1

Shear walls
column stiffening element
stiffness: EI
wall
>> EI
column
2
Rigidity of stiffening elements
H
2
>> H
1
Rigid walls decrease of
deflections and more simple
foundations
Stiffening elements
Column systems without
stiffening elements
deflections and big
bending moments
Almost all lateral loads
carried by shear walls and
stiffening elements
3
Shear walls (stiffening elements)
contribute to overall stiffness of the
building + provide stability
correct design of shear walls = condition of
reliability and efficiency of the structure
transfer lateral loads to basement
shall be designed so that all lateral load is
carried by shear walls (stiffening elements)
Principles of arrangement of stiffening elements
use of existing structural members !
stiffening elements shall carry all lateral load
stiffening elements shouldn't restrain
deformations due to shrinkage, creep and
temperature changes
avoid torsion of the building
stiffening elements shall carry a big part of
vertical loads
stiffening elements should have big moments
of inertia
of stiffening elements axis shouldn't intersect
in one point
4
no point of intersection of
stiffening element axis
Behaviour and design of shear walls
according to governing deformation
Deformation
predominantly bending
predominantly shear
5
If walls with different type of deformation
are combined in one structure, bending
and shear deformation (stiffness) must be
considered in analysis.
Deflection due to
Bending
Shear (usually neglected)
6
Stiffness
of walls
Stiffness in bending
4% (16%) proportional share
of shear in total stiffness
shear effect neglected
Combined stiffness Stiffness in shear
3
2

H
B

5
1
8
1
H
B
3
2
5
1

H
B
Stiffness of walls
(Mohr principle)
Load the dual beam with moment
factored by stiffness
Deflection moment on dual beam
due to factored load M
EI
WH
M =
EI
WH
H H
EI
WH
y
3 3
2
2
1
3
= =
7
Stiffness of walls
Stiffness = load that cause deflection equal
to one
y
H
EI
W
3
3
=
3
3
H
EI
K =
Stiffness in bending
3
3
H
EI
K =
8
Shear stiffness
deflection due to shear
shear stiffness
9
Shear stiffness
H
AG
K
S

=
Combined (complex) stiffness
shear bending combined
K K K
1 1 1
+ =
10
Procedure of analysis of a building with
shear walls
1
st
step
Divide lateral load to particular stiffening
elements (shear walls)
2
nd
step
Design of the wall
Check the wall stability (or max. deflection)
3
rd
step
Design of reinforcement
Dividing of load to walls
according to stiffness of walls
11
stiffening elements + other loadbearing
elements = statically indeterminate system
simplified idealisation
preliminary design
interpretation and check of detailed analysis
Proportioning of lateral load to
stiffening elements
According to layout
statically determinate
- proportioning from equilibrium of forces
- (the most simple case: shear walls)
statically indeterminate
- further simplifying assumptions
12
Simplified method idealisation
flooring plates rigid for
transferring lateral load
pinned connection of
floor slab and stiffening
element, rigidity of the
floor slab in its plane
Idealisation
stiffness of shear walls is
negligible perpendicular to the
plane of the wall and negligible
stiffness in torsion; stiffness of
other vertical elements is also
negligible
stiffening elements don't
change section along height
buildings with rectangle shape
may be analyzed separately
with two directions of lateral
load only
EI
y
>>EI
x
EI
x
0, stiffness
in torsion 0
w
x
w
y
13
According to layout of stiffening elements
the analysis is performed as:
2D or
3D.
Stiffening systems:
statically determinate
statically indeterminate
For statically determinate systems the
load carried by one wall may be
determined from equilibrium
conditions.
graphically
by numerical calculations
14
Graphical determination of load carried by
shear walls in statically determinate system
Calculation of load carried by one wall
(statically determinate system)
Here: stiffnesses of all walls are equal
15
Dividing of wind load to particular walls
(statically determinate system) example
Wind load could be solve for 2 directions (x and y) and
separately
Equilibrium conditions (in a plan): forces, moments
Here: stiffnesses of all walls are equal

