used by per sion: McAdams, W. H. Heat Transmission, 3 Ed, 01054. MeGraw- Hil Book Co. Allright reserved) ear FLUX a, Bupa we ala | t Chee eat ar a oo Bir 300 pin — é j 5 ais z é 5 z y vewA, OT (+Ty Ta), °F Figure 10-058. Heat transfer behavior of a micure of hydrocarbon fuels. (Used by permission: Jans, W. H. Mechanical Enginering, V.76, Dec, 1954, p. 981. @Amercan Society of Mechanical Engineers. ‘Allright reserved)162 ‘Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants ‘Vaporizers, usually termed reboilers for chemical or petro- ‘chemical plant operations can be of several types: * Horizontal * Vertical ‘ Horizontal or vertical as shell and tube ts operated by ‘© Natural circulation, which includes thermosiphon * Forced circulation or pump-through + Horizontal ketlleaype units Table 10.25 provides a helpful breakdown of the major \ypes and characteristics of vaporizers and reboilers used i the industry. Forhorizontal thermoxiphon /natural units the boiling uid is almost always on the shell se, withthe heating medina in the tubes. Inthe vertical units the reboiling ofthe fai isin the tubes, For kettle units, the boiling i in the shel, Collins! sg ‘gests “rule of thumb that if the viscosity ofthe reboiler i less than 0.5 centipoise (ep), the vertical thermosiphon should be considered, but when the viscosity sore than 05 ep, the hor- izontal reboiler is probably more economical [Because reboilers are used extensively with bottoms bol ing of distillation columns, th advantages." horizontal units have some * High surface area # Process ison the sh ellside, with possibly les fouling, or ‘easy access for cleaning the outside tubes. # Tubes have easy access for cleaning on tube side, when fouled, * Greater flexibility for operator handling high liquid rates, * Lower boiling point elevation than vertical units Figures 10-96\-E illustrate horizontal and vertical thy ‘mosiphon reboiler flow arrangements For a disilation column bottoms heating, such as shown in Figures 10.964 and 10.968, the bottoms liquid from the column flows under system pressure and liquid head into and through the shell side of the horizontal thermosiphon reboiler: The two-phase (liquid + vapor) mitre flows from the reboiler back into the distillation column either on the bottom tray or just under this tray into the column yapor space above the bottoms liquid, with the vapor pasing upward into/through the bottom or fist tray: The density 1 liquid in the cola phase mixture in the heat exchanger (reboiler) and the riser (outlet piping from the shell side of reboiler) cause the ther mosiphon circulation through the reboiler:" According to Yilmaz," the horizontal thermosiphon reboilers compared difference betes mand the to Table 10.25 ‘Types and Characteristics of Process Reboilers Dee Advantages Disadvantages Vertical hermosiphon Low tesidene Not easily fouled Goad controllabitity Capabie of Low residenc Not easily fouled Goad controllabitty Horizontal srmosiphon Easy maintenance andl Oncethrough natural Capabie of sdrculation res der Low tesidene Not easily fouled Equivalent to theoretical plate Easy maintenance a Conven Equivalent to theoretical plate Flooded-bundle (kettle) n Contains vapor disengaging space Viscous and solid-containing liquids can be Forced circulation* ‘circulated. Enables an erosion fouling balance Greulation rate can be controlled. ‘Capable of very high beat transfer rate, Compact; simple piping required, mein heated zone joderatey high heat transfer rats, ie in heated zone ely high heat trans pact; simple piping required. ime in heated zone nt when heating medium is dry. ‘Maintenance and cleaning can be awkward. Additional column skirt required. Equivalent to theoretical plate only at high recyele Extra piping and space required. Equivalent to theoretical plate only at high recyele sates. Maintenance and cleaning can be awkward Additional column skirt height required. [No control over circulation rate Danger of backup in column, Danger of excesive per-pass vaporization, Lower heat transfer Extra piping and space requied. High residence ti Easily fouled, Relatively expensive due to extra shell vo Cost of pump and pumping Leakage of material at stuffing box. ated zone TRkannges and diecianiags wil fn general correspond tothe Ope of holler to which Tose drcaaton B applied. The wivantager aed Used by petnisons Fa] Re Puoum finn, Feb 1960, p. 15. Gal Publishing Company. Al ights reserveHeat Transfer _— » ) Figure 10-964. Horizontal themmosiphon reboler. a. Recirculating ‘ocd system. b Once-through feed system. Both ae natural crcula- tion. (Used by permission: Vimaz, 5. B. Chemical Engineering ‘Progress, V. 83, No. 11, ©1087. American Institute of Chemical Eng neers All ight reserved) Figure 10-068. Horzontal thermosiphon roller on ditiliation col lun: shell and tube design, not kettle. Boling in shel 2 a Figure 10-966. Shall types selected forhorizontal an thermosiphon rebolr, boing in sho (Used by permission: Vimaz, 5.8. Chem al Engineering Progress, V. 83, No. 11, ©1987. American Intute of (Chemical Engineer, All ights reserved) 163 om 00 gee Mebter Leted SS: Meciewnien Ley Gove ot Top We, E XE, Eg Ul) Figure 10-966. Reboller heat balance. to kettle reboilers are less likely to be fouled by the proces due to their better circulation and lower percent vaporiza- tion. Vertical thermosiphon reboilers with process through the tubes, Figure 10-96D, are less suitable than horizontal 1 transfer requirements are large due to Ihanical considerations; that is, the vertical units may often determine the height ofthe frst distillation tray above grade. Alo per Yilmaz," moderate viscosity uids boil beter in horizontal units than Lowefinned tubing ts can improne the boiling characteris. tics on the shell side, Due to the high liquid circulation rat {for horizontal thermosiphon units, the temperature rise for the boiling process uid i lower than for kettle reboilers (these are not thermosiphon). Ultimately this leads to hi ‘heat transfer rates for the horizontal thermosiphon units. Hahne and Grigull cat transfer in boiling. ts when hed ‘used in horizontal