0 évaluation0% ont trouvé ce document utile (0 vote)
780 vues5 pages
This document provides an overview of architecture in Pakistan from independence in 1947 through the late 20th century. It describes the early influences of Western modernism on the first generation of Pakistani architects and some of the first major public buildings designed during that time. It then discusses the growth of architectural education in Pakistan and the emergence of a younger generation of locally-trained architects in the 1960s. The document outlines important developments and trends in architecture during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, including the rise of regionalism and vernacular influences on postmodern design. It highlights some pioneering architects and notable projects that reflected new approaches to incorporating local climatic conditions and building traditions.
This document provides an overview of architecture in Pakistan from independence in 1947 through the late 20th century. It describes the early influences of Western modernism on the first generation of Pakistani architects and some of the first major public buildings designed during that time. It then discusses the growth of architectural education in Pakistan and the emergence of a younger generation of locally-trained architects in the 1960s. The document outlines important developments and trends in architecture during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, including the rise of regionalism and vernacular influences on postmodern design. It highlights some pioneering architects and notable projects that reflected new approaches to incorporating local climatic conditions and building traditions.
This document provides an overview of architecture in Pakistan from independence in 1947 through the late 20th century. It describes the early influences of Western modernism on the first generation of Pakistani architects and some of the first major public buildings designed during that time. It then discusses the growth of architectural education in Pakistan and the emergence of a younger generation of locally-trained architects in the 1960s. The document outlines important developments and trends in architecture during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, including the rise of regionalism and vernacular influences on postmodern design. It highlights some pioneering architects and notable projects that reflected new approaches to incorporating local climatic conditions and building traditions.
a) THE FIRST GENERATION At the time of independence, there were only a handful of local Architects who were trained under the western idioms. The architects trained in the Western tradition naturally derived their inspiration from the Modern Movement, the Bauhaus school, Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright.
Most of the architects trained before 1947 had been to the J.J.School of Art in Bombay; several had received further education abroad, usually in England. In the early 1950's this small band of officially recognised architects came together to form the Institute of Architects Pakistan (IAP) in 1957. It had 11 members, including 2 foreigners working in Pakistan: M.A. Ahed, Tajuddin Bhamani, Minoa Mistry, Pir Mohammed, R.S. Rustumjee, H.H. Khan, M.A. Mirza, Abdul Hussain Thariani, Zahiruddin Khawaja, Bloomfield and Peter Powell. Among the first generation of local architects, Pakistan found a very talented and capable architect in Mehdi Ali Mirza. Mehdi Ali Mirza was deeply influenced by the architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright. Mirza produced highly successful residences much influenced by the great American houses that Wright had become famous for. He was given a pride of performance for his work.
The earliest public building designed by any Pakistani architect was State Bank of Pakistan. Architect M.A Ahed, trained in England, was commissioned this project. His design philosophy was inspired from the modem movement. The form and function are honestly portrayed in both main vault and auditorium. The architectural composition of masses and volumes are well balanced. Khawaja Zahir Ud Din who joined CDA and also trained in England, designed two mosques in sector G-6. The parabolic arches and domes in fair face concrete, exposed brick walls and cylindrical minarets was a step forward from tradition to modernity.
In 1960s, the planning for the new Capital Islamabad began, which led to a great spurt of enthusiasm in the field of architecture and planning. The bureaucracy and leaders turned to the west. Doxiades Associates produced the modernistic master plan of the city that placed buildings of national importance at the focal point of the layout. Arne Jacobsens proposal was rejected for lacking "Islamic features and Louis Kahn was commissioned next. Kahn's proposal for the Islamabad capitol was also rejected and criticized due to the same reason. Edward Durrell Stone was awarded the project to design the Presidency Complex. Stone produced a layout for the complex with a formal symmetry, in conformity with his understanding of Mughal concepts. The President's House dominated the main axis of the national square, flanked by the Assembly and Foreign Office at either end of the minor axis. The project was eventually modified to eliminate the domes and arches and reduce the verandahs and overhanging canopies. The National Assembly and Foreign Office buildings were given some austere facades. Construction on this revised design for the Presidency started in 1975 and was completed in 1984. E.D. Stone went on to design the WAPDA House at Lahore, an abominable white elephant. The secretariat complex at Islamabad, designed by Gia Ponti is a well- integrated design. The use of water and terraces at many levels is reminiscent of Mughal landscaping. The spaces are self-defined in a series of quiet enclosures which flow into each other through the building masses. The spaces between the tall blocks are bridged by horizontal ducts, bringing them in harmony with the landscape. Hence it was the influence of such foreign architects to which the first generation of local architects inspired to.
