i

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................... i
LIST OF ABREVIATION................................................................................................. ii
1. POPULATION, LAND SCARCITY AND DEVELOPMENT IN RWANDA..........................2
2. DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORKS IN RWANDA...............3
1. Intensi!"ti#n "n$ $e%e&#'(ent #) s*st"in"+&e ',#$*!ti#n s-ste(s.................
2. S*''#,t t# t/e ',#)essi#n"&i0"ti#n #) t/e ',#$*!e,s.........................................1
3. P,#(#ti#n #) !#((#$it- !/"ins "n$ "2,i+*siness $e%e&#'(ent......................1
3. Instit*ti#n"& $e%e&#'(ent................................................................................. 4
1. E!#n#(i! T,"ns)#,("ti#n.................................................................................. 5
2. R*,"& De%e&#'(ent......................................................................................... 16
3. P,#$*!ti%it- "n$ Y#*t/ E('&#-(ent................................................................11
3. A!!#*nt"+&e 7#%e,n"n!e................................................................................ 12
CONCLUSION............................................................................................................ 13
REFERENCES.............................................................................................................. A
ACRONYMS
ii
ROR: Republic Of Rwanda
NISR: National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda
PSTA: Strategic Plan for the Transformation of Agriculture
EDPRS: Economic Deelopment and poert! Reduction strateg!
"DP: "ross domestic Product
#INA"RI: #inistr! of Agriculture and Animal Resources
#INE$O%IN: #inistr! of finance and economic Planning
IS%#: Integrated Soil %ertilit! #anagement
R%I: Rural Inestment %acilit!
SA$$O: Saing and $redit $ooperatie
&'P: &ision ()() 'murenge Program
T%R: Total fertilit! Rate
CAADP8 $omprehensie Africa Agriculture Deelopment Program
1
BACKGOUND
During the last ten !ears* Rwanda has e+perienced one of the most e+citing and fastest periods of
growth and socio economic progress in its histor!, It was tenth fastest growing econom! in the
world during the decade from ())), -ROR* ()./0,Rwanda* in its path to economic deelopment
and poert! reduction* it meets with man! challenges, On one hand* there is a population growth,
The current population of Rwanda is about .*1/2*((( with one of the highest population
densities in sub3Saharan Africa at 4.5 per s6uare 7ilometer, -'N%PA* ()..0, Population densit!
has increased from /(. to 4.5 persons per s6uare 7ilometers between ())( and ().(* the highest
in Africa, - ROR *()./:50, On the other hand* being a land loc7ed countr!8 Rwanda is also a
small countr! whose population depends on agriculture, It has a surface area of (5*//9 s6uare
7ilometers, -ROR* ().)0, And according to the ())( "eneral Population and :ousing $ensus
-R"P:0 more than 9 of .) people are emplo!ed in agriculture* including 9. percent of men and
;/ percent of women,- NISR* ())10,
That growing population constantl! uses the unchangeable limited land in order to surie and
deelop their countr!, Obiousl!* land scarcit! and population growth are two inseparable
problems, :ow to reduce the problem of land scarcit! while accommodating that growing
population< The oerarching strategies of economic deelopment and poert! reduction in
Rwanda that enisions social transformation through agriculture re6uire shifting from such
subsistence farming to commercial oriented agriculture, That is one of the pillars of ision ()()
of Rwanda, &ision ()() is the principal socio3economic polic! document on which all national policies
and strategies are drawn and it seres as the basis for sector resource allocation, This document calls for
Rwanda to become a middle3income countr! b! ()(), This achieement will re6uire tripling annual per
capita income* reducing the poert! rate b! more than 1)= and increasing life e+pectanc! b! more than
.(=,&ision ()() has been made operational b! a series of medium3term national Poert!
