All About Marine Enginnering

2/20/2014
ALL ABOUT MARINE ENGINNERING: These are Some Question With Answers for Preparation of Class-4 Exams @uk
More
0
more: Share
, ,
, ,Next
, Blog
,
,
Create Blog
Sign In
ALL AB OUT MARINE

ENGINNERING
T HI S S I T E I S C R EA T ED FO R T HE M A R I NE ENG I NNER S W HO HA D C O M P L ET ED T HEI R HND- M A R I NE
ENG I NEER I N G FR O M UK .
There was an error in this gadget

DAI LY C ALENDAR
Send us your donation on a

subscription based schedule
Su
2
9
16
23
M
3
10
17
24
Tu
4
11
18
25
February 2014
W
5
12
19
26
6
13
20
27
Th
F
7
14
21
28
Sa
1
8
15
22
S A T UR D A Y, 3 0 J A NUA R Y 2 0 1 0
FO LLO W ER S
Join this site

w ith Google Friend Connect
Members (5)
These are Some Question With Answers for Preparation

of Class-4 Exams @uk
Hello, Guy z's, I am writting the abov e blog which is helpful for
the People those who are going for Class4 Oral Ex am s at UK. I
had Recently Cleared m y Class4 Ex am from UK (MCA T Y NE
DOCK). T hese are Som e Question which will be Helpful for
Preparing for the Ex am :
GENERAL ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE

Already a member? Sign in
What interlocks are there on the start air sy stem?

B L O G A R C HI V E
201 0 (3)
January (3)
Some More Questions
& answers on
Saftey ....
An interlock to prev ent fuel being injected

An interlock on turning gear and an interlock CCP sy stem, pitch has to be
on zero before starting engine.
What is a shipboard use of stainless steel and the properties that make it
appropriate?
http://crazymariner.blogspot.com/2010/01/these-are-some-eks-some-question-for.html
1/59
2/20/2014
These are Some

Question With
Answers for
Preparat...
AMET- STC HND
SCHEME
Stainless steel could be used for seawater pump shafts. It has good
corrosiv e properties.
What are the differences between cross head and trunk piston engines?
What are the impurities in heav y fuel oil?
Impurities in H.F.O. come in the form of solids and liquids.
A B O UT M E
Solids-------dirt, rust, and sand.

Liquids----- water and sludge
What is the safety dev ices fitted to an air compressor?
SA N KE T1 9
Low L.O.pressure shutdown
The ideal MARINE

engineer is a composite. he
High air temperature shutdown
is not a scientist, nor a

mathematician, nor a
First stage relief v alv e
sociologist, nor a writer,

but he will use the
Second stage relief v alv e
knowledge of any or all of

these disciplines in solv ing
problems
V I EW M Y C O M P LET E P R O FI LE
A fusible plug is fitted after the second stage cooler, set at 1 20 deg cents
If water cooled, a jacket water safety v alv e is fitted.
Ex plain heav y fuel oil sy stem from bunker tanks to engine?
Fuel is pumped from the fuel oil D.B.tank v ia a transfer pump to a F.O sett
tank where it is heated. the F.Opurifiers/centrifuges take suction from
the sett tank v ia purifier heaters, pass through the purifiers, where any
water and impurities are remov ed and passed on to the serv tank which
also has a set of heating coils.
From the serv tank the fuel then passes v ia a flow meter to the mix ing
tank from where the booster pumps take suction discharging to the
F.O.heaters where the correct F.O.temp/v iscosity achiev ed for correct
fuel combustion in the engine, the fuel then passes through the v iscosity
regulator which controls the heater temp, then on to the F.O.filter (which
are heated) to the fuel pumps then to the fuel injector v ia double
skin/wall high pressure pipe. Any surplus fuel returns v ia regulating
v alv e from the fuel pumps back to the mix ing tank.D.O. can also be used
in the sy stem and is fed to the sy stem v ia a 3 way v alv e.
Note : when diesel is used, no heating is required.
2/59
2/20/2014
How is leakage in the high-pressure pipeline between the fuel pump and
injector detected?
Leakage between the double skin/wall of the high pressure pipe line
between the fuel pump and injector is detected as this space between
double skin/walled pipes is led v ia drain line to a small tank fitted with a
lev el alarm.
Giv e an ex ample of the density of H.O, L.O and D.O?
H.F.O. --------- 950 kg/cu.m
L.O --------- 87 0 kg/cu.m
D.O --------- 880 kg/cu.m
What is the purpose of the scum v alv e on a boiler?
The scum v alv e on a boiler is connected to a shallow dish positioned at
the normal water lev el of the boiler and enables the blowing down or
remov al of scum and impurities from the water surface.
Why are quick closing v alv es fitted in a fuel sy stem and how can they fail
to operate?
Quick closing v alv es are fitted in fuel sy stem so that in the ev ent of a fire
in the v icinity of these sy stem or a fracture or break in these lines the
sy stem c an be shutdown rapidly and remotely , this v alv es are
pneumatically operated. If by any means control air fails to reach the
v alv e the sy stem will fail.
At what temp does the department of trade and industry state the fuels
must be kept in the storage tanks?
1 4 deg cent under their flash points.
Why are weighed cocks fitted to sounding pipes of fuel oil tanks?
To prev ent F.O.spills from ov erflow. They also prev ent v apours escaping
from tanks.
What are the properties of H.F.O?
High v iscosity
Long ignition delay i.e. low cetane index
3/59
2/20/2014
How does ov er speed trip work? By shutting the fuel off to the engine.
There arte v arious ty pes of trips, mechanical ty pes which work on the
principle of fly weights, or electrical ty pes which work on the principle of
speed pick up operating a stop solenoid
What fittings would y ou ex pect to find a start air receiv er?
Safety v alv e, fusible plug, isolation v alv e to main air start sy stem.
, filling v alv e from compressor, drain v alv e, v alv e to control air, v alv e to
whistle, and pressure gauge
How is the L.O.temp controlled?
By means of a thermostatically controlled v alv e which will allow L.O.to
by pass the cooler when too cold and div ert L.O.through the cooler when
too hot. Preset wax elements being incorporated in these v alv es for this
purpose.
Describe the duties of a duty engineer?
1.
Regularly check and record all pressure and temp in the engine
room log
2.
Pay attention to readings for dev iation from normal particular

attention being made to ex haust temp, scav enge temp and
pressures and turbocharger r.p.m
3.
Adjustments should be made for s.w. Temp, changes to keep

correct temp and pressures
4.
Checks should be made on the pressure drops across fuel and lub
oil filters to see that they are operating within required limits.
5.
Check all oil lev els in aux iliary machinery , main engine sump
lev els, cy linder lubricators, turbocharger and gov ernors.
6.
Check around all bearings and crankcase doors using palm of hand
to feel for any increasing temp.
7.
ensure that fuel in the daily serv ice tanks is at correct lev els and
that is sludged and drained of water
8.
depending on ty pe of purifiers fitted sludge and drain , check oil

lev el, signs of v ibration and clean if required
9.
Carry out all routine assignment as recommended by engine

builders or the company .
10.
At all times use sight, smell and hearing and this is often the first
sign of a fault dev eloping in the engine room
11.
Check bilge lev els, stern gland, air start bottles and maintain
correct lev el a and pressures
4/59
2/20/2014
12.
Record and fuel/lub oil transfer and any irregularities in log.
Why are high and low suction fitted on f.o. serv tank?
The high and low suctions are a safety feature to prev ent shutdown of
main engines, generators and boilers due to water contamination of the
fuel. Normally the low suction is kept in used if any water should find its
way into the fuel and sev r tank, it will gradually separate towards the
tank bottom when it becomes apparent water is present by finding it at
the tank drains or by operation of the engine, it is possible to bring the
high suction into operation and av oid shutdown
What trips are there on a generator?
L.o.low pressure shutdown, j.cw.high temp and ov er speed shutdown
What steering gear checks would u do before setting sail?
1 ) Prior to a ships departure from any port the steering gear should be
tested to ensure the satisfactory operation. These tests should
include
a) Operation of main steering gear
b) Operation of aux iliary steering gear or the use of the second pump
which acts as a aux iliary
c) Operation of the remote control sy stem from the main bridge
steering positions
d) Operation of steering gear using the emergency power supply
e) The radar angle indicator reading with respect to actual radar
angle should be checked
f) The alarms fitted to the remote control sy stem and steering gear
power units should be3 checked for correct operation
g) Steering gear header tank lev els should be checked.
2. During these tests the radar should be moves through its

full travel in both port and starboard and the various
equipment items, linkages etc visually inspected for
damage or wear. The communication system between
bridge and steering gear room should also be operated
5/59
2/20/2014
What would happen if the duty engineer did not report in

after answering an alarm?
The dead man alarm would activate which the duty
engineer would have to accept in the engine room, if not
accepted the watch keeper on the bridge would send
someone to investigate if there was a problem
Why would the bridge need to be informed that the engine
is about to be stopped?
The bridge would need to be informed that the engine was
about to be stopped to ensure it was navigationally safe to
do so.ie not in busy shipping lanes or near land.
Draw a 2 stroke-timing diagram
How does the turbocharger work?
The turbocharger mainly consists of a turbine and a
compressor assembled as a single unit on a shaft. The
exhaust gas from the engine flows through a water-cooled
gas inlet (cooling from engine j.w. system) to a nozzle ring,
which directs gases at the turbine rotor balding. This force
causes a rotor to rotate at high velocity. The gases leaving
via a water-cooled gas outlet casing to an exhaust pipe and
atmosphere. The air required for the diesel engine is drawn
in by the compressor via a combined silencer/filter. The
entry passage after the filter is then divided onto splitters
which prevent draught losses and guide the air to the
compressor and discharge radially at high velocity to the
diffuser, which charges much of the velocity to pressure.
From the diffuser the air passes into the volute casing,
changing the rest of the airs kinetic energy to pressure
before being discharged to the charge air cooler and to the
engine for combustion.
What would happen if the l.o.pressure just dropped to
zero/?
The engine would shutdown on the low l.o.pressure trip.
How is the signal from the bridge when the helm is moved
transmitted to the hydraulic rams in steering flat/?
When the helm on the bridge is moved, electrical impulses
are produced. These impulses are transmitted via an
6/59
2/20/2014
amplifier or control unit to the steering flat. In the steering

