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I. INTRODUO
Os sistemas bio-inspirados tem surgido com um conjunto
de modelos baseados no comportamento e na forma de atuar de
certos sistemas biolgicos, com a finalidade de solucionar
problemas nas mais diversas reas: energia, transporte, entre
outras. Portanto um algoritmo bio-inspirado aquele que
soluciona problemas computacionais baseados na biologia,
cincia da vida [1] Dentre estes modelos, os algoritmos
evolutivos, em especial os baseados em populao, tm tido
grande sucesso em solucionar problemas de otimizao de
mltiplas solues [2] .
Um dos mtodos utilizados, e que ser trabalhado neste
documento, o de Otimizao por Enxame de Partculas
(PSO,particle swarm optimization). Consiste em um algoritmo
de otimizao heurstica inspirado no comportamento em
grupo de animais, como peixes e pssaros. Se destina a
otimizar uma funo objeto por meio da troca de informaes
entre partculas de um grupo, resultando em um algoritmo
eficiente, robusto e de simples implementao computacional
[3].
No PSO as partculas so representadas por vetores que
definem a velocidade e a localizao atual de cada partcula, e
estas informaes so atualizadas segundo sua velocidade
atual, seu aprendizado pessoal e o aprendizado adquirido pelo
bando [4].
O processo de busca e otimizao possui alguns
componentes, so eles:
(
(
))
(Ackley)
(8)
III. RESULTADOS
As Tabelas de 1 a 6 representam a otimizao por enxame
de partculas com a utilizao das funes custo Esfrica,
Quadric, Rastrigin, Rosenbrock, Schwefel e Ackley,
respectivamente. Utilizando o software MatLab, foram
considerados os seguintes parmetros para a simulao.
c1 = c2 = 2,1;
(1)
[xmin , xmax ] = [-8.0, 8.0], exceto para Schwefel: [500, 500] e Ackley = [-32, 32];
[vmin , vmax ] = [-6.0, 6.0], exceto para Schwefel: [300, 300] e Ackley = [-24, 24];
( )
( ( )
( ))
( ( )
( ))
( )
(2)
()
()
()
()
()
))
) (
(3)
) (
(4)
(5)
(6)
( | |) (Schwefel) (7)
TABLE I.
Mdia
Mediana
Mnimo
Desvio
Padro
N=2
4,46E-97
2,68E-111
4,39E-121
2,56E-96
33
N=4
2,73E-56
8,50E-66
1,16E-74
1,41E-55
33
N=6
8,85E-31
9,28E-40
4,43E-46
4,70E-30
33
N=8
9,60E-21
1,11E-27
9,57E-34
4,11E-20
33
N = 10
2,35E-15
2,72E-19
2,22E-24