Reduction and Economic Deelopment Strategies,-ROR*()./:.0, >ut what Rwanda is doing in
order to achiee goals and ob?ecties of EDPRS< The PSTA is the agriculture sector strateg! for
achieing the EDPRS goals and ob?ecties in the domain of agricultural deelopment, The
current stud! is aimed to anal!@e population growth* land scarcit! and deelopment options in
the national deelopment framewor7s in Rwanda such as &ision ()()* the first and second
generations of EDPRS,
2
1. POPULATION, LAND SCARCITY AND
DEVELOPMENT IN RWANDA
Rwanda is a small countr! in central east Africa, It is one of the most densel! populated
countries in Africa and oer 9) per cent of the population is dependent on subsistence
agriculture, The si@e of land holdings is small with man! being inade6uate to support a
household, Agricultural production is mainl! rain fed and is ulnerable to shoc7s which in
different parts of the countr! include drought and flooding, Soil fertilit! has deteriorated with
oer production and soil erosion is also a problem with land shortages forcing people to farm
on steep hillsides, There is low use of fertili@er and improed seeds but the use of
improed farming methods is increasing as a result of goernment polic!,- #alunda D,*
().(:;0, >ecause of those characteristics* Rwanda is one of the poor countries and the ma?orit!
of the population is also poor, >ut according to the Rwandan officials* the poert! rate has
decreased considerabl! as it can be seen in the following table:
Percentage of the Rwandan population identified as poor
Proince ()))A). ())1A)5 ().)A..
Bigali cit! ((,2= (),9= .5,9=
Southern Proince 51,1= 55,2= 15,1=
Cestern proince 5(,/= 5),4= 49,4=
Northern Proince 54,(= 5),1= 4(,9=
Eastern Proince 1;,/= 1(,.= 4(,5=
'rban (9,1= ((,.=
Rural 5.,;= 49,2=
Total 19,;= 12,2= 44,;=
Source: NISR-().(08 The eolution of poert! in Rwanda from ())) to ()..:results from the
household sure!s-EI$&0p,.4
As it can be seen in the table aboe* the poert! rate was high in ()))A()). in all proinces
e+cept in Bigali $it!, >ut interestingl!* if we ta7e ()))A()). as a base* in ().)A().. the poert!
rate has decreased considerabl!, According to the ROR -()./:.0* Rwanda was the tenth fastest
3
growing econom! in the world during the decade from ())) and at the same time more than a
million people hae been lifted out of poert!, And the target is that in ()()* there will be a
reduction b! more than onehalf in the incidence of poert! and e+treme poert!,
A person can as7 himself what Rwanda has done in order to reduce the poert! at that leel and
what it is doing in order to reduce the poert! rate at the desired leel in ()(), Actuall!*
According to the ROR -())):((08 if we ta7e ())1 as a base !ear* the population growth will
continue to be the same at a leel of (,2= but the population will shift from 9,91 millions of
people to .(,;) millions in ()(), The nominal "DP will shift from .*(.9,21 billion of Rwandan
francs in ())1 to 2*(;.,)4 billion of Rwandan francs in ()()Dalmost 2 timesE* and the
contribution of agriculture will moe from 15),5/ billion of Rwandan francs in ())1 to (*/25,99
billion of Rwandan francs in ()(),Dalmost four timesE,
In order to achiee all those targets* efficient deelopment options hae to be adopted and the!
should help eer! Rwandan to participate in economic deelopment of Rwanda, >ut what has
Rwanda done and what will it do especiall! in the domain of agriculture where man! of
Rwandans are emplo!ed in order to accommodate that growing population and reduce the
problem of land scarcit!<
2.DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT
FRAMEWORKS IN RWANDA
RwandaFs leading planning framewor7 is &ision ()()* which is used to guide oerall
deelopment in Rwanda, &ision ()() see7s to transform the econom! b! bringing about a rapid
increase in growth and a significant reduction in poert!, >! the ()() target date* it is e+pected
that the countr! will hae* among other things* reached middleincome status with per capita
"DP haing grown to 'SG ;)) from an estimated 'SG (() in ())), Other goals include a
reduction b! more than onehalf in the incidence of poert! and e+treme poert! and
improements in a range of more general standard of liing indicators, -#INA"RI* ());:40
To achiee all those goals* Rwanda needs an inclusie deelopment where all resources are
utili@ed at ma+imum, Or* actuall!* some resources in Rwanda are idle and others are
3
underutili@ed, So* Rwanda adopted different policies with a hope of driing Rwanda to economic
deelopment b! the end of ()(),
&ision ()() has been made operational b! a series of medium3term national Poert! Reduction
and Economic Deelopment Strategies,ROR -()./:.0,The Economic Deelopment and Poert!
