Dr.

Jayesh Patidar
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
Lower respiratory tract
It includes :
A. Trachea,
B. Lungs,
C. Bronchi.
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Respiratory tract
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TRACHEA
Structures associated with the trachea:
Superiorly : the larynx.
Inferiorly :the right & left bronchi.
Anteriorly :Isthmus of Thyroid gland & the arch of the
aorta & the sternum.
Posteriorly :the esophagus separates the trachea from the
vertebral column.
Laterally :the lungs
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STRUCTURE OF THE TRACHEA
It is composed of 3 layers of tissues & held by between 16-20
incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage.
Rings are incomplete posteriorly.
Connective tissues & involuntary muscle join the cartilages &
form the posterior wall which is in contact with the
esophagus.
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Three layers of tissue:
I. The outer layer : consists of fibrous & elastic tissue &
encloses the cartilages.
II. The middle layer :consists of bands of smooth muscles in a
helical manner. There is some areolar tissue.
III. The inner lining :consists of ciliated columnar
epithelium, containing mucus secreting Goblet cells.
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LUNGS
There are 2 lungs, each lying on each side of the midline in
the thoracic cavity.
They have-
o Apex,
o Base,
o Costal surface,
o Medial surface- Hilum at 5
th
, 6
th
, 7
th
thoracic vertebrae.
The area between the lungs: Mediastinum.
Lobes of the right & left Lungs.
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PLEURA & PLEURAL CAVITY:
Pleura consists of a closed sac of serous membrane which
contains a small amount of serous fluid.
Each lung is pushed into this sac so that 2 layers are formed:
a. One adherent to the lungs -visceral
b. Another adherent to the wall of the thoracic cavity-parietal
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Inside the lungs..
Bronchi & bronchioles:
Two primary bronchi are formed when trachea divides at the
level of 5
th
thoracic vertebra.
The right bronchus:
- wider, shorter & more vertical than the left one.
- Approx 2.5 cm
The left bronchus:
- About 5cm long
- Narrower.
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BRONCHIAL TREE
The bronchi divide as follows:
Bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts
alveoli.
s
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