b) THE YOUNGER GENERATION
Until the establishment of the PWD School of Architecture in Karachi, the only available training in architecture within Pakistan had been at the Mayo School of Art in Lahore. It was not until 1958, when the Mayo School of Art was upgraded to the National College of Art (NCA), that the first regular courses in architecture became available within the country, and it was only in the mid-1960's that the first batch of locally educated architects began to practice.
In the late sixties a number of architects returned to Pakistan after receiving their education from western countries and started participating in the development activities of the country. The second generation of Pakistani Architects showed some change in the architectural practice by taking into account some consideration of our own land instead of purely following the western styles. Uptil now detailing in traditional manner was considered to be the wastage of time. The graduates overcame, to some extent, the shortage of practicing architects but they could not form their philosophy relevant to Pakistan in its socio- economic, cultural and environmental context. Names like Yasmeen laari, Habib Fida Ali, N.A.Dada, Unit four in khi, Javed Najam in lhr etc are prominent.
Anwar Saeed was the first most significant architect to join C.D.A after graduating from Liverpool. He designed a number of mosques, churches, government officer's hostels, basic health units and other buildings in Islamabad. His composition of bold masses and honesty in displaying structural elements which made his buildings distinct compared with other buildings built for similar functions. He belongs to constructivist and purist school within modem movement. He designed many commercial buildings in blue area.
2. ARCHITECTURE IN 70s
The real contribution of Pakistani architects started in the early seventies when Government of Pakistan established two firms to overcome the shortage of architects; Pakistan Environmental Planning and Architectural Consultants (PEPAC) and National Engineering Services Pakistan (NESPAK). Also the development of Agha Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) played an important role in growth of architecture. Its First cycle award took place in 1978-1980.
Although economic crises and Marshal Laws had their impact, along with oil crises, hindering development, yet progress in architecture was seen. Zaheer ud Din Consultant, Karachi was commissioned to design Sind House. They also designed Pakistan Agriculture Research Council in association with American consultants. Their work was refreshing. In both the projects, they drew inspiration from traditional layouts and vernacular tradition of architecture. The use of brickwork as principal building material with gable roof derived from colonial bungalows of Murree and use of water in the form of pools, fountains, cascade and canal remind the glory of Mughal landscape design.
The work of PEPAC was diverse in nature. The architects who joined it in its formative stages (such as Anwar Pasha, Aleem Ashraf and Masood Ahmad Khan ) designed large projects throughout the country. Each one of them has its own design philosophy. The design of boundary wall of NWFP House was inspired from the traditional architecture of NWFP. It was built in rubble stone masonry with semicircular towers placed at regular interval. The geometry and volumetric composition is successfully handled. However, the twin cinema of NEFDAC is a simple bare mass in fair-face concrete. HBFC head office, the first multistoried building in Blue area was also designed by PEPAC.