Reduction Strateg! -EDPRS0 is the mid3term framewor7 to implement the "oernmentFs long3
term deelopment agenda, -#INE$O%IN* ())20
The EDPRS I was the &ision ()() strateg! for ())53().( that recogni@ed agriculture as one of
RwandaFs four priorit! sectors, The goals and ob?ecties of the EDPRS I* were to raise
agricultural productiit! and ensure food securit!, The EDPRS I was based on three pillars
designed to accelerate economic growth and promote human deelopment:
., Sustainable growth for ?obs and e+ports * inesting in improing the climate for
business inestment* thereb! achieing priate3sector growth, In the shorter term the priorit!
was reinforcing the productie and e+port potential of the agricultural sector* but in the longer
term the goal is to diersif! the econom! b! promoting the non3farm sector8
(, &ision ()() 'murenge which is a pro3poor rural deelopment and social protection
program, It aims to eliminate e+treme poert! b! ()() through releasing the productie capacit!
of the er! poor, It includes public wor7s* credit pac7ages and direct support and is implemented
at illage leel using participator! methods8
/, "ood economic goernance is seen as a precondition for poert! reduction and deelopment
b! creating a comparatie adantage in Hsoft infrastructureF -good goernance and
institutional arrangements important for priate inestors0 thus compensating for RwandaFs
relatiel! poorl! deeloped hard infrastructure and disadantaged geographical location
-#INE$O%IN*())2 cited b! #alunda D,- ().(:;0,
The PSTA is the agriculture sector strateg! for achieing the EDPRS goals and ob?ecties in the
domain of agricultural deelopment, PSTA I concentrated on the commerciali@ation of
agriculture* PSTA II concentrated on the intensification of Agriculture and PSTA III will focus on
increased priate sector participation and deelopment, -$AADP R9"n$", 266:84;,
.
RwandaFs agricultural polic! is embodied in RwandaFs Strategic Plan to Transform the
agricultural sector-PSTA0 , In its second phase which was corresponding to EDPRS II* The
polic! was mainl! concerned with the moderni@ation of the agricultural sector and
commerciali@ation, #an! programs were adopted under PSTA II:
1. Intensifcation and development of sustainable
production systems
This program aimed at releasing the ph!sical constraints to the sectorFs deelopment* in the areas
of erosion control* water capture and management structures* input use and food securit!, It also
incorporates the training actiities that need to accompan! the proision of ph!sical
infrastructure and inputs, -#INA"RI* ());:4/0,
In order to achiee that* the "oernment of Rwanda has adopted different actiities for fighting
against erosion li7e progressie terraces* radical terraces* liing barriers* teaching contour
planting* a shift to crops suitable for erosion control on steeper slopes* adoption of Integrated
Soil %ertilit! #anagement -IS%#0 practices* and other suitable land<husbandr! practices,
One $ow per Poor %amil! program throughout the countr! has also helped to achiee the
ob?ecties of this program, Irrigation deelopment where actiities hae been for e+ample to
establish the legal basis for water use rights and tenure rights for irrigation s!stems and to
organi@e and train hillside farmers for water management,
In this domain* the suppl! and use of agricultural inputs, the s!stem of fertili@er distribution with
auctions and ouchers for mai@e and wheat* hae been a good approach for ensuring aailabilit!
of fertili@er supplies to Rwandan dealers and farmers in a timel! manner and in aried nutrient
combinations,
2. Support to the professionalization of the producers
This program was aimed directl! at ma7ing the sector more 7nowledge<intensie through
professionali@ation and capacit! building for producer organi@ations and through improements
in the s!stems for technolog! generation and dissemination, -#INA"RI* ());:4/0,
1
In a rural enironment most farmers are smallholders, It is e+tremel! difficult for these
farmers to access* sa!* e+port mar7ets when the! act indiiduall!* so associatie efforts are
re6uired, >! the same to7en* the s!stems that deelop new agricultural techni6ues and
information on mar7ets and other issues need to be made more effectie* both in deeloping
releant information and in ensuring that farmers obtain that information and are able to utili@e
it, #a7ing progress in this regard re6uires inoling farmers more directl! in processes of
7nowledge generation and dissemination, It also re6uires institutional changes to ma7e the
7nowledge s!stems more responsie to farmersF needs and priorities, -#INA"RI* ());:5.0,
