Subject: Chemistry Type of Lesson: Discussion/Practical Activity

Grade: 11 CSEC OBJ: Calculate energy changes from

experiments or from experimental
data
Term: 1 UNIT: Energy and Energetics
Duraton: 60 minutes Lesson: !! eat of neutralisation
"ee#: $
Objectives
As a result of this lesson! you "ill #e a#le to:
1$ define heat of neutrali%ation&
'$ calculate the heat of neutralisation from experiments or from
experimental data&

Prerequisite Student Knowledge
(he student should #e familiar "ith:
1$ endothermic and exothermic reactions&
'$ enthalpy changes&
)$ neutrali%ation&
*$ acids! #ases and salts&
Important Points
+mportant points in this lesson:
1$ eat of neutralisation is the heat a#sor#ed or released "hen 1 mole
of "ater is produced from the reaction of an acid and a #ase&
'$ eat of neutralisation can #e determined #y measuring the
temperature change "hen a ,no"n volume of a ,no"n
concentration of an acid reacts "ith a ,no"n volume of a ,no"n
concentration of a #ase&
)$ (he heat a#sor#ed or evolved can #e determined using the
e-uation! . / mc.( 0m / mass! c / specific heat capacity and .(
/ temperature change$
1
Student Instructional Material
Key Terms
heat of neutrali%ation enthalpy change acid
#ase strong acid strong #ase
Challenge Areas
(he heat of neutralisation of any strong acid e&g& Cl #y any strong
#ase li,e 1a2 is the same a#out 345&) ,6 mol
31
&
i& 7hy is the reaction exothermic8
ii& 7hy is the value the same for any strong acid and strong #ase8
iii& o" "ould the value vary if a "ea, acid or #ase "as used8
Explain your ans"er&
quipment!"aterial #eeded
1 9 1a2! 19 Cl! 19 12
)
! 19 C
)
C22! :tyrofoam cups!
#urettes! thermometers! stirring rods
#ote to Student
+n this lesson! you "ill determine the heat of neutralisation of different
acids and #ases& ;ou "ill again use the e-uation! . / mc.( "here
the mass! m "ill #e total mass of the acid and #ase used&
+t is important to note that "hen doing the calculation for heat of
neutralisation that if the num#er of moles of acid is not e-ual to the
num#er of moles of #ase! then "hichever is the limiting reagent "ould
determine the num#er of moles of "ater produced&
'
Introduction
1$ Introductory %ct&ty
a. 2#serve as your teacher carry out the follo"ing
demonstration& ;our teacher "ill add a solution drop"ise
to another solution in a test tu#e& 2#serve and ans"er the
follo"ing -uestions:
i. 7hat su#stance "as originally in the test tu#e8
ii. 7hat su#stance "as added to the tu#e8
iii. 7hat process too, place "hen the su#stances
"ere added together8