flat these impulses are relayed to a servo motor (telemotor)
which drives an adjusting gear and floating lever which put
the steering gear variable delivery pump on stroke, thus
crating hydraulic pressure in the system which means the
rams, thus moving the tiller and rudder. The pump is only
required to deliver oil when the whelm is moved i. e once
rudder has matched the helm angle, the control lever, will
put the pump off stroke.
How many starts do you require to get from a receiver
without recharging?
On a reversible engine 12 starts
On engines with CPP propellers 6 starts
What is the maximum compressed air temperature that
should leave the air compressor? 93 deg centigrade
What are the pipes used for pumping fuel around the shipprotected by/
Quick closing valves---------which can be operated remotely.
In most cases from the bridge or a remote location from the
engine room.
What measuring devices are there on the cylinder head of
4-stroke engine?
Exhaust temperature pyrometer and j.w. Outlet
thermometer.
After stripping and cleaning a purifier what do you have to
make sure of on reassembly?
The mark on the bowl lock ring lines up with the mark on
the bowl.
Also if vertical shaft has been removed that height of shaft
is correct
How would you check that there was excess water in the
sump?
By using water finding paste
What types of valves are boiler feed check valves and why?
7/59
2/20/2014
Non return type valves a and are fitted in pairs one being
the main and the other the stand by or auxiliary and they
must give an indication of open or closed positions. They
are of non-return type to prevent back flow of boiler
pressure down the feed line.
Give a shipboard use of cupro nickel and the properties that
make it suitable for this use?
Heat exchanger tubes. It has good corrosive qualities and
very good heat transfer qualities.
What is an indication in the exhaust gas of good
combustion?
Grey smoke indicated good combustion.
What would cause a crankcase explosion?
A crankcase explosion could be caused by the formation of
hot spot i.e. the overheating of a bearing, which in turn
could cause an oil mist to be generated,
. If this oil mist is allowed to build up an explosive
condition could occur where the oil mist can be ignited by
piston blow by or the hot spot itself.
Explain a main engine l.o.system?
l.o. for an engine is stored at the bottom of a crankcase
known as sump or in a drain tank located beneath the
engine. The oil is drawn from this tank through a strainer
by one of two pumps in parallel, one pump being on stand
by. The pump discharges the oil into one of a pair of fine
filters it is then passed through a cooler before entering the
engine and being distributed to the various branches pipes.
The branch pipe for a particular unit feed the main
bearing, for instance. Some of this oil will pass along a
drilled passage in the crankshaft to the big end bearing and
then up a drilled passage in the connecting rod to the
gudgeon pin in a trunk piston engine or a crosshead
bearing in a crosshead bearing. An alarm at the end of the
distribution pipe ensures that adequate pressure is
maintained by the pump. Pump and filters are arranged in
duplicate with one as stand by. After use in the3 engine the
l.o.drain back to the sump or drain tank for reuse.
8/59
2/20/2014
What limit does the department of trade and industry state

that the lower limit of flash point of fuel used onboard ship
should be?
65deg cent
Explain how would you start an air compressor and stop it
(after overhauling)
1. Check oil level in crankcase.
2. Then ensure all drains are open. intercooler drain and
also unloader
3. Check air intake filters is cleaned
4. Ensure oil pressure gauge is open and that air
pressure gauges i.e. first and second stage are
partially open to stop gauge fluctuation.
5. If water-cooled check valves are open and cooling is
supplied also check header tank.
6. Bar machine over by hand to see if its free to turn
7. Start the machine, check there are no unusual noises
or vibration and oil pressure is correct.
8. then close drains and unloader
9. If all seem o.k. run for 30 minutes after which can be
stopped, covers removed and bearing checked. If o.k.
machine can be started on automatic and run
10. To stop the machine, always make sure the machine
is unloaded and drains opened before stopping
unless automatic drains and unloaders are fitted.
What is the purpose of rocker gear on an engine?
To operate the inlet and exhaust valves on the cylinder head
Why does a centrifugal cargo pump have a relief valve?
A centrifugal cargo pump requires a relief valve, as the
working pressure of the pump has to tie in with the working
pressure of the cargo pipe work.
9/59
2/20/2014
Draw the timing diagram of 4-stroke engine?

Crankcase inspection: frequency, procedure and reasons
they are carried out?
The frequency may vary from different engine
manufacturers but its roughly around 5000 hrs.
Also inspection are carried out after any work has taken
place in the crankcase
Procedure is as follows:
1. Remove crankcase doors from the both sides of the
engine
2. Relief valves can be checked at the same time as the
are off
3. Inspect condition of all bolt locking devices, replace
any damaged components
4. Turn engine over using turning gear. ENSURE NO
ONE is in crankcase while doing this and that the
indicator cocks are open check condition of camshaft
driving gears.
5. Start main l.o.pump and check oil flow from bearings
and piston cooling parts. Check for any leakage from
internal oil pipes and galleries.
6. Check for any damage of cam shaft lobes
7. Check for any evidence of water leakage from lower
cylinder liner o rings
8. Replace any damaged crankcase door joints
9. Record any defects
What is the first indication of leaking ex haust v alv es?
A rise of ex haust gas temp at the outlet of the v alv e
What instrument measures small changes in crankcase pressure?
A manometer
10/59
2/20/2014
What is an indication in the ex haust gas of good combustion?

Grey smoke indicates good combustion
If there was no water in gauge glass after blowing down?
Shut down the boiler immediately and use easing gear to reliev e boiler
pressure
What procedure does the duty engineer follow when answering an alarm
on UMS?
Answer alarm; ensure wearing correct clothing before entering engine
room
Nev er use the ships lift, if fitted use the stairs
Once in the engine room inform bridge
Answer alarm, rectify problem
Then inform bridge when v acating the engine room
What is the diffuser plate in turbo charger?
It is found on the compressor side, it conv erts the v elocity ? Kinetic
energy from the compressor into the pressure
How can ex haust v alv e leakage be confirmed?
By taking an indicator card. The card should be taken with fuel ON and
OFF the unit. If the v alv e is leaking, the compression pressure and
max imum pressure will be low.
How many PPMS can be pumped in marpol restricted areas?
1 5PPM
What is the purpose of the cy linder relief v alv e and operating pressure?
It is designed to reliev e pressures in ex cess of 1 0% 20%abov e normal
The operation of this dev ice indicates a fault in the engine which should
be discov ered and corrected immediately
What would y ou do in the ev ent of a scav enge fire?
11/59
2/20/2014
If a scav enge fire were to start, the 2 main objectiv es are to confine the
scav enge fire to the scav enge space and to minimize damage to the
engine.
In the ev ent of the fire breaking out, inform bridge that the engine is to
be brought to dead slow ahead and also inform the chief engineer.
The fuel should be cut off to that particular cy linder.
The cy linder l.o. should be increased to prev ent seizure and wear.
If fix ed fire fighting is attached to the scav enge trunking this can be
brought into operation, depending on sev erity of situation. But in most
cases the fire will generally subside within 5 1 5 minutes.
Once the fire is out and nav igational circumstances allow it, the engine
must be stopped.
Do not open scav enge space doors or crankcase doors before site of fire
has cooled down. When opening up, care must be taken to keep clear of
any flame.
After opening up all scav enge spaces must be thoroughly cleaned and all
debris remov ed. The piston rods and cy linder liner should be ex amined
for surface blemishes, straightness etc, and the diaphragm glands
(stuffing box ) ex amined to ensure that t they are operational and not
damaged.
Also piston rings should be checked, as blow by may hav e been the
ignition source of the fire. If possible the piston head in question should
be renewed at the earliest possible moment and the damaged unit
ov erhauled.
On engines fitted with tie bolts, it may be necessary to retighten the bolts
adjacent to the fire.
When starting the engine, care must be taken after switching on the fuel
to the cy linder in question, and that also the cy linder l.o. quantities are
reduced to normal.
What causes white smoke from combustion I.e., in the ex haust?
The presence of water
What is the regulation regarding use of ev aporators in shore?
12/59
2/20/2014
Ev aporators should not be used within 20 miles from shore, due to risk
of pollutants being taken into the f.w.sy stem
How would y ou blow down a boiler gauge glass?
Close the water and steam cocks on the gauge glass and open the drain
Then open the steam cock a strong jet of steam should be seen from the
drain.
Close the steam cock
Open the water cock -- a strong jet of water should be observ ed from the
drain
Close the water cock and then close the drain
Then open the water cock, the water will rise in the gauge abov e normal
lev el
Then open the steam cock, the water should then settle down, finding its
correct lev el.
If only one inch of water was observ ed in the gauge glass (only one gauge
glass) after blowing down the boiler gauge glass, what would y ou do?
Reduce firing rate of burner and increase feed water flow to boiler by
starting another feed pump.
How would y ou get water in the combustion spaces?
From cracked ex haust v alv e gages, cracked cy linder head and liner, fuel
contamination
v ia
fuel
injector
and
under
cooling
of
the
charge/scav enge air