3. Promotion of commodity chains and agribusiness
development
The program designed to enhance producer 7nowledge in areas of 6ualit! control* post <
harest management and mar7eting* and to proide the associated technical e+pertise and
infrastructure* including in agro<processing *it also aims to promote agribusiness deelopment,
-#INA"RI* ());:4/0,
Neighboring countries* especiall! Ben!a and 'ganda and* more recentl!* Ethiopia* hae shown
that this is feasible, The emergence of seeral high<alue products in Rwandan agriculture*
along with a strong tradition of farmer cooperation and the e+istence of organi@ations for that
purpose* will help Rwanda in deeloping a ibrant agro<e+port sector,
Then* there has been a Promotion and Deelopment of traditional e+ports b! putting in place a
s!stem to improe input distribution and management and monitoring of that distribution for
coffee* including seedlings* plantings* application of inputs and studies to ealuate
fertili@ation strategies,
It has been also necessar! to carr! out a program for improed international mar7eting of coffee
to gain higher prices for a wider number of producers, This included: i0 Support the
operationali@ation of the $offee #ar7eting Alliance* including s!stems of 6ualit! control*
and the $up of E+cellence Program* and raise the international awareness of Rwandan
coffee, ii0 $reate additional alue added actiities including toll roasting and partnerships and
relationships with ma?or bu!ers abroad,
4
In Production and alue addition for domestic staple products *man! things hae been done for
e+ample integrated program for cassaa deelopment* in which the goernment* through a
public corporation created for this purpose* hae inested in: .0 facilities for dr!ing
cassaa close to the farm -to reduce its weight for transport0* and (0 a plant in the south of the
countr! for processing the dried cassaa into animal feed,
The goernment has thought about #ar7et<oriented rural infrastructure where it is necessar! to
carr! out feasibilit! studies for new post<harest and processing facilities* and where interest is
demonstrated b! entrepreneurs,
According to how to strengthen rural financial s!stems* we hae assisted to the deelopment of
financial products and serices that promote productie inestment in agriculture and agro<
processing including but not limited to options such as: e+pansion of the e+isting grants<loan
program -the Rural Inestment %acilit!* R%I08 Deeloping a program of credit lines
-rediscount lines0 for agriculture* agro<processing and mar7eting* and e+port credit needs,
-#INA"RI* ());:9)39.0
4. Institutional development
This one was directed at strengthening the public sectorFs capacit! to support the sectorFs
deelopment and at improing the policies that guide actions b! producers and entrepreneurs,
-#INA"RI* ());: 4/0,Actuall!* the purpose of the actions defined in this program is to facilitate
the tas7 of the public sector and ma7e its e+penditures and interentions as effectie as possible,
>ut the procedures for monitoring and ealuation of programs and pro?ects are still
underdeeloped, %ortunatel!* the Rwandan "oernmentFs strong commitment to deelopment
efforts in general* and to agricultural deelopment in particular* has and will create an important
opportunit! for strengthening institutions in the sector and the impulse the! proide to the sector,
In fact* een if the priate sector will be the engine of growth in the agricultural sector* the public
sector needs to define a clear framewor7 within which priate initiaties can pla! their role* and
it needs to proide leadership through carefull! crafted interentions that will catal!@e priate
actions, In nowada!s* gien the low leels of incomes in rural areas* in most cases farmers are
5
still dependent on goernment program to obtain training and information and productie
infrastructure, -#INA"RI* ());:9(0
The oerall ob?ectie of the EDPRS I was to reduce the share of the population liing in poert!
from 15,;= in ())1A5 to 45= in ().(A./ and this target has alread! been met in ().. as shown
b! the EI$& III, The target of reducing e+treme poert! from /2= in ())1A5 to (4= has also
been met, Since ())9* more than 91= of the targets hae been met or e+ceeded* while the
implementation rate of polic! actions has been ;5=,This has lead to impressie results in all
three flagships, -#INE$O%IN*()..0,
EDPR II which will be implemented between ()./ and ().9 ,It will base on four thematic areas
whose Oerarching "oal is Ito accelerating progress to middle income status and better 6ualit!
of life for all Rwandans through sustained growth of ..,1= and accelerated reduction of poert!