12 12 6
lx = 30
B
C
A
4


x
A

=

2

l
y

=

1
2

6
W
x
W
y
y
x
cm cm cm
E E I E = = 6 , 3 6 2 , 0
12
1
3
x A
W W =
15 2 30
2
2 2
x
y
x
y
x
y
C
W
W
W
W
l
T
W
W + =

+ = + =
15 2 2
x
y
x
y
B
W
W
l
T
W
W = =

12 12 6
lx= 30
B
C
A
4


x
A

=

2

l
y
=

1
2

6
Wx
Wy
y
x
Height of the building 33m.
Three walls of same dimensions (B=6m, H=33m, t=0,2m) and same stiffness.
Load W
x
: carried by wall A
Wall A is in nonsymetric position - W
x
applies a torsional moment T= W
x
.x
A
Load W
y
is carried by walls B and C. W
B
=W
C=
W
y
/2
Torsion: W
B
= -T/l, W
C
= T/l
Total lateral load for walls B,C:
16
Dividing of wind load to particular walls
general procedure
Due to lateral load the floor slab moves and rotates.
3 unknowns: translations !x, !y, rotation "
#3 equilibrium equations

=
=
n
i
i x x
W W
1

=
=
m
i
j y y
W W
1

=
i xi j yj y xi x yj
y W x W e W e W
Origin in centre of gravity
n
xi i
i
K y
1
0
=
=

m
yj j
j
K x
1
0
=
=

stiffness of wall j in direction y

stiffness of wall i in direction x
17
translation of point
forces in walls due to translation
and rotation
i i
x x y =
i i
y y x = +
( )
xi i xi
W x y K =
( )
yj j yj
K x y W + =
From equilibrium conditions we obtain !x, !y, "
Consequently load of particular walls may be
determined
n
xi i
i
K y
1
0
=
=

m
yj j
j
K x
1
0
=
=

i i
x x y =
i i
y y x = +
( )
xi i xi
W x y K =
( )
yj j yj
K x y W + =
new system of coordinates
origin of coordinates centroid of stiffness (centroid of bending)
translations of point
forces in walls due to translation and rotation
18
equilibrium of forces and moments (load and forces due to translations and rotation)

=
=
n
i
i x x
W W
1

=
=
m
i
j y y
W W
1

=
i xi j yj y xi x yj
y W x W e W e W
substitution (unknown !x, !y, ") ;

=
=
n
i
xi
x
K
W
x
1

=
=
m
j
j y
y
K
W
y
1

= =
+

=
n
i
m
j
j j y i xi
y x x y
x K y K
e W e W
1 1
2 2

( )
yj j yj
K x y W + =
calculation of forces in particular walls:
effect of bending effect of torsion
After the total load is distributed to particular
shear walls

design and check of each wall

19
Design of shear walls
common requirement: no tensile stresses
at bottom of the wall for operational load
(repeated changing of compression and
tensile is unsuitable)
Tensile at bottom section of the wall
20
Shear wall - stability check
Check of stability EQU
possible demand: check of stress at the
bottom-section of the wall (service load;
characteristic value) : no tension
Check of max deflection
f
max
$ f
lim
Stability of a wall
M
dst
! M
stb
Stability condition EQU
Destabilizing
moment
Stabilizing
moment

G
= 1,1
Q
= 1,5
G
= 0,9
Q
= 0
21
Note:
event. check of the stability of the whole
system (building)
Elastic behaviour of wall
M N V
principle tensile ~ f
ct
#reinforcement
according to detailing
22
Walls with predominantly shear
deformation
y
I
M
A
N
x
+ =
0 =
y

I t
S V

=
2
2
2 , 1
2 2


+

+
=
y x y x
ctd
f
1

ctd
f
1

M, N, V
Linear analysis
23
Heavily loaded walls with shear straining
could be analysed by means of strut-and-
tie method.
Tall walls (predominantly bending
deformation)
simplified analysis method: reinforcement
design from normal stresses at bottom
section of the wall
Method is suitable for walls ca 5 m long
24
Simplified analysis of a tall wall
1. check of the stress at bottom
2. stability check
3. reinforcement design

G
= 1
Q
= 1

G
= 1,35
Q
= 1,5

G
= 1,1
Q
= 1,5

G
= 0,9
Q
= 0

G
= 1
Q
= 1,5 Q=0

5
1
8
1
H
B
Wall = cantilever, stress at bottom section 1-1
25
recapitulation: Simplified analysis of tall
wall (dominating bending stiffness)
procedure:
1. total horizontal load
2. dividing of load to particular walls (according to
stiffness of walls)
3. design of a wall
i. check of the stress at bottom
a. wind load (
Q
= 1) and vertical load (
G
= 1
Q
= 1)
ii. stability check
iii. reinforcement design :
a. max. wind load (
Q
= 1,5) and max. vertical load (
G
= 1,35