What safety dev ices are fitted to a start air line?
Non return v alv e, flame traps/arrestors, bursting discs and safety v alv es
What is the importance of M notices?
M notices are important as they conv ey v ery useful information such
as,
Merchant shipping notices (MSNs): which will only be used to
conv ey mandatory information, which must be complied with under
13/59
2/20/2014
British legislation
Merchant guidance notices (MGNs): which will prov ide adv ice and
guidance to relev ant parties in order to improv e the safety of shipping
and of life at sea
Marine inform ation notes (MINs): which will prov ide information
to as more limited audience such as training establishments or
equipment manufacturers
What is the correct method of starting and stopping as centrifugal pump?
The correct way to start and stop a centrifugal pump is with the
discharge v alv e from the pump closed, i.e. less load on the motor when
starting and stopping
What are the properties of heav y fuel oil?
High v iscosity , long ignition delay i.e., low cetane index
What would cause the lev el of the l.o.sump or drain tank to rise?
Water entering the oil, or fuel or ev en a l.o filling v alv e passing
What are looking when y ou pull a piston?
When y ou pull a piston, y ou are looking for any damage to the piston
crown, including cracks,
The condition of piston rings are checked, plus piston ring groov es,
check for any scuffing of piston skirt
Check condition of top end bearing, bush and gudgeon pin, p [plus
clearance between pin and bush
Check lubrication bores are clear on under side of piston
Draw a boiler gauge glass
What would y ou do if y ou had high j.c.w. temperature?
Inform bridge and then reduce engine load and inv estigate problem
which could be insufficient flow through cooler due to fouled cooler or
faulty thermostatic v alv e
What would be y our first indication that there was water in the sump\/
14/59
2/20/2014
Y our first indication would be from y our l.o.puriofier or ev en possibly

from water in l.o.tests if done regularly
What is cross flow scav enging?
In cross flow scav enging, the incoming air is directed upwards, pushing
the ex haust gases before it. The ex haust gases then trav el down and out
of the ex haust port. Adv antage is no ex haust v alv e.
What safety dev ices are fitted to the main engine crankcase?
Ex plosion door/relief v alv es and oil mist detectors.
How does oil mist detector work?
The oil mist detector uses a photoelectric cell to measure small increases
in oil density . A motor driv en fan continuously draws samples of
crankcase oil mist through a measuring tube. An increased meter
reading and an alarm will result if any crack case sample contains
ex cessiv e mist when compared to either clean air or to the other
crankcase compartments. The rotary v alv e which draces the samples
then stops to indicated the suspect crankcase compartment.
The alarm will cause an engine slowdown or shut down.
How is 1 5 PPM reached in an oily water separator?
1 5 ppm is achiev ed in an oily water separator by normally passing
through a 2 stage separator where in the first stage oil/water is passed
into the coarse separating compartment. Here some oil will rise to the
top of the compartment due to its lower density . Heating coils may aid
this. The remaining oil/water will flow down into the fine separating
compartment and mov es slowly between catch plates. More oil will
separate out onto the underside of these plates and trav el outwards until
free water (usually being at 1 00ppm at this stage) will then pass to the
second stage of the separator which is filter unit comprising of 2 filter
units. The first filter stage remov es phy sical impurities present and
promotes some fine separation. The second stage filter uses coalescer
inserts to achiev e the final de-oiling, oil/water mix ture leav ing this stage
at less than 1 5 ppm.
What could start a scav enge fire?
The main cause of a scav enge fire is the fouling of scav enge spaces by the
blow by products of incomplete combustion caused by incorrect
15/59
2/20/2014
cy linder lubrication, faulty fuel injection equipment, accumulation of

such mix tures in the scav enge space can be set alight by sparks or flame
blow by
What would prev ent water rushing out of the boiler, if the gauge glass
were to break?
A ball v alv e is fitted below the gauge glass tube to shut off the water
What ty pe of clutch is used on an electrical windlass?
A dog clutch
What can y ou do to prev ent scav enge fires?
Conscientious maintenance of the engine and regular inspection and
cleaning of scav enge air spaces will help prev ent scav enge fire up
What are the sy mptoms of a scav enge fire?
When a scav enge fire has broken out the scav enge air temp and the
ex haust temperature of the unit in question will considerably and in
some cases the turbocharger may start surging. Ev en hot spots on the
scav enge trunking can be found
What are the rough l.o pressure on the following on a 2 stroke engine?
Piston cooling 6 7 bar
Cross headbearing 4 5 bar
Main bearing 2.5 3 bar
What percentage of engine speed does the ov er speed operate at?
1 0 1 5 % max imum speed
How often the emergency steering is tested?
At least once in ev ery 3 months
What is the purpose of the crankcase oil mist detector?
To detect the build up of oil mist in the crankcase generated from a hot
spot. The detector will then giv e an alarm, either shut down or slow the
engine down and giv e and indication of which unit the oil mist is
generated
16/59
2/20/2014
What procedure would y ou go through before taking ov er a watch?

Before taking ov er a watch a round of the machinery space should be
taken, checking v arious temps and pressures of machinery . Also
checking oil and tank lev els.
Check the log book and ensure all parameters are met. Also ensure that
y ou understand any instructions that are handed ov er to y ou i.e, any
machinery that might be out of serv ice
How is medium speed engine rev erse (without CPP)
In medium speed diesel engines, rev ersing is achiev ed by the use of
duplicate cams for the air inlet v alv es, ex haust v alv es and fuel pumps.
Air start distributor timing is also changed by means of camshaft
mov ement or by a directional air supply being admitted to the start air
distribution, to reposition cams
To engage correct cams for ahead and astern mov ements the camshaft
slides ax ially in its bearings. This mov ement is controlled by the
camshaft rev ersing gear, which is normally a serv o piston. Motion of the
piston being directly transmitted to the camshaft.
Note: in a slow speed, only duplicate fuel cams required.
What does a positiv e displacement pump require that a centrifugal pump
does not?
A relief v alv e
Procedure for handing ov er a watch?
The engineer should not v acate the engine room until his relief arriv es
He should acquaint the reliev ing engineer of any abnormal operating
conditions that hav e occurred during the watch
Any orders from the bridge, recorded in the log book should be pointed
out
Instructions from the senior engineer should be passed on
Any repairs should be reported together with information on any
machinery that has been dismantled
The presence of any other members of ships staff in the engine room
17/59
2/20/2014
should be reported
The engineer much ascertain that his relief if fit and able before v acating
the machinery space
What would y ou do in the case of a crankcase ex plosion?
When the alarm sounds, the engine speed must be reduced to slow and
permission obtained to stop the engine.
Inform chief engineer
When an engine has stopped under alarm conditions under no
circumstances must any doors or inspection windows be opened
Oil should continue to be circulated and time allowed for the hot spot to
cool.
The early opening of doors could cause an ex plosion due to ingress of air
During cooling down period the engine room staff must keep clear of the
side of the engine fitted with ex plosion doors.
After a period of at least 20 minutes, stop l.o.pump, cut off all air and
engage turning gear
The access doors should then be opened and personal must keep clear of
possible flames. Under no circumstances should naked lights be used nor
should any one be permitted to smoke
Ex amination should then take place for any squeezed out bearing metal
or loose bearing metal in the crankcase
Heat discolored metal parts or blistering of paintwork must be
inv estigated. The ceiling of the crankcase and guide bars should also be
observ ed. If the crankcase is clear, the camshaft driv e and main thrust
bearing should be inspected for signs of ov erheating. Should any damage
be found, then a permanent repair must be put in hand immediately
After repair, low should be check for free flow. The engine should then
run in i.e, 1 5 minutes, and then check components for signs of
ov erheating then half an hour at half speed, again check, the one hour
full speed then check again.
Note: v ary ing times hav e been quoted for the cooling down period and
no set rules are av ailable but the longer the time taken, the greater the
18/59
2/20/2014
safety factor
What causes blue smoke in combustion i.e. in the ex haust?
Ex cessiv e l.o.was being burnt in combustion
How would y ou know an air start v alv e was leaking or passing?
The adjacent start air line for that v alv e would become v ery hot
What would happen to the amperes of a centrifugal pump if it were with
the discharge v alv e shut?
The amps would drop as there would be no load on the pump
What causes black smoke from combustion i.e. in the ex haust?
Black smoke would indicate faulty fuel injection equipment or it would
indicate insufficient air supply
What would y ou do the j.c.w.temperature started to rise?
Inform bridge and reduce load on engine, inv estigate problem, which
would be a fouled cooler
How is fuel supplied from fuel pump to the injector?
Through double wall/skin high pressure pipes
What prev entiv e mai9ntenece should be frequently done to diesel engine
start air receiv er?
They should be drained of accumulated moisture
Name main engine shut downs
Low l.o.pressure
High j.c.w. temperature
High main bearing temperature
Ov er speed and
Oil mist detector
What is the pressure between the fuel injector and fuel pump?
19/59
2/20/2014
250 350 bar