to less than /)= of the populationJ, The four thematic areas in order to achiee the cited
ob?ecties are the following:
1. conomic !ransformation
Economic transformation refers to a process inoling increases in productiit!*
technological capabilit!* economic diersification* and international competitieness that
support rapid* sustained and shared growth in emplo!ment and incomes of the population oer
time-A$ET* ().. cited b! #alunda D- ().(:50,
This thematic area targets accelerated economic growth -..,1= aerage0 and restructuring of the
econom! towards more serices and industr! as we moe towards middle income countr! status,
The main targets relate to: strategic infrastructure inestment for e+ports* increased priate sector
financing for increased e+ports coerage of imports* urbani@ation and green econom! approach
for sustainabilit!, The following fie priorit! areas will spearhead this thematic strateg!:
Priorit! .: Increase the domestic interconnectiit! of the Rwandan econom! through inestments
in hard and soft infrastructure b! meeting the energ! demand of the priate sector8 increasing
access to public goods and resources in priorit! sectors of the econom!8 and deepening the
integration of 7e! alue chains,
:
Priorit! (: Increase the e+ternal connectiit! of RwandaFs econom! and boosting e+ports b!
building a new international airport* e+panding Rwandair* and finali@ing planning for an
appropriate railwa! connection along the $entral Transport $orridor to Dares3Salaam or to
'ganda8 transforming RwandaFs logistics s!stem and strengthening e+port promotion,
Priorit! /: Transform the priate sector b! increasing inestment in priorit! sectors, The
inestment process will target large foreign inestors in priorit! sectors of the econom!8
accelerate measures to increase long3term saings* transform the financial sector for increased
access to long term international and domestic financing for priate sector strengthen ta+ and
regulator! reform to spur medium and large enterprise growth and attract large inestors,
Priorit! 4: Transform the economic geograph! of Rwanda b! facilitating urbani@ation and
promoting secondar! cities, Si+ Secondar! $ities will be deeloped as poles of growth and
centers of non3agricultural economic actiities,
Priorit! 1: Pursue a Hgreen econom!F approach to economic transformation, The green econom!
approach faours the deelopment of sustainable cities and illages,
Costs of Economic Transformation in Rwanda
Rwanda is a small countr! in central east Africa, It is one of the most densel! populated
countries in Africa and oer 9) per cent of the population are dependent on subsistence
agriculture, Agricultural production is mainl! rain fed and is ulnerable to shoc7s which in
different part s of the countr! include drought and flooding, Soil fertilit! has deteriorated with
oer production and soil erosion is also a problem with land shortages forcing people to farm
on steep hillsides, There is low use of fertili@er and improed seeds but the use of
improed farming methods is increasing as a result of goernment polic!,
A serious challenge to sustainable economic transformation in Rwanda is ine6ualit!, One of the
most important challenges facing Rwanda toda! is to ma7e deelopment inclusie through
reersing the trend of high and increasing income and asset ine6ualit!, This is because 4) per
cent of the rural households hae less than ),/ hectares of land and for these rural households*
non3farm sources of income are a must if the! are to achiee sustainable economic
transformation, The une6ual land distribution and the e+istence of a large number of near3
16
landless agricultural households impl! that a d!namic deelopment of agriculture will onl!
be pro3poor if there are strong lin7s to the non3agriculture sector* with strong growth in this
sector -Corld >an7* ())20, "ien that the transforming traditional agriculture is critical for
growth * economic transformation and poert! reduction* farmers need to ac6uire education*
s7ills and 7nowledge in order to improe traditional practices and to access productie
non3farm emplo!ment, #alunda D- ().(:;0,
2. "ural #evelopment
This thematic area is focused on ensuring that poert! is reduced from 44,;= to below /)= b!
().9, This will be achieed through focus on increased productiit! of agriculture which
engages the ast ma?orit! of the population and ensures sustainable poert! reduction, Enhanced
lin7ages of social protection programs will also be deeloped with particular attention to
increasing graduation, -ROR*()./0
In order to achiee broad<based economic growth coupled with economic transformation an
important issue is how Rwanda translates e+port trade into growth and poert! reduction, One
leading indicator is the degree to which a countr!Fs e+port sector is integrated with its
wider econom!* particularl! through forward and bac7ward suppl! lin7ages, To this end*
these lin7ages between RwandaFs manufacturing e+port sector and the rural agricultural sector
are still limited,- #alunda D* ().(:1;0,
%our priorit! interentions will lead to the reali@ation of this strateg!:
Priorit! .: Integrated Approach to Kand 'se and :uman Settlements, A ma?or consideration is
ensuring that rural settlements are reisited to ensure greater access to economic opportunities
and basic serices,
Priorit! (: Increase the Productiit! of Agriculture b! building on the sectorFs comparatie
adantage, The focus is therefore on irrigation and land husbandr!* pro+imit! adisor! serices
for crops and liestoc7 and connecting farmers to agribusiness,
Priorit! /: Enable "raduation from E+treme Poert! b! monitoring graduation through a
database across social protection programs* supporting financial products* serices and literac!
