GE Multilin F60 Feeder Protection System 8-5

8 THEORY OF OPERATION 8.2 FAULT LOCATOR

8
8.2FAULT LOCATOR 8.2.1 FAULT TYPE DETERMINATION
Fault type determination is required for calculation of fault location the algorithm uses the angle between the negative and
positive sequence components of the relay currents. To improve accuracy and speed of operation, the fault components of
the currents are used; that is, the pre-fault phasors are subtracted from the measured current phasors. In addition to the
angle relationships, certain extra checks are performed on magnitudes of the negative and zero-sequence currents.
The single-ended fault location method assumes that the fault components of the currents supplied from the local (A) and
remote (B) systems are in phase. The figure below shows an equivalent system for fault location.
Figure 81: EQUIVALENT SYSTEM FOR FAULT LOCATION
The following equations hold true for this equivalent system.
(EQ 8.1)
where: m = sought pu distance to fault, Z = positive sequence impedance of the line.
The currents from the local and remote systems can be parted between their fault (F) and pre-fault load (pre) components:
(EQ 8.2)
and neglecting shunt parameters of the line:
(EQ 8.3)
Inserting the I
A
and I
B
equations into the V
A
equation and solving for the fault resistance yields:
(EQ 8.4)
Assuming the fault components of the currents, I
AF
and I
BF
are in phase, and observing that the fault resistance, as imped-
ance, does not have any imaginary part gives:
(EQ 8.5)
where: Im() represents the imaginary part of a complex number. Solving the above equation for the unknown m creates the
following fault location algorithm:
(EQ 8.6)
where * denotes the complex conjugate and .
Depending on the fault type, appropriate voltage and current signals are selected from the phase quantities before applying
the two equations above (the superscripts denote phases, the subscripts denote stations).
For AG faults:
(EQ 8.7)
mZ (1-m)Z
R
F
Z
A
Z
B
E
A
E
B
V
A
V
B
V
F
I
A
I
B
Local bus
Remote
bus
distance to fault
842780A1.CDR
V
A
m Z I
A
R
F
I
A
I
B
+ + =
I
A
I
AF
I
Apre
+ =
I
B
I
BF
I
Apre
=
R
F
V
A
m Z I
A

I
AF
1
I
BF
I
AF
------- - +

----------------------------------- =
Im
V
A
m Z I
A

I
AF
-----------------------------------


0 =
m
Im V
A
I
AF

Im Z I
A
I
AF

---------------------------------------- =
I
AF
I
A
I
Apre
=
V
A
V
A
A
= , I
A
I
A
A
K
0
I
0A
+ =
8-6 F60 Feeder Protection System GE Multilin
8.2 FAULT LOCATOR 8 THEORY OF OPERATION
8
For BG faults:
(EQ 8.8)
For CG faults:
(EQ 8.9)
For AB and ABG faults:
(EQ 8.10)
For BC and BCG faults:
(EQ 8.11)
For CA and CAG faults:
(EQ 8.12)
where K
0
is the zero sequence compensation factor (for the first six equations above)
For ABC faults, all three AB, BC, and CA loops are analyzed and the final result is selected based upon consistency of the
results
The element calculates the distance to the fault (with m in miles or kilometers) and the phases involved in the fault.
The relay allows locating faults from delta-connected VTs. If the FAULT REPORT 1 VT SUBSTITUTION setting is set to None,
and the VTs are connected in wye, the fault location is performed based on the actual phase to ground voltages. If the VTs
are connected in delta, fault location is suspended.
If the FAULT REPORT 1 VT SUBSTITUTION setting value is V0 and the VTs are connected in a wye configuration, the fault
location is performed based on the actual phase to ground voltages. If the VTs are connected in a delta configuration, fault
location is performed based on the delta voltages and externally supplied neutral voltage:
(EQ 8.13)
If the FAULT REPORT 1 VT SUBSTITUTION setting value is I0 and the VTs are connected in a wye configuration, the fault loca-
tion is performed based on the actual phase to ground voltages. If the VTs are connected in a delta configuration, fault loca-
tion is performed based on the delta voltages and zero-sequence voltage approximated based on the zero-sequence
current:
(EQ 8.14)
where Z
SYS0
is the equivalent zero-sequence impedance behind the relay as entered under the fault report setting menu.
V
A
V
A
B
= , I
A
I
A
B
K
0
I
0A
+ =
V
A
V
A
C
= , I
A
I
A
BC
K
0
I
0A
+ =
V
A
V
A
A
V
A
B
= , I
A
I
A
A
I
A
B
=
V
A
V
A
B
V
A
C
= , I
A
I
A
B
I
A
C
=
V
A
V
A
C
V
A
A
= , I
A
I
A
C
I
A
A
=
V
A
1
3
--- V
N
V
AB
V
CA
+ =
V
B
1
3
--- V
N
V
BC
V
AB
+ =
V
B
1
3
--- V
N
V
CA
V
BC
+ =
V
A
1
3
--- V
AB
V
CA
Z
SYS0
I
0
=
V
B
1
3
--- V
BC
V
AB
Z
SYS0
I
0
=
V
B
1
3
--- V
CA
V
BC
Z
SYS0
I
0
=
GE Multilin F60 Feeder Protection System 8-7
8 THEORY OF OPERATION 8.2 FAULT LOCATOR
8
Figure 82: FAULT LOCATOR SCHEME
SETTINGS
SETTING
FAULT REPORT
SOURCE:
SHOT # FROM
AUTO RECLOSURE
FAULT REPORT
TRIG:
IA
3I_0
IC
IB
SRC 50DD OP X
VA or VAB
VC or VCA
VB or VBC
827094A5.CDR
Off=0
AND
FAULT
LOCATOR 1
RUN
0
3 SEC
ACTUAL VALUES
DATE
TIME
FAULT TYPE
FAULT LOCATION
FAULT# RECLOSE SHOT
FAULT REPORT #
Vn or V_0
FAULT REPORT 1 Z1
MAG:
FAULT REPORT 1 Z1
ANGLE:
FAULT REPORT 1 Z0
MAG:
FAULT REPORT 1 Z0
ANGLE:
FAULT REPORT 1
LENGTH UNITS:
FAULT REPORT 1
LENGTH:
FAULT REPORT 1 VT
SUBSTITUTION:
FAULT REP 1
SYSTEM Z0 MAG:
FAULT REP 1
SYSTEM Z0 ANGLE:
SETTINGS