3. ARCHITECTURE IN 1980-1999
The 80s can be thought of as the most promising stage of architecture in Pakistan In 1983 the Pakistan Council of Architects and Town Planners (PCATP) was formed, to regulate and protect architectural profession. Regionalism and vernacular Architecture found its way into post-modernsim as every area had its own specific climatic conditions. The best example is 700-bed Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Karachi, which is probably the first building with this new approach, completed in 1985. Designed by the American architects Payette Associates in conjunction with local consultants, the complex certainly made a strong impact on contemporary architecture in Pakistan. Another significant example of regionalism in architecture is The Karachi Grammar Kindergarten and Junior School. Khawar Ghani and Parvez Ansari won the design competition. Their project began in October 1989. The architectural expression of the campus is inspired from Postmodern ideas, with the use of aesthetical features on faade with materials like brick and fair-face concrete. Habib Fida Ali is also a pioneer of architecture who discovered the true essence of Architecture much earlier in his career and chose a philosophical approach which was much needed for the maturity of Architecture in Pakistan. Although a follower of modern movement, Habib Fida is also found to change his approach where ever he thought appropriate. LUMS, Lahore University of Management Sciences was the first large building of Habib Fidas that utilizes bricks which was an attempt to incorporate the local building traditions of Lahore. The design was highly regarded. Habib Fida Ali was not the only Architect bridging the gap between Regionalism and Modernization in the 1980s and 90s. Names like Nayyar Ali Dada, Kamil Khan Mumtaz, Pervaiz Vandal and Yasmeen Lari are also observed on the panorama, doing amazing work with reference to their respective philosophies. Although they were all trained under modernist ideologies, yet they all attempted to connect it with their historical traditions. They tried to move away from the brand of International architecture and came closer to home, thus bringing traditionalism and Regionalism on the scene with fair-faced red brick facades, broken up by panels, grooves, jharokas and arched windows, creating substantial and monumental effects. Another very significant buildings, completed in 1984 is the Shah Faisal Mosque, design by Vedat Dalokay, a Turkish architect, with its simple straight forward covering of a large space by four double diagonal supports counter-balanced by the four minarets was appreciated as a satisfactory solution.
4. PIONEERS OF POST MODERN ARCHITECTURE IN PAKISTAN
As Modern architecture, in the 1950s, was functional and moral solution to the problem of how to build. The truth was somewhat different. Architecture like the planet it stands on has always been changing. When Modern architecture matured to the degree of extent it basically exploded into a kaleidoscope of new forms and styles: Postmodernism, High-tech, Organic, Classical revival and Deconstructivism. Jonathan Glancy
In Pak, the pioneers of PM were;
Ejaz Ahad Habib Fida Ali Nayer Ali Dada Arshad Abdullah
U.S.A graduate Ejaz Ahed, of Ahed Associates formerly worked with SOM. He designed PIC Towers Karachi, one of the first high-rises, a 16 storey building which is the first postmodern structure in Pakistan with curved walls and a louvered facade, which was a healthy change from the simple, straight and predictable modern buildings, being constructed everywhere. The 21-story Habib bank Tower, Islamabad at the time of its completion in 1986, was Islamabads tallest building and became a model for tower designs throughout Pakistan. The collaboration of postmodern and regional concepts is also seen in his Aga Khan Sports and Rehabilitation Complex Karachi Commercial Union Office building in Karachi also highlights the postmodern ideas being utilized by Habib Fida Ali. The building, which completed in 1992, has a unique plan in terms of its approach and functionality of different spaces. An otherwise simple form has been made outstanding by the use of a projected triangular shade, supported by 2 traingular columns. Arshad Abdullah of ASA is among the most talented slot of the Contemporary Architects of Pakistan. He has to his credits many projects which have proved to be of landmark nature in Karachi, Lahore & Islamabad. His commitment has produced a balanced and logical approach to innovative designs and his ultimate focus, it seems, has always been on the creation of a responsive environment catering to the needs of the user. NIC building in Islamabad is one such example. The building which completed in 1993 in the Blue area. The building, with a square plan tower with glass areas on all four sides, also has well designed shading devices, according to the sun path. In MCB landmark in Islamabad, which completed in 1998, the available space is well utilized and a strong modern structure was designed with appropriately defined and balanced front elevation, with the monotony of solid masses broken with the help of large glass areas and window openings, keeping all in square forms Among the Pakistani trained architects Nayyar Ali Dada emerged one of the most creative architects. His work is composed of bold masses of simple geometrical form. He also won Aga Khan Award for architecture for the design of Alhamra Arts Council at Lahore. Nayyer work is wide ranging and varied from client to client. His first project in Islamabad was International Labor Office building, designed along the modern lines, although the excessive use of glass in Pakistani climate is unjustifiable. In Punjab House the double height verandahs do not protect guest rooms from heavy rains and therefore water enters the rooms, spoil carpets. His other projects such as Oil and Gas Development Corporation office building and Comsit head office in modern and post modern international style are most significant. The Serena hotel is his best work in post modern Pakistani style. Here traditional vocabulary and craft tradition has been used in an intelligent manner to make this hotel building relevant to the time and place. The proportion and composition of masses and interior volume are excellently worked out using the indigenous art and craft tradition. Up till the late 80s he worked on the vernacular traditional styles and became a master of it. In the 90s, he brought a new dimension to post modern architecture using new ideas, construction materials and technologies. An important building to discuss here is the EFU House in Lahore, built in 1996. The building projects a very compact yet elegant impression and blends harmoniously with its immediate built environment.