9,39E-15
33
S = 10 N = 12
7,29E-12
2,87E-15
5,27E-18
3,03E-11
33
N = 14
1,64E-09
1,09E-11
4,05E-15
6,51E-09
33
N = 16
2,31E-08
4,58E-10
2,13E-12
7,92E-08
33
N = 18
1,48E-06
2,97E-08
5,50E-10
5,21E-06
33
N = 20
2,24E-05
5,81E-07
4,23E-09
9,85E-05
33
N = 22
2,84E-05
4,66E-06
1,98E-07
8,89E-05
33
N=2
1,76E-119
5,84E-125
1,53E-133 7,33E-119
33
N=4
5,03E-81
1,12E-84
5,01E-90
1,41E-80
33
S = 20 N = 6
7,98E-53
7,98E-57
2,02E-61
3,43E-52
33
N=8
9,25E-39
2,32E-41
1,13E-44
4,15E-38
33
N = 10
4,02E-28
5,96E-32
2,05E-35
1,45E-27
33
Goals
N = 12
1,30E-22
1,67E-24
6,92E-27
3,38E-22
33
N= 2
1,68E-102
2,91E-110
1,53E-117
9,63E-102
33
N = 14
4,68E-18
5,02E-20
4,72E-23
1,75E-17
33
N= 4
1,13E-48
3,84E-51
2,91E-55
3,87E-48
33
N = 16
5,26E-15
3,02E-16
2,77E-19
1,24E-14
33
N= 6
5,30E-22
1,91E-25
3,91E-29
2,46E-21
33
N = 18
3,26E-12
2,04E-13
1,98E-15
9,71E-12
33
N= 8
2,95E-12
4,27E-13
4,08E-16
8,97E-12
33
N = 20
2,58E-10
2,25E-11
2,71E-13
6,65E-10
33
N= 10
1,92E-07
7,46E-08
1,33E-09
3,22E-07
33
N = 22
1,31E-08
1,02E-09
1,71E-11
2,86E-08
33
S = 25 N= 12
3,17E-04
9,31E-05
1,89E-06
6,12E-04
33
N=2
1,65E-124
2,82E-128
1,21E-140 6,40E-124
33
N= 14
6,88E-03
5,21E-03
6,93E-04
8,40E-03
27
N=4
2,46E-84
3,79E-87
1,59E-91
7,43E-84
33
N= 16
6,26E-02
4,70E-02
6,55E-03
4,98E-02
N=6
1,67E-57
5,12E-62
3,22E-69
9,42E-57
33
N= 18
N=8
4,23E-01
2,84E-01
1,77E-02
3,17E-01
1,77E-42
7,11E-45
2,05E-49
6,44E-42
33
N= 20
N = 10
1,33E+00
1,01E+00
3,59E-01
8,58E-01
1,15E-32
1,37E-34
1,10E-37
2,97E-32
33
N= 22
S = 25 N = 12
3,43E+00
2,98E+00
7,14E-01
2,20E+00
1,41E-25
3,58E-27
9,03E-29
7,11E-25
33
N = 14
1,91E-19
5,74E-21
3,90E-24
7,35E-19
33
N = 16
9,46E-17
1,61E-17
5,88E-19
1,59E-16
33
N = 18
1,66E-13
1,44E-14
3,33E-16
7,28E-13
33
N = 20
1,96E-12
4,96E-13
4,75E-15
2,80E-12
33
N=2
33
33
N=4
6,94E-01
3,15E-03
9,13E-01
17
N=6
2,17E+00
1,99E+00
1,48E+00
N=8
3,84E+00
3,00E+00
9,95E-01
2,01E+00
N= 10 8,20E+00
7,96E+00
3,01E+00
3,22E+00
S = 10 N= 12 1,06E+01
9,95E+00
4,97E+00
3,93E+00
N= 14 1,65E+01
1,69E+01
4,98E+00
5,11E+00
N= 16 1,87E+01
1,79E+01
5,97E+00
6,21E+00
N= 18 2,71E+01
2,56E+01 1,40E+001
8,51E+000
N= 20 2,98E+01
N= 22 3,91E+01
3,74E+01 2,23E+001
1,38E+001
N = 22
TABLE III.
9,47E-10
TABLE II.