Why is ov erlap necessary on air start v alv es?
Ov erlap is necessary as if there was no ov erlap it would be possible for
the engine to stop in a position where no v alv es are open i.e. unable to
start
F.w.supplied for drinking and culinary purposes must meet specified
purity standards. How is this achiev ed?
These standards are met by passing the few. Through as hy drochorinator
where the water is sterilized by an ex cess dose of chlorine prov ides as
hy pochlorite tablets. It is then dechlorinated in a bed of activ ated
carbon to remov e ex cess chlorine. Any color, taste and odour which was
present in the water, will also be remov ed by the carbon.
Another method is to pass the f.w. through an ultrav iolet.
Describe the different ty pes of cooling sy stems i.e. s.w. cooling sy stem
and central cooling sy stem
A S.W. cooling sy stem is an arrangement that uses indiv idual coolers for
l.o, j.w and the piston c.w. sy stem. Each cooler being circulated by s.w
As where some modern ships use a central cooling sy stem with only one
large S.W. circulated cooler. This cools a supply of f.w. which then
circulates to the other indiv idual coolers. With less equipment in contact
with s.w, the corrosion problems are much reduced in this sy stem.
Why carry out boiler feed water tests?
To prev ent and detect contamination of the feed water i.e, a build up of
scale occurring, which could reduce boiler efficiency and can cause
serious ov erheating.
Also to prev ent corrosion
Prev ent carry ov er where soluble salts and suspended solids are carried
ov er with steam
How many pumps are there in the engine room that y ou can pump bilges
with?
A bilge pump which is normally positiv e displacement. The others may
v ary from ship to ship but can be the ballast pump, g.s.pump and main
20/59
2/20/2014
S.W. pump. These pumps are only used for pumping bilges in the ev ent of
emergency and hav e an emergency bilge suction/injection v alv e
connected to them
What could cause an ex cessiv e high pressure in a refrigeration sy stem?
High pressure could be caused by lack of cooling or a fouled condenser
or ev en ov ercharge, but this is unlikely
What would y ou do in the ev ent of oil spill?
Raise the alarm, inform bridge and chief engineer
There should be a set drill for oil spills, which is practiced regularly
If possible contain the spill on deck and start clean up procedures using
appropriate oil spill equipment
If the oil has split into the sea: if in port, port authorities should be
informed.
If at sea: coast guard should be informed.
The time of spill should be recorded with the place or position of ship at
the time of spill along with approx imate quantity and ty pe of oil
Circumstances of discharge or escape would be logged in oil record book
and engine room log book
What ty pes of pumps are used for pumping bilges in an emergency ?
High capacity centrifugal pumps (mostly main cooling s.w.pump)
What would y ou do if y ou had a high chloride lev el in the boiler?
To reduce the chloride lev el in the boiler the boiler would be blown
down, thus allowing fresh feed to the boiler
What are the normal j.c.w temperatures and pressures?
Normal j.c.w. pressures are between 2- 3 bar
Temperatures 7 0 80 deg cent
Alarm at 85 deg cent
Shutdown at 90deg cent
21/59
2/20/2014
Describe the boiler hot well and cascade tank. Why is it fitted and how
would y ou trace an oil leak?
The boiler hot well is where the condensate drains return from the
condenser. This condensate may be contamina ted as some of the drains
are from f.o.heating sy stems or tank heating sy stem. Normally these
drains will pass to the hot well v ia an observ ation tank, which permits
inspection of drain and their discharge to an oily bilge if contaminated.
The hot well tank is also arranged with internal baffles to bring about
preliminary oil separation from any contaminated fuel or drains. The
feed water is then passed through charcoal or cloth filters to complete
the cleaning process. Any ov erflow from the hot well passes to the feed
water tank which prov ides additional feed water to the sy stem when
required. Feed pumps take suction from the hot well to the boiler.
To trace an oil leak to the sy stem, v arious heating coils to tanks would be
shut off in turn until the leak stopped, thus indicating which heating coil
was leaking.
What is the pressure of a start air receiv er?
25 40 bar depending on the ty pe of engine
How do y ou purify h.f.o?
Heav y fuel oils purified using a centrifugal separator, which operated by
the principle of centrifugal force separating 2 liquids in this case fuel oil
and water by means of a cy lindrical interface between the two. The
positioning of this interface being v ery important for the correct
operation
How would y ou prepare a main engine for sea?
This may v ary from engine to engine
Hav e a v isual check all around the engine
Start the engine l.o.pump; engage turning gear and turn the engine
ensuring indicator cocks are open
J.c.w. heating should be on ensuring the engine is warmed through
circulate by a circulating pump
The F.O. booster pump should be running, circulating fuel around the
sy stem.
22/59
2/20/2014
Note: if maneuv ering on high v iscosity F.O. the fuel should be heated and
circulated around the injectors to giv e the correct v iscosity for the grade
of the fuel in use.
Ensure fuel injectors are v ented and primed. Drain any water from air
start receiv ers and starting air manifold also control sy stem
Check jacket heater tank lev el
Check oil lev els, sump, gov ernor, turbocharger, cy linder l.o.tank, rocker
arm if on 4 stroke.
Operate cy linder lubricators by hand
Check f.o.serv ice tank i.e., drain off water/sludge
Disengage turning gear
Inform bridge that y ou are about to blow the engine ov er on air they
will giv e y ou permission. Open air start v alv e from receiv er
Once engine is blown ov er on air, close indicator cocks start j.c.w pumps,
shut off jacket heating and circulating pump
If two stroke engine, start aux iliary blower
Inform bridge y ou are ready to start engine
Start engine and s.w .cooling pump
Hav e a good v isual check around the engine and check all parameters are
correct
Inform bridge that y ou are ready for stand by
Why is simultaneous injection of f.o and starting air into main engine
cy linder undesirable and how it is prev ented?
As it could lead to an ex plosion in the start air sy stem
It is prev ented by means of interlock, which prev ents fuel being injected
when the air start auto v alv e is open. The interlock operated a stop
solenoid, which keeps the fuel rack to zero position
What is the primary function of ex pansion v alv e in refrigeration sy stem?
To regulate the flow of refrigerant from the high pressure side to the low
23/59
2/20/2014
pressure side of the sy stem

The pressure drop causes the saturation temperature to drop enabling it
to boil off at the low temp of the ev aporator
How would y ou know a refrigeration sy stem was undercharged?
Undercharge will show as a low compressor pressure and large bubbles
in the liquid line sight glass
What is compression and ex plain what happens AIR IS COMPRESSED?
Compression is where the air that is drawn into the cy linder is
compressed on the upward stroke of the piston both inlet and ex haust
v alv es being closed on this stroke. As the air is compressed by the rise of
the piston the air temp is consequently raised. As the piston reaches the
TDC fuel is injected causing ignition and v ery rapid rise in pressure of the
gases forcing the piston down
What action would y ou take in the ev ent of the main engine oil sump
lev el rising? What could be the problem and how would y ou fix it?
The action to be taken would depend on how fast the lev el was rising and
what was causing it to rise.
It could be due to water or fuel entering the sump, the engine would hav e
to be stopped as soon as it was safe to do so
Tests should be carried out to tell if tit were water or fuel
If it were fuel, y ou can normally smell this in the oil, but a flow stick test
can be done
Water has a tendency to form the color of the oil, depending on ex tent of
contamination
If it were fuel the most likely cause would be faulty injector therefore it
would be changed
It were water it could be coming from cracked liner or liner O rings,
therefore possible liner change to solv e the problem
The oil may hav e to be changed depending on ex tent of contamination
but the l.o purifier may be able to cope with it
How would y ou know if y ou had a cracked liner or cy linder head?
24/59
2/20/2014
Y our jacket water header tank would start to fall. Possibly higher
temperatures on the unit
On a medium speed 4 stroke engine if the liner was cracked y ou would
get water contamination of the sump
On a 2 stroke engine there would be possible water leakage from stuffing
box drains.
Ex plain the bilge sy stem from bilge wells to ov erboard?
How would y ou test for a leaking air start v alv e in port?
First ensure all the engine indicator cocks are open for all cy linders then
isolate the air supply to the timing v alv es, this will ensure no pilot air is
supplied to the air start v alv es when the auto v alv e is opened. Then
operate the auto v alv e, any air discharge from the indicator cocks will
indicate a leaking or pass8ing air start v alv e.
How do y ou start up/ and parallel a generator?
First check engine oil lev els such as l.o.sump, turbocharger oil lev el,
gov ernor oil lev el, rocker arm bank oil lev el (if fitted)
Check j..c.water header tank lev el
Ensure indicator cocks are open, start up l.o.priming pump then bar
engine ov er (ensure turning bar is remov ed)
Kick engine on air close indicator cocks
Start the engine
Check all parameters are correct--- l.o.pressure/temperature, j.c.w.
pr/temp
Check s.w cooling pr and rocker arm l.o pr
Allow engine to warm up and when satisfied that ev ery thing is o.k
Engine may be paralleled as follows
Ensure the v oltage of the machine to be paralleled is the same as the bus
bar v oltage. Ensure the frequencies of both machine are same (the
frequency of the incoming machine can be adjusted using the speed
control)
25/59
2/20/2014
Select the machine to tbe paralleled on the sy nchroscope selector. The

sy nchroscope should then start to rotate; it should be rotating in a
clockwise direction slowly . If it is rotating in an anticlockwise direction,
this means the speed of the incoming machine is too slow or if it is
rotating fast clockwise, the speed of the incoming machine is too fast,
this is adjusted using the speed control.
When the needle of the sy nchroscope is rotating in the clockwise
direction slowly , the breaker of the incoming machine should be closed.
When the needle of the sy nchroscope is at the 5 to 1 2 position, this will
allow the incoming machine to take a slight amount of load when coming
on the switch board and also prev ent the machine tripping on rev erse
power
What is the purpose of v olute casing in a turbocharger?
To change the air v elocity into pressure.
It also ensures a constant v elocity of air leav ing the turbocharger by
accommodating for the gradual increase in quantity of air that builds up
at the circumference of the compressor
How is the j.c.w. temp controlled?
It is controlled by means of a thermostatic v alv e normally known as an
AMOT V ALV E. This operates by div erting j.w. through the cooler when
too hot or by passing the cooler when cooler. The amot v alv es normally
use wax elements to operate the v alv e
What are the reasons for not enough scav enge/charge air?
Blocked air filter on turbocharger or a faulty turbocharger
Giv e a shipboard use for grey cast iron and the properties that make it
suitable for this use?fresh water pump casings
It has fairly good machining qualities and is also inex pensiv e
What would y ou do if l.o temp started to fall?
Reduce S.W. cooling flow through the l.o cooler by throttling the S.W.
discharge v alv e from the cooler
What ty pes of water tests would y ou do on a l.p. aux iliary
boiler/economizer?
26/59
2/20/2014
1 . Chloride test
2. PH_- alkalinity test
3. Total dissolv ed solids test _ using hy drometer
4. Phenolphthalein alkalinity test
5. Hardness test
6. Phosphate reserv e
What is the difference between clarifier and purifier?
A purifier remov es water as where a clarifier remov es solid impurities.
In some cases, both are used for separation purposes, firstly the oil is
purified, then clarified
What is the purpose of a fusible plug on an air receiv er and at what temp
is it designed to melt?
The purpose of fusible plug is to act as a safety feature to release
compressed air from the receiv er in the ev ent of a fire in the v icinity .
The fusible plug is designed to melt a t 1 50 deg cent
What would cause ex cessiv e ex haust temp?
On a single cy linder it could be an incorrect fuel pump timing i.e. late
injection causing after burn, too much fuel, leaking fuel injector or burnt
out ex haust v alv e. If all ex haust temps were high, it could be due to high
scav enge temp, charge air cooler fouled, turbocharger air filters dirty or
fouled, high engine load
Giv e a shipboard use of al.bronze and the properties that make it suitable
for this use?
Pump impellers
It has good wear, fatigue and corrosiv e properties
Where on board a ship would y ou find information on the carriage of
hazardous substances?
Information on the carriage of hazardous substances would be found in
the IMDG (International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code) which would
27/59
2/20/2014
normally be found on the bridge.

