Entamoeba histolytica (Amoeba)

Dientamoeba fragilis (Amoeba)

Habitat : mucosa n sub mocusa large instentine
Infective stage : tetra nucleated cyst (having 4 nuklei)
DH : human
POE : mouth
Transmission : Ingestion of mature cyst through contaminated food or water
Tropozhoite (growing or feeding state)
- Chromatin granules/ peripheral chromatin
- Karyosome (nucleolus/ group of chromatine), located centrally
- Invasive form
- Can be formed in instentine lumen and tissue/ organ
- Damaged by gastric juice

Cyst
- Round, limited by cyst wall
- Nucleus 1,2,4 ; similar with tropozoit nukleus
- 4 nukleus cyst = ripe cyst (infective form)
- Resistant gastric juice
- Cyst wall > softened by small intestine enzyme (alkalis).
Pathogen
Primary > large instentine > intenstinal amoebiasis [kript of lieberkuhn;
honey bee appereance]
Symptom : diare

Extra >hepar > tropozhoit migration
Amoebic liver abscess > anchouvy sauce pus

Diagnosis
Instentine amoebiasis > Stool studies trophozoite or cyst (gold standard)
Extraintestinal amoebiasis > Blood test CBC (leucocytosis), LFT, Serology
test, Intradermal test, Radiology, Pus puncture (anchouvy sauce pus), Tissue
biopsy
Treatment
Metronidazole/Imidazole derivate, Operation [ Punctie abscess], Chloroquin,
Tetracyclin, Paromomycin, Diodoquin
Tropozoit
- The biggest Amoeba in colon,
- Cytoplasma RBC (-)
- 1 Nuclei, excentric karyosome.
- Chromatine granules > irregular
- row and the size is not same (coarse).
Cyst
- 1 8 nuclei
- 8 nuclei cyst > Ripe cyst
- Chromatoidal bars

tropozoid cyst
tropozoid
cyst
Balantidium coli (Ciliata)








Giardia lamblia (Flagellata)












Disease : balantidiasis/ dysentery balantidium
Infective : Cyst (2nuclei)
NaturalHost : pig
POE : mouth
Habitat : Colon and Cecum (mucosal and submucosal)
Tropozoit
- Oval
- Cilia
- Cytostome (mouth)

Cyst
- Round Oval
- double cell wall
- Infective and protective forms, not for multiplication
Treatment
Metronidazole, Tetracyclin, Carbarson, Diiodohydroxyquin
Disease : giardiasis
Infective : cyst
DH : human
POE : mouth
Habitat : duodenum, jejunum, galbladder
tropozoid cyst
Tropozoit
- Ventral concave > sucking disc
- 2 nucleus with big karyosome located centrally
- 4 pairs blepharoplasty, 2 axostyle, 2 para basal body, 4 pairs
flagellas (2 pairs at lateral, 1pair ventral, and 1 pair posterior
flagella)
Cyst
- Round-oval
- smooth wall
- nuclei ([2 > immature cysts],[4 > Mature cysts])
- Axostyle (+)
- Flagella (+), folding inside
Clinical
- Steatorrhoea
- Pus, mucus and blood are very rare present in the stool
Treatment
Metronidazole/Imidazole derivate, Tinidazole, Quinacrine, Nitazoxanide

tropozoid
cyst


Trichomonas vaginalis (- cyst)



















Disease : Trichomoniasis
Infective : Trophozoite
DH : human
IH : -
POE : Sexualinterc.
Habitat : Vagina,uretra, Prostat, epididymis.
Main symptom : Leucorrhoe Fleabittenvag
Diagnosis : dirrect smears or Giemsa-stained
Tropozoit
- pyriform
- 4 anterior n 1 poserior flagella
- Axostyle (+)
- Cytostome (+)
- 1 nuclei
Tropozoit
Treatment
Metronidazole
tropozoid
Malaria
DH : nyamuk
IH : manusia
Infective : sporozoit (located in the salivary glands of female), migrate to
liver and become merozoites
Two cycles of replication : liver and blood

TRIAS malaria
- Paroxysmal fever
- Anemia
- splenomegaly

Recrudescence (short term relapse) : falcifarum n malariae; Fever caused by
parasitemia from persistent asexual
Reccurence (long term relapse) : vivax n ovale; caused by hipnozoit in RBC
Diagnosis
- Thin n thick smear (GOLD STANDARD)
- PCR > falcifarum
- RDT using HRP-2 ELISA
Diagnosis
- Thin n thick smear (GOLD STANDARD)
- PCR > falcifarum
- RDT using HRP-2 ELISA