Mdia
N=2
N=4
3,53E-80
1,64E-26
7,80E-11
1,72E-13
2,45E-09
Mnimo
3,00E-102
8,94E-42
Desvio
Padro
2,03E-79
7,06E-26
Goals
33
33
N=6
5,56E-12
5,02E-16
6,79E-19
2,25E-11
33
N=8
3,86E-07
2,92E-08
3,25E-10
1,02E-06
33
N= 10
8,78E-05
6,04E-05
3,48E-06
9,88E-05
33
S = 10 N= 12
N= 14
6,86E-03
1,06E-01
5,15E-03
6,84E-02
2,54E-04
9,09E-03
5,67E-03
1,06E-01
28
4,20E-01
3,41E-01
5,77E-02
2,95E-01
N= 18
1,68E+00
1,67E+00
3,43E-01
9,77E-01
N= 20
3,61E+00
3,20E+00
9,61E-01
1,94E+00
N= 2
6,98E+00
2,62E-96
6,10E+00
3,48E-105
1,84E+00
5,61E-111
3,52E+00
1,50E-95
0
33
N= 4
6,20E-44
6,02E-49
7,45E-55
2,82E-43
33
N= 6
2,93E-20
5,79E-23
1,20E-27
1,62E-19
33
N= 8
3,03E-11
2,68E-12
9,56E-15
9,42E-11
33
N= 10
2,19E-06
4,85E-07
1,70E-08
8,18E-06
33
S = 20 N= 12
N= 14
8,97E-04
1,26E-02
3,61E-04
8,66E-03
5,53E-06
2,13E-03
1,25E-03
1,20E-02
33
1,62E-01
1,43E-01
1,20E-02
1,51E-01
N= 18
6,21E-01
4,81E-01
6,95E-02
5,82E-01
N= 20
1,59E+00
1,43E+00
3,36E-01
7,50E-01
N= 22
4,07E+00
3,51E+00
9,50E-01
2,50E+00
Desvio
Padro
Mnimo
Goals
33
N= 4
1,51E-01
3,62E-01
28
N= 6
1,03E+00
9,95E-01
8,79E-01
10
N= 8
2,69E+00
2,98E+00
1,39E+00
N= 10 5,13E+00
4,97E+00
9,95E-01
2,57E+00
S = 20 N= 12 7,98E+00
7,96E+00
1,99E+00
4,15E+00
N= 14 1,02E+01
9,95E+00
4,97E+00
3,68E+00
N= 16 1,49E+01
1,59E+01
5,97E+00
5,80E+00
N= 18 2,04E+01
1,99E+01
7,96E+00
5,52E+00
N= 20 2,38E+01
2,44E+01
1,24E+01
5,76E+00
N= 22 2,97E+01
2,84E+01
1,49E+01
8,49E+00
N= 2
33
N= 4
3,02E-02
1,73E-01
32
S = 25 N= 6
9,05E-01
9,95E-01
8,01E-01
12
N= 8
2,70E+00
2,98E+00
4,38E-07
1,58E+00
N= 10 4,37E+00
4,97E+00
1,91E+00
20
N= 16
Mediana
N= 2
1
N= 16
N= 22
Mdia
N= 12 8,54E+00
7,96E+00
3,98E+00
2,83E+00
N= 14 1,00E+01
9,95E+00
4,97E+00
3,47E+00
N= 16 1,30E+01
1,39E+01
2,99E+00
3,75E+00
N= 18 1,83E+01
1,79E+01
6,10E+00
5,74E+00
N= 20 2,15E+01
2,19E+01
9,95E+00
7,26E+00
N= 22 2,67E+01
2,49E+01
1,29E+01
7,55E+00
TABLE IV.
Mdia
N= 22
3,56E+01
TABLE V.