What are the crankcase pressure relief v alv es for?
These v alv es act as a safeguard to reliev e ex cessiv e crankcase pressures,
which may occur from oil v apor igniting in the occurrence of an engine
component ov erheating. They also prev ent flames from being omitted
from the crankcase and must also be self closing to stop the return of
atmospheric air into the crankcase
What would y ou do if y ou found that y ou had a cracked liner or cy linder
head?
Inform bridge that engine would hav e to be stopped and of the situation,
also inform chief engineer and repair the unit as soon as it is safe to do so
Why purge the boiler furnace?
A boiler furnace is purged before burner operations to ensure that there
is no unburned fuel or gases in the furnace, which may cause a blow
back. Purging should be carried out for at least two minutes
Giv e a rough indication of engine speed ranges i.e., slow, medium and
high speed
Slow 1 00 1 50 rpm
Medium 300 850 rpm
High 850 3000 rpm
What is uniflow scav enging?
With uniflow scav enging the incoming air enters at the lower end of the
cy linder and leav es at the top. The outlet at the top of the cy linder being
a large ex haust v alv e. The adv antages of uniflow is the simple design of
the liner and it is the most efficient
What is the critical and barred range of an engine?
This is where the speed of an engine in rpm, at which the resonant
condition occurs, and is referred to as critical speed. The high stresses
associated with resonant condition start to build up as critical speed is
approached and do not come back to a safe v alue until speed is bey ond
critical speed. The unsafe stresses either side of critical speed are known
as flank stresses either side of of critical speed are known as flank stresses
28/59
2/20/2014
this is known as the barred speed range. The engine must not be
continuously operated at speeds within the barred range
How does generator l.o.copewith blow by ?
Generator l.o. cope with blow by , by hav ing a TBN of 20 30 (TBN
standing for Total Base Number which is an indication of the quantity of
alkali, i.e., base, which is av ailable to neutralize acids from blow by )
Why is a j.c.w. Safety v alv e fitted on air compressor?
It is fitted to reliev e ex cess pressure in the cooling sy stem should a
cooler tube burst and compressed air escape
Giv e a ship board use of spheroidal cast iron and the properties that
make it suitable for this use?
Cy linder heads and liners
It has high compressiv e strength qualities and also good wears resistiv e
qualities
How many PPMS can be pumped in other than Marpol restricted areas?
1 00 PPM
What are the Marpol restricted area?
The Mediterranean sea, Baltic sea, Black sea, Red sea, Gulf areas, North
sea, Antarctic, wider Caribbean region including gulf of Mex ico and the
Caribbean sea
Name the 2 most common ty pes of coolers
Shell and plate ty pe coolers
Shell being where a tube stack is used and fitted into a shell and closed at
either end with end cov ers
Plate being made up of a number of pressed plates surrounded by seals
and held together in a frame
Why is gear pump used for pumping oil, while a centrifugal pump is used
for pumping water?
A gear pump is used for pumping oil as it has a high suction lift, is self
29/59
2/20/2014
priming, able to produce the discharge pressure required by the sy stem

and can handle large amounts of v apor or entrained gases. If is also able
to pump high v iscous fluids
A centrifugal pump is used for pumping water, as it is unable to pump
high v iscous fluids such as oil; the centrifugal pump is not self priming
What should y ou do to ensure that there is no water leakage into the
engine cy linder before preparing main engine for se?
The engine should be turned using turning gear with indicator cocks
open, keeping a close ey e on the cocks for any sign of water discharge
Immediately prior to starting, the engine should be kicked on air
Note: 2 stroke engines should be turned at least one rev olution where a 4
stroke should be turned 2 rev olutions
Ex plain y our company s bunkering procedures?
Most companies will hav e bunkering procedures which will consists of a
check list containing procedures such as
Ensure v essel is securely moored
Scuppers are plugged
There are communications between both parties
No smoking signs placed
No hot work is taking place in the v icinity
Oil spill gear is av ailable
Correct v alv es are opened for bunkering
The ov erflow tank is empty
This check list is then signed by both parties and the chief engineer
The time of bunkers starting and finishing are then recorded
The amount to each tank
Place of bunkering
30/59
2/20/2014
Ty pe of F.O. bunkered, this is also recorded in the Oil Record Book

Note: before bunkering a set of sounding should be taken, also during
bunkering to ensure fuel is going to correct tanks and at the end of
bunkering
Sample of fuel bunkered should be taken throughout bunkering for
analy sis
What are the uses of centrifugal pumps, positiv e displacement pumps
and gear pumps on board a ship?
Centrifugal pumps s.w.cooling pumps,j.c.w. pumps, boiler feed pumps
(multistage pumps)
Positiv e displacement pumps bilge pumps. steering gear pumps, cargo
pumps
Gear pumps f.o.booster pumps, f.o.transfer pumps
What would happen if the l.o.pr dropped too low on a pump?
If the l.o.pr were to drop too low on the l.o.pump, the stand by l.o.pump
would cut in
What is loop scav enging in a 2 stroke engine?
It is where the incoming air passes ov er the piston, crown, and then rises
towards the cy linder head forcing ex haust gases down and out the
ex haust ports, just abov e the inlet port. The adv antage of loop is that no
ex haust v alv e is required
What ty pe of safety v alv e is fitted to a boiler and at what pressure does it
lift?
High lift safety v alv e s and are designed to operate at 1 0% boiler working
pressure and must also be capable of releasing all the steam the boiler
can produce without the pr rising more than 1 0% ov er a set period. 1 5
min for tank boilers and 7 minutes for water tube. The spring pr once set
is fix ed and sealed by a surv ey or.
Note: the abov e test is known as the accumulation of pr test
Giv e possible reasons why the engine room bilge pump may not be able
to empty bilges?
31/59
2/20/2014
The strum box from the bilge may be fouled. Bilge pump suction filter
may be blocked
A v alv e may be left open from an empty bilge
There could be a hole in the sy stem on the suction side of the pump
Depending on ty pe of bilge pump, the pump suction or discharge v alv es
may need ov erhauling
SAFETY
What is the purpose of the deck seal on an inert gas sy stem?
To act as a non return v alv e and prev ent the back flow of gases, i.e.,
hazardous to non hazardous
Regarding the energy bilge injection v alv e what is its relev ant size
compared to the main S.W. injection v alv e?
The v alv e size of the emergency bilge injection must not be less than two
third the size of the main S.W. injection v alv e
What safety equipment should there be at a bunker station?
A foam fire ex tinguisher, oil spill gear, such as spill absorbent and there
should also be communication of some sort
What is regarded as an enclosed space?
It is a space that can not be assumed to contain ox y gen.
There are spaces such as a duct keel, a D.B.tank, a coffer dam, boiler etc
What is the duration of 9 liters foam fire ex tinguishers?
Approx imate duration of around 50 seconds
Once a fire detector has detected or sensed a fire, what happens?
Associated with fire detectors is a circuit connected to an alarm panel,
which is usually situated on the bridge, where the alarm is accepted,
usually there is a repeater panel in the engine control room. The panel
giv ing an indication on which deck and zone the detector was activ ated.
Someone will then be sent to inv estigate and v erify if it is a fire or a a
false alarm
32/59
2/20/2014
Where would y ou find heat detector and why ?

In places such as the galley , where other ty pes of detectors would giv e
false alarms.
What are boundary cooling and the reasons for it? it should be
remembered that a fire ex ists in 3 dimensions and therefore has 6 sides,
there can be transmitted through bulkheads due to radiant heat, i.e.,
causing combustible materials in adjacent compartments to catch fire,
therefore this radiant heat is prev ented by boundary cooling of all sides
of the compartment on fire, using water spray hoses
Ex plain the procedure for lowering a life boat with grav ity dav its?
The life boat is held in against a cradle by ropes called gripes and the
cradle is secured by pins, with the gripes and securing pins (sometimes
known as harbor pins) are remov ed and released, the winch hand brake
can be released to enable the cradle to slide down and ov er the ships
side. A Tricing - in Pennant (wire) bring the life boat close to the ships
side to enable it to be boarded.
The browsing lines which fasten to each end of the life boat are then used
to hold it into the ships side, the Tricing in pennant then being
released
A painter is then led from the forward end of the life boat and attached
somewhere forward of the life boat on the ship. Life boat plugs are then
secured
Once the crews are on board the life boat the browsing lines are released
and the life boat is lowered to the water.
The engine is started, falls released and then the painter
On what ty pe of fire would y ou use a dry chemical powder fire
ex tinguisher?
On all classes of fire, but it has no cooling effect
How is water hammer prev ented?
In order to prev ent water hammer it is necessary too open up drains on
steam lines bei9ng brought into use. The water must be completely
drained so it leav es the line clear. The steam v alv e is then cracked open
so the line is heated and brought up to near working temp. Any
condensate found during this process drains out of the line v ia the drains
33/59
2/20/2014
prev iously opened. The v alv e may then be opened and drains closed.
How do y ou carry out a face seal check on a breathing apparatus set?
Don face mask, tighten straps properly and turn air supply on. Then
switch air supply off and breath in the mask should stick to face. Note pr
gauge should not drop rapidly either. Switch air supply back on.
State the regulations regarding the emergency fire pump?
It is to be located remote from the machinery space and with
independent means of power, which could be a diesel engine or from the
emergency switch board
What should be used with breathing apparatus sets when entering a
space or compartment?
A time in/ time out board should be used. This board will normally hav e
a built in clock. On this board the time the wearer enter a space is noted,
plus bottle number and pr, the time the wearer is due out is calculated as
the time the low pr whistle operates at. This giv es the wearer time to ex it.
What is the principle operation of a flame detector?
As flame has a characteristic flicker frequency of 25 Hz, use is made of
this fact to trigger an alarm. Flickering radiation from flames reaching
the detector lens/filter unit, which only allows infra red ray s to pass and
be focused upon the cell. The signal from the cell goes into the selectiv e
amplifier, which is tuned to 25Hz, then to a time delay unit (to minimize
incidence of flame alarms) then to an alarm circuit.
What is a good practice before using a dry
chemical powder
ex tinguisher/
It is good practice to giv e a DCP ex tinguisher a shake before use, as the
ex tinguisher could hav e been ly ing for a while causing the powder to
clog up
What is done to ensure that a life boat engine will start when needed?
At least once ev ery 2 weeks, but better still once a week the life boat
engine should be run, all fuel and oil lev els checked and the gear box
should be operated i.e., engine run astern and ahead to check operation
Most engines are air cooled, but some are a combination of air and
water, in which case water lev el checked and if operating in cold climates
34/59
2/20/2014
anti freezing lev els also.