Q
= 1,5)
b. max. wind load ("
F
= 1,5) a min. vertical load ("
G
= 1) !if
tensile occurs design tensile reinforcement
ad 3) wall design
charakteristick "
F
nvrhov "
F
nvrhov "
F
nvrhov
Stl
0,9 1,1 1,35
Celkem stl g
k
= g
d
= g
d
= g
d
=
Nahodil
1,5 1,5 1,5
q
k
= q
d
= q
d
= q
d
=
Celkem (g+q)
k
= (g+q)
d
= (g+q)
d
= (g+q)
d
=
26
ad 3) wall design
ad 3) wall design stability

G
= 1,1
Q
= 1,5

G
= 0,9
Q
= 0
27
ad 3) wall design reinforcement design
combination M + N
moment from the central plane
slenderness
imperfections
wind load
ad 3) wall design reinforcement design
wind load + vertical loads
1 m
4,4 m

G
= 1,35
Q
= 1,5
vertical loads
G
= 1,
Q
= 0
horizontal loads
G
= 1,35
Q
= 1,5
tensile reinforcement
28
ad 3) wall design reinforcement design
N [kN]
-6000,0
-5000,0
-4000,0
-3000,0
-2000,0
-1000,0
0,0
1000,0
2000,0
-200,0 -150,0 -100,0 -50,0 0,0 50,0 100,0 150,0 200,0
M [kNm]
[MEd,NEd] tlak
[MEd,NEd] tah
ad 3) wall design reinforcement design
Compression in footing section:
(2
nd
order effect - slender, short column)
Tensile in footing section:
Main (vertical) reinforcement
A
s,min
=0,002A
c
(each surface 1/2 A
s,min
)
spacing $3t, $400mm
yd S t
f A N =
s S cd C Ed
A f A N + =
29
Procedure of analysis of a building with
shear walls
1
st
step
Divide lateral load to particular stiffening
elements (shear walls)
2
nd
step
Design of the wall
Check the wall stability (or max. deflection)
3
rd
step
Design of reinforcement
30
Simplified method of analysis of high wall with
bending stiffness (shear effect neglected)
No tensile stress for service (operational) load in
footing bottom
Design of reinforcement (compression force) -
load situations
max. lateral load + min. vertical load
max.lateral load + max. vertical load

5
1
8
1
H
B
ad 3) wall design stability

G
= 1,1
Q
= 1,5

G
= 0,9
Q
= 0
31
max. wind load (
Q
= 1,5) and
max. vertical load (
G
= 1,35

Q
= 1,5)
max. wind load ("
F
= 1,5) a min.
vertical load ("
G
= 1) !if
tensile occurs design tensile
reinforcement
Reinforcement design normal forces
N
Rd
= 0,8 A
c
f
cd
+ A
s
%
s
N
Rd
= A
s
f
yd
Stiffening walls with openings
a) flexible cross beams - coupled walls
b) stiff cross beams - one wall
c) medium cross beams
32
Flexible coupling beam
M M
l
I I
1
1
1 2
=
+
M M
l
I I
2
2
1 2
=
+
two cantilevers - connected - same deformation
- proportion of moment - due to stiffness
Stiff cross beams
design of coupling (cross) beam
One wall
in calculation of moment of inertia I
red
use section
33
Z t h
i i
=