Mnimo
Desvio
Padro
Goals
N= 2
-1,15E+03
-1,14E+03
-1,95E+03
3,64E+02
33
N= 4
-1,80E+03
-1,74E+03
-3,16E+03
4,45E+02
33
N= 6
-1,94E+03
-1,97E+03
-2,88E+03
5,22E+02
33
N= 8
-2,09E+03
-1,97E+03
-3,91E+03
6,57E+02
33
N= 10
-1,67E+03
-1,70E+03
-3,12E+03
7,29E+02
33
S = 10 N= 12
-2,31E+03
-2,45E+03
-3,91E+03
9,64E+02
33
N= 14
-1,84E+03
-1,74E+03
-3,57E+03
7,88E+02
33
N= 16
-1,84E+03
-2,07E+03
-5,07E+03
1,36E+03
31
N= 18
-1,83E+03
-1,56E+03
-5,33E+03
1,30E+03
32
N= 20
-1,59E+03
-1,52E+03
-4,66E+03
1,41E+03
29
N= 22
-1,27E+03
-1,09E+03
-3,89E+03
1,10E+03
29
N= 2
-1,52E+03
-1,34E+03
-2,27E+03
3,62E+02
33
N= 4
-2,07E+03
-2,11E+03
-2,74E+03
3,26E+02
33
N= 6
-2,59E+03
-2,61E+03
-3,57E+03
5,37E+02
33
N= 8
-2,76E+03
-2,78E+03
-4,32E+03
6,02E+02
33
N= 10
-2,78E+03
-2,72E+03
-4,13E+03
6,05E+02
33
S = 20 N= 12
-2,74E+03
-2,72E+03
-4,99E+03
7,65E+02
33
N= 14
-2,95E+03
-2,98E+03
-4,78E+03
7,87E+02
33
N= 16
-2,76E+03
-2,76E+03
-5,59E+03
9,51E+02
33
N= 18
-2,75E+03
-2,54E+03
-5,80E+03
1,30E+03
33
N= 20
-3,03E+03
-2,84E+03
-7,19E+03
1,36E+03
33
N= 22
-2,76E+03
-2,82E+03
-5,96E+03
1,37E+03
32
N= 2
-1,62E+03
-1,56E+03
-2,51E+03
3,30E+02
33
N= 4
-2,38E+03
-2,49E+03
-3,00E+03
3,67E+02
33
N= 6
-2,52E+03
-2,55E+03
-3,40E+03
5,01E+02
33
N= 8
-2,85E+03
-2,94E+03
-5,03E+03
7,46E+02
33
N= 10
-2,93E+03
-2,90E+03
-4,68E+03
7,10E+02
33
S = 25 N= 12
-3,02E+03
-3,10E+03
-4,40E+03
7,59E+02
33
N= 14
-3,15E+03
-3,08E+03
-5,19E+03
9,72E+02
33
N= 16
-2,88E+03
-2,88E+03
-4,13E+03
8,03E+02
33
N= 18
-3,29E+03
-3,16E+03
-6,42E+03
1,13E+03
33
N= 20
-3,22E+03
-3,16E+03
-7,19E+03
1,29E+03
33
N= 22
-2,68E+03
-2,55E+03
-5,05E+03
1,44E+03
32
4,6E-09
33
N=4
9,80E-02
1,88E-02
0,000104
3,24E-01
29
N=6
2,57E+00
5,55E-01
0,054587
5,06E+00
7,40E+00
3,34E+00
1,51E-01
9,35E+00
1,02E+01
7,80E+00
6,00E-01
8,73E+00
1,85E+01
1,67E+01
4,77E+00
1,08E+01
N= 14
1,75E+01
1,92E+01
1,39E+00
8,89E+00
N= 16
2,51E+01
2,27E+01
2,23E+00
1,37E+01
N= 18
3,40E+01
3,30E+01
12,45539
13,5733
3,95E+01
3,68E+01
8,62302
19,09481
3,72E+01
3,70E+01
10,77116
16,67181
N= 2
8,6E-15
9,51E-18
1,81E-25
4,65E-14
33
N= 4
7,11E-02
0,003379
2,86E-06
2,99E-01
30
N= 6
9,09E-01
1,50E-01
0,024156
3,09E+00
1,46E+00
6,94E-01
0,197726
2,07E+00
3,18E+00
2,00E+00
3,26E-01
3,12E+00
S = 20 N= 12
1,13E+01
1,08E+01
8,82E-01
8,31E+00
N= 14
1,64E+01
1,53E+01
9,11E-01
9,44E+00
N= 16
1,95E+01
1,56E+01
2,35E+00
1,23E+01
2,73E+01
2,60E+01
9,83E+00
1,40E+01
3,19E+01
3,07E+01
4,25E+00
1,63E+01
3,81E+01
3,82E+01
1,04E+01
1,32E+01
N= 2
8,6E-17
2,25E-19
8,65E-23
4,63E-16
33
N= 4
3,17E-02
0,001364
4,98E-07
1,31E-01
31
N= 6
3,71E-01
1,70E-01
0,003985
5,50E-01
11
3,85E+00
6,72E-01
1,30E-01
6,60E+00
6,78E+00
3,35E+00
0,139891
7,74E+00
N= 12
9,64E+00
7,75E+00
6,13E-01
7,76E+00
N= 14
1,79E+01
1,72E+01
1,17E+00
1,05E+01
N= 16
2,48E+01
2,28E+01
8,27E-01
1,51E+01
TABLE VI.