Larger life boat engines will be battery started, therefore condition of
battery must be checked i.e, specific grav ity of electroly te and that
electroly te is cov ering cell plates.
Describe a SCBA set?
Set usually consists of one or two cy linders of compressed air kept in a
harness, which is carried on the back. Cy linders usually being charged to
a pressure of around 200 240 bar. The high pr air is fed through a
reducing v alv e and then to a demand v alv e, which can be set in positiv e
pr mode, that will supply a const demand of air or in demand mode,
which will only supply air as the wearer demands. A non return v alv e
permits breathing out to atmosphere.
The set incorporates a warming whistle that sounds on low air pr
A standard cy linder will allow for about 20 25 mins. Operatrion, but
this will also depend on a few factors, such as work load of wearer.
Describe an inert gas generator?
The inert gas generator burns fuel in designed quantities to produce
perfect combustion. This produces an ex haust gas, which is largely
nitrogen and CO2 with v ery small ox y gen content. The ex haust gases
pass to a cooling and washing chamber to remov e sulphur and ex cess
carbon.
The washed or scrubbed gas is now inert and passes to a distribution
sy stem for fire fighting. The complete unit is arranged to be
independently operated in order to supply inert gas for as long as the
fuel supply lasts. On tankers the IG can be supplied and used to blanket
the oil cargo during discharging operations. Empty tanks are filled with
gas and inert gas is blown out when oil is loaded.
Ex plain and sketch a funnel inert gas?
In a boiler funnel inert gas sy stem, ex haust gas is taken from the boiler
uptakes and passed through a scrubber tower where the gas is cleaned
with sulphur and ex cess carbon being remov ed. The gas which by then is
considered inert and mainly contains nitrogen and carbon diox ide with
less than 5% ox y gen is then supplied v ia blowers and deck seal which
acts as a non return v alv e along deck pipes to cargo banks. The inert gas
being used to blanket the oil cargo during discharging operations, empty
35/59
2/20/2014
tanks are filled with gas and the inert gas is blown out when oil is loaded.
What are the safety features fitted to a battery carbon diox ide sy stem?
A stop v alv e to stop discharge of carbon diox ide to the machinery space.
A safety v alv e between the starting cy linders and operating piston. This
is to prev ent operation o f the sy stem due to leaking starting bottles
Pr alarm in discharge line to giv e an indication of an accident escape or
leaking carbon diox ide bottle from the battery
The main engine cy l.l.o.tank is empty oil drums are on the main deck
beside run down pipes to the tank and air is hardy . What do y ou do?
If need be, the engine should be stopped to allow filling of the tank.
Under no circumstances should y ou use the air hose to pressurize the
drums to speed up the process. Oil drums are not a pressure v essel and it
could lead to a fatality
On what ty pe of v essel would y ou ex pect to find a bulk carbon di ox ide
sy stem and what is normally incorporated into these sy stems?
Y ou would normally ex pect to find a bulk carbon diox ide sy stem on a
cargo or Ro Ro ty pe v essel where hold areas need fire fighting
protection and the cargo space sy stem is normally arranged for smoke
detection, alarm and carbon diox ide flooding. Small air sampling pipes
from the indiv idual cargo holds are fed into a cabinet on the bridge. Air
is drawn from each hold by a small fan and each pipe is identified for its
particular hold. If smoke is drawn into the cabinet from one of the holds
it will set off an alarm. The smoke is also passed into the wheel house
where it can be detected by personnel on watch.
The location of the fire can be identified in the cabinet and the hold
distribution v alv e below the cabinet is operated. This v alv e shuts off the
sampling pipe from the cabinet and opens it to the carbon di ox ide main,
leading to the bulk carbon diox ide, discharge manifold. A chart
indicating the amount of time the release v alv e is opened for and this is
done by first opening the main discharge v alv e to the manifold setting off
carbon diox ide alarms
What is the gas analy sis after the scrubber tower on an inert gas sy stem?
OXY GEN 0 - 1 %
CARBON MONOOXIDE 0%
36/59
2/20/2014
CARBON DIOXIDE 1 4 - 1 5%
NITROGEN 85%
Where is carbon diox ide ex tinguishers not permitted?
In the liv ing quarters of the accommodation
Note: within the accommodation block carbon di ox ide ex tinguishers are
av ailable in the cargo control room, bridge and radio room where dry
powder could damage this apparatus.
What adv antage do inert gas producing units used for fire fighting
installations hav e ov er carbon diox ide and halon sy stems?
It has the adv antage of being able to continuously produce inert gas. A
bottle storage sy stem, such as carbon diox ide or halon flooding is a one
shot fire ex tinguisher which leav es a ship unprotected until further gas
supplies can be found
What is and where would y ou find the international shore connections?
This is a standard size flange which is fitted with a suitable coupling for
the ships fire hoses. The flange is slotted in order to fit any shore side fire
main and enable water to be brought on board ship ly ing alongside.
Usually located on the bridge.
Why is a hy drostatic release unit fitted to a life boat?
In the ev ent of the v essel sinking, the hy drostatic release operates at a
predetermined water depth, releasing the life raft lashings, allowing the
life raft to float free and inflate
What is the principle operation of a heat detector?
This ty pe of heat detector uses 2 bi metallic strips/coils attached to a
v ertical support bracket. When temp is present the bimetallic strips will
start to mov e at a fix ed temperature. The first strip will hit a stop, the
second strip continuing to mov e, thus the contact is made and triggers
the alarms
Sketch and describe a bulk carbon diox ide sy stem
The sy stem consisting of a large insulated v essel which holds carbon
diox ide a working pressure of 21 bars at around -20 degree centigrade.
To maintain this pressure and temperature a refrigeration circuit is
37/59
2/20/2014
required. One is stand by the other in operation. As it is essential to

maintain pressure in the v essel, a heater is also incorporated. The
sy stem will discharge into the engine room and hold a main discharge
v alv e opening of this v alv e will shut down v entilation and activ ate the
carbon diox ide alarm, warning personnel of the imminent discharge of
carbon diox ide, all personnel must then be accounted for and space
seated before discharge of carbon diox ide. With this sy stem, the actual
line to the engine room and other spaces where the carbon diox ide is
discharged to will hav e an indiv idual manual v alv e and as the sy stem is a
bulk sy stem and the spaces being discharged to will hav e different areas,
a chart will predetermine how long v alv e will be opened for to giv e
proper discharge cov erage for each space
Fires are classified according to the ty pes of materials which are acting
as the source, what are these classifications?
CLASS A fires burning wood, glass fiber, upholstery and furnishings
CLASS B fires burning liquids such as l.o and fuels
CLASS C fires burning gas fuels such as LPG
CLASS D fires burning combustible materials such as magnesium and
aluminium
CLASS E fires burning any of the abov e materials together with high
v oltage electricity
Carbon diox ide gas black
Foam white
Water red
BCF green
What happens to the carbon diox ide sy stem in dry -dock?
It must be made inoperable
Why should the boiler not be blown down on finding oil contamination?
The boiler should not be blown down, as this will cov er all heating
surfaces with oil i.e., insulating the tubes, heating surfaces
What speed does the centrifugal brake on a life boat winch limit the speed
38/59
2/20/2014
of fall of the life boat to?

Speed of fall of the life boat to fall faster than 36 meter/ minute
Halon fire fighting sy stem, describe it
Sketch and describe a dry powder fire ex tinguisher?
The outer container containing sodium bicarbonate powder. A capsule
of carbon diox ide gas is located beneath a plunger mechanism in the
central cap. On depressing the plunger the carbon diox ide gas forces the
powder up a discharge tube and out of the discharge nozzle.
State the capabilities of ships main fire pump
It must be capable of supply ing water to at least two hoses and nozzles in
the ship and they must produce a good jet of water simultaneously
What ox y gen lev el would y ou regard as safe to enter an enclosed space?
20% or abov e
Sketch and describe a carbon diox ide ex tinguisher
A carbon diox ide ex tinguisher coinsists of a v ery strong container that is
used to store liquid carbon diox ide under pressure. A central tube
prov ides the outlet passage for the carbon diox ide which is released
either by a plunger bursting disc or a v alv e operated trigger. The liquid
changes to a gas as it leav es the ex tinguisher and passes through a swiv el
pipe or hose to a discharge horn
What are the adv antages of halon sy stems ov er carbon diox ide sy stems?
Less halon is needed to ex tinguish a fire than carbon diox ide therefore
less storage space is required
Also the atmospheric in a halon flooded space is not tox ic although does
contain some highly irritant gases when ex tinguishing
What are the 2 brakes on a life boat winch?
A centrifugal brake and a weighted brake known as a dead mans brake
i.e, once y ou let go of the braking lev er, the brake will come into action
stopping the fall of the life boat
How is the bilge injection v alv e brought into operation?
39/59
2/20/2014
To bring the bilge injection v alv e into operation during an emergency ,

the v alv e is opened fully and the sea injection or suction v alv e is fully
closed. After it is established the bilge injection v alv e is capable of
lowering water lev el in the engine room the sea water injection v alv e or
suction v alv e may be opened slowly . This should be done in stages so
that the tank tops are not pumped dry as this would cause the sea water
pump to loose suction
Sketch and describe the mechanical foam ty pe fire ex tinguisher
The outer container is fitted with water. The central container holds a
carbon diox ide charge and a foam solution. A plunger mechanism with a
safety guard is located abov e the central container. When the plunger is
depressed the carbon diox ide released and the foam solution and water
mix . They are then forced out through a special nozzle, which creates the
mechanical foam. The ex tinguisher has an internal pipe and is operated
upright
What is the range of foam fire ex tinguisher?
Roughly 7 meter
Where are the infra red fire detectors best situated
They are best situated in machinery spaces and boiler rooms, where
there is a high risk of fire
Briefly ex plain how high ex pansion foam is produced
By means of a foam generator, where from foam concentrate and sea
water 1 00 times quantity is achiev ed. The generator blows air through a
net spray ed with foam concentrate and water. The v astly ex panded foam
is then div erted away to the space to protect. The foam is an insulator
ands an absorber of radiant heat; it also ex cludes ox y gen from the fire
What can be fitted ov er relief v alv e v ents on a bulk carbon diox ide
sy stem to giv e an indication of leakage?
Balloons
Sketch and describe the chemical foam ty pe of ex tinguisher
The main container is fitted with sodium bicarbonate solution and a long
inner poly thene container is fitted with aluminium sulphate. The inner
container is sealed by a cap held in place by a plunger. When the plunger
is unlocked by turning it the cap is released. The ex tinguisher is the
40/59
2/20/2014
inv erted for the two liquids to mix . Carbon diox ide is produced by the
reaction, which pressurizes the container and forces out the foam
What testing and maintenance is done regarding sodas acid and foam
ex tinguisher
The ex tinguisher containers are pressure v essels therefore require
testing.
Containers are initially tested to 25 bar ev ery y ear for 5 y ears and
thereafter at 4 y early interv als to 20 bars. On soda ty pe ex tinguishers
20% of contents should be discharged per y ear and replenished with
foam ty pe 50% where practical the operating mechanism of portable
ex tinguishers should be ex amined ev ery 3 months
Sketch and ex plain a foam fire fighting installation
Here an automatic foam induction sy stem is shown. The automatic
inductor unit ensures the correct mix ing of water and foam compound
which is then pumped to hy drants, deck or machinery space for use. The
foam compound tank is sealed to protect the contents from deterioration
and has linked compound supply and air v ent v alv es. To operate the
sy stem, these 2 linked v alv es are opened and the fire pump started.
Foam mix ing is carefully metered by the automatic inductor unit. The
fire pump and compound tank must be located outside the protected
space.
Where would y ou ex pect to find a soda acid fire ex tinguisher? (Water)
Accommodation areas
What is the procedure for entering an enclosed space?
An enclosed space entry permit is required which can only be obtained
with the permission of a responsible officer. This permit will list the
conditions to one met before entry . The space should be well v entilated
before entry takes place, before entry ox y gen lev els must be checked
using an ox y gen meter. (Ox y gen analy zer)
Another person should remain at the entrance while the person is in the
space, to summon assistance if necessary and there should also be means
of communications arranged between the person within the space and
the attendant.
Lifelines and harnesses should be av ailable at the entrance to the space
41/59
2/20/2014
If the occupant appears to be in danger the attendant should first raise