11
for the poorest, "raduation will also mean lin7ing the poorest to economic actiit! through the
proision of s7ills,
Priorit! 4: $onnect Rural $ommunities to Economic Opportunit! through Improed
Infrastructure, Interentions will include a feeder roads program and information and
communications technologies -I$T0 e+pansion for rural areas with the aim of lin7ing
communities to mar7ets* the electrification program* modern biomass and other coo7ing
methods* and full coerage of 6ualit! water and sanitation,
3. Productivity and $outh mployment
This thematic area is focused on ensuring that growth and rural deelopment are underpinned b!
appropriate s7ills and productie emplo!ment* especiall! for the growing cohort of !outh, The
main ob?ectie is the creation of at least ())*))) new ?obs annuall!, %our priorit! interentions
will lead the wa!:
Priorit! .: Deelop S7ills and Attitudes b! reiewing and reforming national education curricula*
establishing Sector S7ills $ouncils* strengthening T&ET* internships* promoting adult literac!
and short course basic s7ills training,
Priorit! (: Promote Technolog! with a focus on accelerating innoation b! internet and mobile
phone infrastructure and improing I$T s7ills,
Priorit! /: Stimulate Entrepreneurship* Access to %inance and >usiness Deelopment b!
increasing off3farm emplo!ment* productiit! and new ?ob creation drien b! the priate sector,
The goernment will consolidate* rationali@e* and e+pand different business support programs
into an Integrated National Emplo!ment Program to boost entrepreneurship and ?ob creation,
4. %ccountable &overnance
The ob?ectie of this thematic area is to improe the oerall leel of serice delier! and ensure
citi@en satisfaction aboe 9)=, It also focuses on increased citi@en participation as a wa! of
ensuring ownership and feedbac7 for efficienc! and sustainabilit!,
12
Normall!* the abilit! to locali@e solutions to deelopment problems in order to fit RwandaFs local
conte+t coupled with a strong and committed leadership hae been some of the ma?or driers to
the earl! signs of the economic transformation that is ta7ing shape in Rwanda, #alunda D,
- ().(:440,
CONCLUSION
In Rwanda* the population grew rapidl! as reflected b! the Total %ertilit! Rate -T%R0 which rose
from1,9 children per woman in ())) to 5,. in ())1 despite desired fertilit! leels of 4,/ children
per women and 4,) per man, #INE$O%IN -().(:;0, >ut * during the last ten !ears* Rwanda has
e+perienced one of the most e+citing and fastest periods of growth and socio economic progress
in its histor!, It was tenth fastest growing econom! in the world during the decade from ())),
In order to continue on such a growth path* Rwanda has thought about two things: population
growth and land scarcit!, Rwanda has strategicall! chosen to loo7 at its population as a ital
human resource* the desired outcome for which is a creatie* health! and wealth! population,
Cith EDPRS and PSTA8 the ()() ision is being achieed, The poert! headcount ratio declined
from 15,2= in ())1A)5 to 44,;= in ().)A.. with significant poert! reduction e+perienced
particularl! in rural areas where the rate fell from 5.,;= to 49,2=,The une6ual land
distribution and the e+istence of a large number of near3landless agricultural households is
a big challenge, A d!namic deelopment of agriculture will onl! be pro3poor if there are strong
lin7s between agriculture sector and non3agriculture sector, "ien that the transforming
13
traditional agriculture is critical for growth* economic transformation and poert! reduction*
Rwandan farmers need to ac6uire education* s7ills and 7nowledge in order to improe
traditional practices and to access productie non3farm emplo!ment,
Actuall!* it is true that the poert! has decreased but the reduction in poert! was supported b! a
combination of improed agricultural incomes* off3farm ?ob creation* reduction in household
si@es* and public and priate transfers ,:oweer* all those will be helped b! a good leadership
and a well and organi@ed monitoring and ealuation,
A
A
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7.RoR (2013); Economic development and poverty reduction strategy2013-2018; Rwanda.
8.ROR(2010);Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey 2010,Final Report; Rwanda
9.ROR; Vision 2020;Rwanda
10.CAADP R9"n$" =266:;>Implementation and management case study
September 2012,R9"n$"