5. MODERNISM REVIVED IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF PAKISTAN
In Pakistan modernism was never really ever discarded, even when PM ensued. The prominent example in this regard is The Jinnah Terminal, in Karachi. Frankfurt based Architectural Firm, Air consult, designed the new terminal for Karachi International Airport. In July 1992 the new terminal building was opened in for public use. Air consult handled the terminal project in association with NESPAK. Like other major public buildings designed by NESPAK, The Jinnah Terminal, being a modern building, externally and internally, reflects the contemporary Pakistan, mirroring the continuity, the evolution and the dynamics of its culture, and society
The revival of Modernism also led to a few other significant structures which have an important place in the shaping up of contemporary architecture of Pakistan. Contributions of Ejaz Ahed should be highly regarded on this front as well. Ahed associates one of the important projects in collaboration with the Aga Khan Trust worth mentioning here is the AKESP -The Aga Khan Professional Development Center in Gilgit, completed in 2002. The complex has the privilege to be documented in the atlas of World Architecture. The campus employs all local materials, along with earthquake resistant and heat insulation technology developed by the Building and Construction Improvement Program (BACIP). BACIP is headed by the Aga Khan Building and Planning Services, and has established many innovative works to improve the lives of the locals in the Northern Areas of Pakistan
6. AN UNDEFINED ARCHITECTURAL PANORAMA- THE LATE 90s
The 90s saw emergence of new approaches of the architects towards architecture; Develop certain philosophies for their architecture. Formulating strategies to earn
Due to global pressures and influences, the sense of direction of Pakistani architecture became confused. If 'time' has some meaning than the 'place' also has much relevance in the physical expression of architectural form. The architecture in Pakistan was inspired greatly by western eclecticism, classicism, modernism and, in some cases, deconstructionism. They have little sense of place, or uniqueness to the locale, or a connection to the distinct set of conditions within which they evolve. The revival of the traditional architecture was limited only to the cladding of load bearing structures with traditional brick tiles forgetting the spirit of the traditional architecture as well as the context of time. Buildings like The Forum, Krachi, designed by Habib fida Ali and Landmark Plaza, Lahore by Khalid Rehman, are just some of the view representing this confusion.In addition, the western architects faulsely typecast the much varying rich and diversified muslim architecture into the rigid and limiting category of Islamic architecture, depriving it of its depth, but merely representing stick-on elements as its basic feratures. Another major factor that affects the quality of architecture is the limitation of architects to develop on their own creative philosophies. Bureaucrats, military personnel or landlords play a major role in limiting this growth and free choice. In a society where there is absence of dialogue and encouragement of young talent, how art and architecture can grow.
German Short Stories for Beginners – 5 in 1: Over 500 Dialogues & Short Stories to Learn German in your Car. Have Fun and Grow your Vocabulary with Crazy Effective Language Learning Lessons
French Short Stories for Beginners – 5 in 1: Over 500 Dialogues & Short Stories to Learn French in your Car. Have Fun and Grow your Vocabulary with Crazy Effective Language Learning Lessons