the alarm but should not enter the space unless equipped with breathing
apparatus
What is the reentry procedure once a machinery space has been flooded
with carbon diox ide or halon?
Once a carbon diox ide or halon flooding has taken place, the space
should be continued to the boundary cooled
Only when the ex tinguished fire has been left long enough to cool down
can the space be reentered. Note: early reentry can lead to reignition
Reentry should be done by personnel wearing breathing apparatus
taking water spray hoses with them to cool down any hot surfaces. Note:
reentry should also take place from the lowest point remote from the
seat of the fire, if possible. Cooling and smoke dispersal are the first
priorities to prov ide an atmosphere in which others can operate and
gradually bring machinery back into serv ice e
Where the machinery space fire inv olv es electrical equipment then the
only dry powder or carbon diox ide ex tinguishers can be used until the
equipment is isolated
What is the principle operation of a smoke detector?
The abov e detector of the light scatter ty pe uses a photo cell separated
by a barrier from a semiconductor intermittently flashing light source
housed in an enclosure whose containment allows smoke but not light
inside. When smoke is present in the enclosure, light is scattered around
the barrier on the photocell and an alarm is triggered.
What are the two ty pes of carbon diox ide fix ed installations used on
board ships for fire fighting?
Battery and bulk sy stem
How is a life raft launched?
The life raft is simply launched by releasing it from its lashing a painter is
secured to the ship and the life raft container is thrown ov er the side.
Inflation takes place automatically the container bursting open and the
life raft floats clear. A pressurized cy linder of carbon diox ide is used the
inflate the raft. Life raft must normally be boarded from water lev el dry if
possible
42/59
2/20/2014
What different ty pes of fire fighting foam are there?

AFFF - sy nthetic ty pe
Protein based foams (Ox s blood)
Which can be low ex pansion for use on decks etc for fire fighting or high
ex pansion which can be used in machinery spaces?
Fire is the 3 combination factors. What are these?
1.
2.
3.
a substance that will burn

a supply of ox y gen usually from air
ignition source
What is the duration and range of a 1 36 liters trolley foam ex tinguishers?

1 5 minutes approx imately with a range of around 1 8 meters
Sketch an auto sprinkler sy stem for the ships accommodation and
ex plain?
The sketch shows an auto sprinkler sy stem which prov ides a network of
sprinkler heads throughout protected accommodation zones
The sprinkler heads in the accommodation both detect and ex tinguish
fires. The sprinkler heads is closed by a quartazoid bulb, which contains
a liquid that ex pands considerably on heating, i.e., in the ev ent of a fire.
When ex cessiv ely heated the liquid ex pands shatters the bulb and water
will issue from the sprinkler heat causes the water to spray out ov er a
large area
The water is supplied initially from a tank pressurized by compressed air
and fresh water. Once the tank pressure falls as a sprinkler head issues
water a salt water pump cuts in automatically to maintain the water
supply as long as possible. The sy stem is initially charged with
freshwater to reduce corrosion effects.
What is the water fog based on fire fighting installation?
Unlike conv entional sprinkler sy stem utilizing water under low pressure
in heav y large dia pipes, the water fog ex tinguishing sy stem operates by
using water under v ery high pressure in small bore pipes. This reduces
the weight and v olume of the sy stem ands permits easy installation on
board
43/59
2/20/2014
The water fog sy stem produces micro droplets of water, thus a v ery large
cooling surface is created with only small quantities of water. With this
sy stem the amount of water required for successful fire ex tinguishing is
much less than conv entional sprinkler sy stems. This allows for the use of
fresh water as the medium. Also with the water fog sy stem, the water fog
is propelled into hidden spaces just like halon or carbon diox ide
prov iding the most reliable fire ex tinguishing.
In accommodation areas this sy stem can use a dual purpose nozzle
which incorporates a quartazoid bulb for detection and ex tinguishing.
The water fog sy stem is also suitable for engine room
What does the opening of the carbon diox ide release cabinet do?
It sets off an alarm in the engine room to warn personnel that the release
of carbon diox ide is eminent.
It also stops all v entilation
What checks should be carried out on a breathing set before entering a
smoke filled compartment?
The checks should be carried out,
Ensure the bottle is full
Check operation of low pressure whistle and
Face seal check should be carried out
Why is an alarm sounded when carbon diox ide is released into the engine
room?
An alarm is sounded to inform personnel in the engine room that the
release of carbon diox ide is imminent. The ty pe of alarm will be v isual
and sound different from engine room alarm and general alarm.
Carbon diox ide cannot support life
Where would y ou ex pect to find a dry powder ex tinguisher?
It is usually located near electrical equipment in the machinery space
and elsewhere on the ship
What must the capability of grav ity dav its be with regards heel of ship?
44/59
2/20/2014
The dav its must be able to lower the life boats when the ship is heeled to
1 5 degree on either side
Would y ou enter an enclosed space if the ox y gen lev els were recorded as
1 9% or below?
No
What are the alarms fitted to a bulk carbon diox ide sy stem?
Low lev el alarm (loss of 5% v olume)
High lev el alarm (increase of contents ov er 98% v olume)
Leakage alarm past main discharge v alv e alarm when main discharge
v alv e is opened
With regards carbon diox ide ex tinguishers what testing and maintenance
is carried out?
Being a pressure v essel the carbon diox ide ex tinguisher is initially tested
to 207 bar and after ev ery 1 0 y ears and after 2 such tests ev ery 5 y ears
Carbon diox ide ex tinguisher should also be weighed ev ery 6 months to
check for leakage
What can y ou tell me about halon sy stems with regards to new
installations and ex isting ones?
SOLAS prohibits the installations of new or portable sy stems in all ships
from 1 st October 1 994 and prov iding ex isting fix ed installations and
portable ex tinguishers remain serv iceable and fit to purposes, they may
remain in place (ref. mgn80 (AUGUST 1 998))
What ty pe of detector should be fitted in conjunction with an infra red
ty pe fire detector?
It should be used in conjunction with a smoke detector to giv e an early
warning of fire
What are water hammer and its danger?
When steam lines are shut down it is possible from v arious causes for
them to fill with water. If steam is allowed to enter a line with water, the
steam starts to mov e the water down the line. The steam in contact with
the water ev entually condenses and a v acuum is formed causing the
45/59
2/20/2014
water to be pulled back to the v alv e which has just been opened and
striking it with a heav y blow, often fracturing the v alv e. If the v alv e with
a heav y blow often fracturing the v alv e. If the v alv e fractures it may end
disastrously with risk of loss of life
Is the code of safe working practices law?
Y es it is law
What percentage halon is required to ex tinguish a fire in a compartment?
5%
What is the purpose of the 2 sets of relief v alv es on a bulk carbon diox ide
sy stem?
the purpose of the 2 sets of relief v alv es on a bulk carbon diox ide sy stem
is that one set being a low pressure set being set at 24.5 bars and
designed to reliev e ex cess pressure to atmosphere in the ev ent of ov er
pressure. The high pressure set is at 27 bars and is required to discharge
into the compartment this causes a rapid rise in pressure and in theory
carbon diox ide will discharge into the compartment ex tinguishing the
fire
What surv iv al equipment would y ou ex pect to find in a life boat?
Oars, a boat hook, a compass, distress rockets, first aid equipments,
rations and fresh water
What does SOLAS stand for?
Safety of Life At Sea
Sketch & describe the battery CO2 sy stem?
The abov e sy stem shows a battery CO2 sy stem for a machinery space. On
opening the release cabinet, this will sound the alarm in the engine room,
warning personnel that release is imminent and that they should v acate
the engine room. Opening of the cabinet will also stop v entilation. Before
release of CO2 a head count must be done to see all personnel are
accounted for and the machinery space must be sealed
When the operating handle is pulled this opens a set of CO2 starting
bottles which in turn supply CO2 to operation piston v ia a safety v alv e.
The piston in turn allows the battery of CO2 bottles to be released to the
46/59
2/20/2014
engine room. This is known as a ONE SHOT method