N= 18
2,91E+01
3,08E+01
6,35E+00
1,44E+01
Mdia
N= 20
2,83E+01
2,66E+01
1,61E+00
1,68E+01
N= 22
N= 8
N= 10
N= 18
N= 20
N= 22
N= 8
N= 10
S = 25
2,11E-18
N= 20
Mnimo
3,83E-14
S = 10 N= 12
1,46E+01
Mediana
9,74E-10
N= 10
6,95E+00
Mdia
N=2
N=8
3,94E+01
S = 10 N= 2
1,02E+01
Goals
Mnimo
Desvio
Padro
1,02E+01
5,41E-15
Goals
0
N= 4
1,02E+01
1,02E+01
1,02E+01
5,41E-15
N= 6
1,02E+01
1,02E+01
1,02E+01
1,88E-01
N= 8
1,05E+01
1,02E+01
1,02E+01
4,48E-01
N= 10
1,08E+01
1,06E+01
1,02E+01
5,91E-01
N= 12
1,14E+01
1,15E+01
1,02E+01
6,72E-01
N= 14
1,19E+01
1,19E+01
1,07E+01
5,27E-01
N= 16
1,20E+01
1,19E+01
1,02E+01
9,05E-01
N= 18
1,26E+01
1,29E+01
1,10E+01
8,20E-01
N= 20
1,31E+01
1,30E+01
1,17E+01
9,05E-01
N= 22
1,34E+01
1,34E+01
1,17E+01
7,74E-01
N= 2
1,02E+01
1,02E+01
1,02E+01
5,41E-15
N= 4
1,02E+01
1,02E+01
1,02E+01
5,41E-15
N= 6
1,02E+01
1,02E+01
1,02E+01
1,12E-01
N= 8
1,03E+01
1,02E+01
1,02E+01
2,03E-01
N= 10
1,03E+01
1,02E+01
1,02E+01
2,69E-01
S = 20 N= 12
1,07E+01
1,08E+01
1,02E+01
4,50E-01
N= 14
1,09E+01
1,07E+01
1,02E+01
5,13E-01
N= 16
1,12E+01
1,12E+01
1,02E+01
5,79E-01
N= 18
1,16E+01
1,14E+01
1,04E+01
7,54E-01
N= 20
1,21E+01
1,20E+01
1,02E+01
7,69E-01
N= 22
1,24E+01
1,24E+01
1,10E+01
6,64E-01
N= 2
1,02E+01
1,02E+01
1,02E+01
5,41E-15
N= 4
1,02E+01
1,02E+01
1,02E+01
5,41E-15
N= 6
1,02E+01
1,02E+01
1,02E+01
5,41E-15
N= 8
1,02E+01
1,02E+01
1,02E+01
8,86E-02
N= 10
1,03E+01
1,02E+01
1,02E+01
3,04E-01
S = 25 N= 12
1,05E+01
1,05E+01
1,02E+01
3,92E-01
N= 14
1,07E+01
1,07E+01
1,02E+01
3,70E-01
N= 16
1,10E+01
1,11E+01
1,02E+01
5,75E-01
N= 18
1,14E+01
1,14E+01
1,02E+01
7,03E-01
N= 20
1,18E+01
1,16E+01
1,06E+01
7,89E-01
N= 22
1,21E+01
1,19E+01
1,09E+01
8,32E-01
REFERNCIAS
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]