b. Define neutralisation&
+n today<s lesson! you "ill #e loo,ing at neutralisation
reactions of various acids and #ases& +n particular! you "ill
#e loo,ing at the heat of neutralisation of various acids and
#ases&
eat of neutralisation is the heat released "hen one
mole of "ater is produced from the reaction of an acid and
a #ase&
)
Student Instructional Material
Notes
Heat of neutralisation
is the heat evolved
when one mole of
water is produced
from the reaction of an
acid and a base.
$ody o% &esson
1$ 'ractca( %ct&ty ) Determnaton of *eat of Neutra(saton
a. ;ou "ill #e placed in groups of six& 7ithin each group you
should form three pairs& Each pair must carry out one of the
follo"ing acid3#ase reactions&
i& 19 1a2 "ith 19 Cl
ii& 19 1a2 "ith 19 12
)
iii& 19 1a2 "ith 19 C
)
C22
1&=& All three reactions must #e done "ithin each group&
b. Carry out the follo"ing steps "ith the allocated acid and
#ase:
i& 9easure out 40 cm
)
of the #ase using a #urette
and transfer to the :tyrofoam cup&
ii& >sing another #urette! measure out 40 cm
)
of
the acid&$ into another :tyrofoam cup&
iii& Allo" #oth solutions to stand for a fe" minutes
and then ta,e the temperature of #oth&
iv& ?ecord these temperatures in a ta#le&
v. @uic,ly! #ut carefully! pour all the acid into the
#ase! stir and record the highest temperature
reached&
c. Calculate the heat of neutralisation #y carrying out the
follo"ing steps:
i. Aind the average temperature of the acid and the
#ase& (his is the initial temperature&
ii. Calculate the heat evolved using the e-uation:
. / mc.( ! m / mass 0g$!
c / specific heat capacity
.( / temperature change
Assume the heat capacity and density is the same as
that for "aterB *&' 6 g
31
C
31
and 1 g cm
3)
respectively&
(he mass "ould #e the com#ined mass of the acid
and the #ase& ence convert the total volume to
mass using the e-uation! density / mass/volume
iii. Determine the num#er of moles of acid and hence
*
the num#er of moles of #ase& (hese are the same
since the volumes and concentrations are the same&
iv. 7rite an e-uation for the reaction&
v. ence determine the num#er of moles of "ater
produced&
vi. (he formation of this num#er of moles of "ater had
produced the amount of heat evolved in part 0ii$&
vii. (he heat of neutralisation can then #e
determined #y calculating the heat change if one
mole of "ater "as produced&
viii. +s the reaction exothermic or
endothermic8
ix. Put the appropriate sign in front of the calculated
num#erB 0D$ if endothermic and 0E$ if exothermic&
d. Collect the data 0initial and final temperatures$ from the
other t"o pairs in your group&
Closure
In+C(ass %ss,nments
1$ Calculate the heat of neutralisation of the acid3#ase reactions
performed #y your other group mem#ers&
'$ Compare and explain the values o#tained&
Out+of+C(ass %ss,nment
1$ 0a$ Define heat of neutralisation&
0#$ 7hat are the units of heat of neutralisation8
0c$ 7hen '00 cm
)
of a 0&* mol dm
3)
sodium hydroxide
solution "as added to a '00 cm
)
of 0&* mol dm
3)
solution of
nitric acid in a plastic container! a neutral solution "as
produced and the temperature rose from 'F to ))&4
o
C& (he
density and the specific heat capacity of the neutral solution are
assumed to #e e-ual that of "ater and are 1&0 g cm
3)
and *&' 6 g
3
1
C
31
respectively&
0i$ 7hy "as a plastic container used8
0ii$ 7hat steps "ould you have ta,en to ensure an accurate
measurement of the temperature rise8
0iii$ Calculate the heat of neutralisation of 1 mole of sulphuric
acid #y sodium hydroxide&
'$ +dentify if the follo"ing processes are endothermic or exothermic&
4
Student Instructional Material
a& 9elting ice cu#es
#& Condensation of rain from "ater vapor
c& A candle flame
d& Coo,ing an egg
e& =urning sugar
f& 9ixing strong acids and "ater
g& Conversion of frost to "ater vapor
h& 9elting solid salts
i& Com#ustion of hydrogen gas
G& 9a,ing ice cream
Supplemental
G(ossary of Terms
*eat of
neutra(saton
eat released "hen one mole of "ater is
produced from the reaction of an acid and a #ase&
Ent-a(py c-an,e (he enthalpy or heat change! H is the energy
difference #et"een the reactants and products& +t
is the heat a#sor#ed or evolved "hen a chemical
reaction occurs at constant pressure
. / 0products$ 3 0reactants$
%cd A su#stance "hich in solution produces
hydrogen ions as the only positively charged ion
Base
Stron, acd
(he oxide or hydroxide of a metal or the
ammonium ion

An acid "hich is completely ioni%ed in solution
"ea# acd An acid "hich is only partially ioni%ed in
solution
Stron, base A #ase "hich is completely ioni%ed in solution
"ea# base A #ase "hich is only partially ioni%ed in solution
6
CSEC .uestons
1$ 0i$ 7rite a #alanced e-uation for the neutralisation of
3 :odium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid and
3 Potassium hydroxide and sulphuric acid&
0ii$ Iiven that the heat of neutralisation per mole of "ater
produced is 46 ,6! "hat "ould you expect the value to #e
"hen one mole each of hydrochloric acid and sulphuric
acid are completely neutralised8 J6 mar,sK
9A; 1LLF! @ues ) 0c$
'$ 0a$ 7hen chemical reactions occur! heat may #e given off or ta,en
in from the environment&
7hat changes occur during a reaction that can account for this
fact8
0#$ 0i$ Define the term Mheat of neutralisation<&
0ii$ +t is o#served that "henever a strong acid 0such as Cl
or 12
)
$ is completely neutrali%ed #y a strong #ase
0such as 1a2 or C2$! the heat of neutralisation 0in
,6 mol
31
$ is the same&
Account for this o#servation&
9A; '004! @ues *
)$ 0a$ '4&0 cm
)
of '&0 mol dm
3)
sodium hydroxide and 40 cm
)
of 1&0
mol dm
3)
hydrochloric acid #oth at )0
o
C! are mixed together in
a :tyrofoam cup& 2n mixing! the temperature rises to )F&L
o
C&
0i$ Calculate the heat of neutralisation for the reaction in ,6
mol
31
&
>se the follo"ing information in your calculation:
eat evolved / mass 0g$ x specific heat capacity!C06
g
31
C
31
$ x change in temperature
C / *&' 6 g
31
C
31

Density of solution / 1 g/cm
)
0ii$ Dra" a la#eled energy profile diagram to illustrate the
reaction in 0a$ a#ove&text! delete and start typing here
9A; '005! @ues& 10#$
5
Student Instructional Material
/ecommended 0atera(s
http://"""&youthlin,Gamaica&com/cxc/chemistry'00F0*''&html
http://"""&alevelchemistry&co&u,/9oduleN1/(9ONPages/Energetics
/1&6NEnergeticsN1otes&htm
Bb(o,rap-y
1& Aerguson! 6& P art! ?& 01LL*$ CQC Chemistry! 2xford
>niversity Press
'& Oam#ert! 1& P 9ohammed! 9& A& 01LL)$ Chemistry for CQC!
?evised Ed&! einemann Press
)& (indale! Anne 01LLF$ Chemistry E A Concise ?evision Course
for CQC! :tanley (hornes 0Pu#lishers$ Otd&
F