i
Sid
red
V S
t I
=
Z
V Sh
I
i
Sid
red
=
M Z l
Sd i
=
1
2
V Z
Sd i
=
Design of coupling (cross) beam
shear force in i-storey:
substitution:
Reinforcement in coupling beam:
Medium cross beams
Stiffness of cross beam {0, &}
2
2
1
H w M =
l Z M M M + + =
2 1
Z
Z
M
2
M
1
l
34
Medium cross beams
Structure could be analysed as a
frame:
part of the tie-beam has infinite
stiffness
part at the opening is flexible
Reinforcement of coupling beam
cantilever
ties
edge reinforcement
diagonal reinforcement
edge of the wall U-shaped reinforcement
35
Reinforcement - detailing
Main - longitudinal reinforcement
A
s,min
=0,002A
c
(at least 1/2 A
s,min
each edge of wall)
spacing $3t, $400mm
A
s,max
=0,04A
c .........
0,08 A
c
(in lapping area)
Secondary (horizontal) reinforcement
A
s
' 25% of main A
s
' 0,001A
c
spacing $ 400mm
Purpose:
keep position of main reinforcement during grouting
shrinkage cracking, cracks due to temperature
changes
36
Ties: if A
s
of main reinf. ' 2% A
c
spacing and same as for columns
'1/4 of main reinf.
' 6mm
spacing $ 12 of main reinf.
$ t
$ 300mm
reduced spacing of ties below and above ceiling distance 4t
at least 4 ties per 1m
2
of wall
If reinf. is provided as a weld mesh : $ 16 mm, cover > 2 .
bu(
nebo
either
or
ties
lapping
ties
37
38
39
40
41
example

Wx
Wy
lx = 36
l
y

=

2
4

A

B

E

D

C

x


x0
y0 y
x0 = 4 xD = 2

y
B

=

-
9




y
0

=

3


y
A

=

9

xC = -16 xE = 14

6 6 6 6 6 6

6






6


6





6

Wx = 800 kN Wy = 1200 kN.
4
3
) 18 6 12 (
=
+ +
=
+ +
+ +
=
I
I
I I I
x I x I x I
x
E D C
E E D D C C
o
3
2
) 6 12 (
=

=
+
+
=
I
I
I I
x I x I
y
B A
B B A A
o
centre of bending :
translations, rotation
resultant forces in walls
I E I E I E I E
W
K
W
x
cm cm B cm A cm
x
n
i
xi
x
400
2
800
= =
+
= =

I E I E I E I E I E
w
K
W
y
cm cm E cm D cm C cm
x
n
j
yj
y 400
3
1200
= =
+ +
= =

( )
( ) I E I I I I I E
x K y K
e W e W
cm E D C B A cm
n
i
m
i
j j y i xi
y x x y 88 , 3
14 2 16 9 9
3 800 4 1200
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
2 2
=
+ + + +
+
=
+

=

= =

( ) ( ) 365 9 88 , 3 400 = = =
A cm A A
I E y x W
( ) ( ) 435 9 88 , 3 400 = + = =
B cm B B
I E y x W
( ) ( ) 9 , 337 16 88 , 3 400 = = + =
C cm C C
I E x y W
( ) ( ) 8 , 407 2 88 , 3 400 = + = + =
D cm D D
I E x y W
( ) ( ) 4 , 454 14 88 , 3 400 = + = + =
E cm E E
I E x y W
42
Proportioning of lateral load
statically indeterminate system
different stiffness of different elements (different
character of deformation)
simplifying assumptions for deformation - composite
element
Design and analysis of combined
systems
Effect of loads are usually solved
separately for parts of the building or
particular elements (assumed elastic
behaviour).
43
Analysis model stability
stiffening elements + other load-bearing
elements = statically indefinite system
numerical model computer analysis
laboratory tests (tunnel)
simplified idealisation
deformation properties of the idealised structure
shall not differ from real behaviour
Analysis model
In linear analysis effect of vertical and
lateral loads may be analysed separately
and superimposed
The whole structure may be divided to
structural parts or elements and these are
solved separately
Non-linear solution
44
Different behaviour of vertical
elements
different properties stiffness
simplification idealisation
Char. deformation of column system, wall system
and combination
frame
wall
combined structure
45
linear solution simplification
separate effects of loads !and other
divide to particular elements
analyse particular elements
(nonlinear solution all loads analysed
together)
Structural model
column stiffening element
stiffness: EI
wall
>> EI
column
46
Combination of different types of
elements in one system
Interaction of different types of vertical
elements idealisation
composite prism
substitute stiffness (continuous continuum
along the building height
RIGID slabs
47
Dividing of effects of loads to
particular elements
assumptions:
slabs rigid in their central plane
pinned connection of slabs and vertical stiffening
elements
slabs transfer load to vertical stiffening elements
stiffening element = cantilever fixed to basement
According to arrangement of stiffening
elements in a plan plane or spatial (3D)
system is assumed