What are the requirements of a fix ed CO2 fire fighting installation?
The sy stem must giv e 40% saturation of the compartment to be filled.
85% of the co 2 charge must be discharged into the compartment within
the first 2 minutes
Once a fire detector has detected or sensed a fire what happened?
Associated with fire detectors is a circuit connected to an alarm panel,
which is usually situated on the bridge, where the alarm is accepted
usually there is repeater panel in the ECR. The panel giv ing an indication
on which deck and zone the detector was activ ated. Someone will then be
sent to inv estigate and v erify if it is a fire or a false alarm
How much foam is produced from a 9L foam ex tinguisher?
7 2L of foam
What are the adv antages of CO2 sy stems compared to halon sy stem?
CO2 is more env ironmentally friendly also halon sy stem are being
phased out
What is the bilge injection v alv e?
The bilge injection is a v alv e that enables the engine room bilges to be
pumped out directly ov er board in the ev ent of an emergency such a
flooding. The v alv e is normally fitted to the end of a branch connection
with the main sea water suction line. This enables large main sea water
cooling pumps to be used as a bilge pump in an emergency
Describe and sketch a soda acid ex tinguisher
The container of the ex tinguisher holds a sodium bicarbonate solution.
The screw on cap contains a plunger mechanism cov ered by a safety
guard. Below the plunger is a glass phial containing sulphuric acid. When
the plunger is struck, the glass phial is broken and the acid and sodium
bicarbonate mix . The resulting chemical reaction produces CO2 gas,
which pressurizes the space abov e the liquid, forcing it out through the
internal pipe to the muzzle
What does AFFF stand for and where would y ou use the ty pe of
47/59
2/20/2014
ex tinguisher?
AFFF stands for: Aqueous Film Forming Foam.
This would be used on class B fires, fires burning liquids such as L.O. and
fuels
What can y ou tell me about halon sy stem, with regards to new
installations and ex isting ones?
SOLAS prohibits the installation of new or portable sy stem in all ships
from 1 st October 1 994 and prov ides ex isting fix ed installations and
portable ex tinguishers remain serv iceable and fit for purposes, they may
remain in place (ref: MGN 80 (august 1 998)
What ty pe of fire detection equipment did y ou hav e on board ship?
Flame detector, smoke detector and heat detector
Why are CO2 ex tinguishers not permitted in the accommodation?
Because if used in a confined space, it could be lethal
What action would y ou take in the ev ent of fire breaking out in the
machinery space?
If a fire breaks out, the alarm should be raised and the bridge informed
immediately . If the ship in port, the local fire authority should be called.
If possible an attempt should be made to ex tinguish or limit the fire by
any means of possible (a fire in its first few minutes can usually be readily
ex tinguished)
V entilation fans should be stopped (should stop automatically on
activ ation of fire alarm). Openings to the space should be sealed to
reduce the supply of air to the fire and to prev ent it spreading. Any fuel
lines feeding the fire or threatened by it should be isolated. If
practicable, combustible materials adjacent to the fire should be
remov ed
After the fire as been ex tinguished precautions should be taken against
spontaneous reignition
Personnel unless wearing SCBA should not reenter a space in which a fire
has occurred before it has been fully v entilated
What are the 4 principle ty pes of portable fire ex tinguishers found on
48/59
2/20/2014
board ships?
Water? Soda acid ty pe ex tinguishers
Foam ex tinguishers
Dry powder
CO2
What adv antage do inert gas producing units used for fire fighting
installations hav e ov er CO2 and halon sy stem
Inert gas producing units hav e the adv antage of being able to
continuously produce inert gas. A bottle storage sy stem such as CO2 or
halon flooding is a one shot fire ex tinguisher which leav es a ship
unprotected until further gas supplies can be found
What are the v arious cutouts and alarms in a funnel inert gas sy stem high
O2 lev el (abov e 5%)
Loss of S.W. pressure /flow
Fan/blower failure
High gas temp alarm
What are the dangers of ex cessiv e lubrication in start air compressors?
There is a danger that ex cessiv e cy linder lubrication in start air
compressors could lead to ex plosions in air start lines/manifolds.
Ex cessiv e lubrication can lead to carry ov er with compressed air, being
deposited in the receiv er then transferred to the air start manifold,
where a leaking air start v alv e may allow hot gases from combustion into
the air start manifold, ignite the oil v apour, causing ex plosion
What is fitted in a foam or water ty pe fire ex tinguishers that ensures
liquid, not gases comes out on discharge
A dip lobe or internal pipe is fitted in the fire ex tinguisher which is
connected to the ex tinguisher hose and trav els to the bottom of the
ex tinguisher
How is a life raft launched?
A life raft simply launched by releasing it from its lashings a painter is
49/59
2/20/2014
secured to the ship and the life raft container is thrown ov er the side.
Inflation takes place automatically , the container bursting open ant the
life raft floats clear. A pressurized cy linder of CO2 is used to inflate the
raft; life rafts must normally be boarded from water lev el dry if possible
How does a foam nozzle work?
A foam nozzle works on the v enturi principle where air is drawn into the
nozzle aerating the foam solution for good quality fire fighting foam
What ty pe of fire for CO2 EXTINGUISHER?
Class B&C and electrical
What is the duration of a 9l foam fire ex tinguisher?
Approx imately 50 seconds
Ex plain how the emergency generator starts up in the ev ent of total
power failure
The start up of the emergency generator is initiated by an electrical relay
which monitors the normal mains power supply . Falling mains frequency
or v oltage causes the start up relay to operate the generator starting
equipment. The prime mov er may be electrically cranked for its own 24
v battery and starter motor or air started from its own air reserv oir
fitted local to the generator engine. A manual start up may also be
initiate by push buttons in the main control room and in the emergency
generator room. Also when power loss occurs, the breaker feeding the
emergency switch board from the main switch board opens. This breaker
is interlocked with the emergency generator breaker which is normally
open under normal circumstances but in the ev ent of total power failure
this breaker will close when the breaker feeding the emergency
generator will feed the emergency switch board
Name the trips found on a generator circuit breaker
Ov er current, under v oltage, rev erse power
When working on batteries, what precautions should be taken?
Ensure the space is well v entilated, do not smoke or use naked lights and
also wear protection clothing such as apron, glov es and face shield
What is meant by the term ty pe Ex p?
50/59
2/20/2014
ex p pressurization
This is where equipment is pressurized to prev ent any gases entering
equipment
Would y ou enter an enclosed space if the O2 lev els were recorded as 1 9%
or below?
No
What is the purpose of the ov er current protection trip
The purpose of the ov er current protection trip is to trip the generator in
ov er load situations. The trip is usually set at 1 50% operating capacity
and has a time delay of usually 20 sec. this allows for short periods of
ov erload currents. If also protects against a short circuit in the
generator
Electrical
What is done to ensure emergency generator is alway s av ailable and will
start
The sy stem should be checked regularly and operated weekly to ensure
its av ailability if required. Fuel tanks should be kept full, ample cooling
water in radiator cooling sy stem and starting equipment should be
functional i.e, batteries should be charged fully or air receiv er full
Describe how a self ex cited a.c.generator would work
The self ex cited a.c.generator basically consists of a sy nchronis motor
where 3 phase supply is generated an a.c. ex citer and a rotary rectifier
and a static ex citation dev ice. The rotating diodes change a.c. into D.C.
for the d.c.ex citation current, which is supplied through bushes. The
ex citer in conjunction with the AV R is used to monitor the correct
v oltage under load changes
How do y ou ensure that batteries are alway s in good working order?
Where lead acid batteries are used they require a constant trickle charge,
but for both ty pes of batteries a regular charge of up is necessary
Check state of battery reaching a hy drometer; lead acid specific grav ity
1 27 0. Alkaline is 1 1 90 but SB for alkaline batteries does not change
much during charge or discharge
51/59
2/20/2014
Ensure cells are cov ered with electroly te if not top up with distilled
water. Keep batteries dry and clean
Terminals should be smeared with petroleum jelly
How would y ou know about earth fault in the sy stem?
Finding an earth fault would be by the process of elimination i.e., circuit
breakers would be opened and closed until earth fault disappeared,
taking care which breaker were being opened and closed as they may be
supply essential at the time. It would be good practice to start with
places such as the galley and laundry where fault are common
What conditions are necessary to parallel two generators?
The speed of both machines must be same i.e., the frequency and the
v oltages must be same in phase
What are the causes of single phasing?
Single phasing can be caused when one of the three back up fuses blows
or if one of the conductor conducts is in open circuit
What are the adv antage and disadv antages of alkaline batteries?
The adv antages of alkaline batteries are that they retain charge on open
circuit and ev en if discharged, it can be left for long periods without
adv erse effects
The disadv antages are that they require a greater number of cells to
produce a particular v oltage
They are also more ex pensiv e than lead acid batteries
What is sequential starting?
Sequential starting is the automatic starting of essential equipment when
power is returned after a power failure, i.e. equipment such a steering
gear
Describe how sy nchronizing lamps are sued to parallel a generator
This is normally used as a back up alternativ e way to the sy nchroscope;
the lamps are connected between the incoming generator and the bus
bars
52/59
2/20/2014
The sequence method is the most preferred one as it display s a rotation

of lamp brightness, which indicates whether the incoming machine is
running
fast
(clockwise)
or
slow
(anticlockwise).
As
with
the
sy nchroscope the lamp sequence must appear to rotate slowly

clockwise. Correct sy nchrosnisation occurs when the top or key s lamp is
dark and the two bottom lamps are equally bright
What gas is giv en off by batteries while charging
Hy drogen
Draw a star 3 phase connection
What are the two main ty pes of batteries commonly used on board ships
Lead acid and alkaline
What is meant by preference tripping
Preference tripping is the tripping of non essential load when an
ov erload condition occurs on a generator. If a generator ov erload
dev elops the preference trip relay operates an alarm and acts to trip
selected non essential loads. These load may trip at set interv als
depending on how essential the .load first trip 5 sec, second trip 1 0 sec
What arte the essentials supplied by the emergency switch board
Essentials are emergency lighting, alarm, communication, water tight
doors and other serv ices necessary to maintain safety and to permit safe
ev acuation of the ship by life boats. Also y ou will find a steering gear
motor, emergency air start compressor, and emergency fire pump
motor are supplied from the emergency switch board
Describe how an ac motor works
Most ac motors on ships and the induction or squirrel cage motor ty pes,
the principle of operation for which is as follows. The starter is made up
of 3 separately phased windings, to which a 3 phase supply is connected.
The rotor has a series of copper conductors along its ax is, which are
joined by rings at the ends to form a cage. When the motor is started, the
rotating magnetic field induces an EMF in the cage and thus a current
flow. The current carry ing conductor in a magnetic field produces the
motor effect, which turns the rotor. The motor speed builds up to a v alue
just less than the speed of rotation of the magnetic field. The motor speed
depends upon the EMF induced in the rotor and this depends upon the
53/59
2/20/2014
difference in speed between the conductors and the magnetic field

The number of different fix ed speeds is possible by changing the number
of poles (conductors)
What would y ou do if y ou found an engineer in electric shock?
First raise alarm then isolate or switch off the current. If this is not
possible, pull or push the v ictim away from the source, taking care not to
make electrical contact with the v ictim or the electrical source, i.e., use
something non conductiv e
Once the v ictim has been remov ed from the electrical source if the
breathing is feasible or ceased artificial respiration should be started at
once. Delay on starting artificial respiration can prov e fatal
Note: if artificial respiration is started once 7 0% of the v ictims recov er.
If there is 3 minutes delay only 20% of the v ictims recov er
What is the AV R?
The function of the AV R is to regulate the ex citer fields current
automatically , comparing the generator terminal v oltage with the
standard set v oltage and thus maintaining the generator terminal v oltage
to a constant v alue regardless of load changes
What loads are considered as non essentials?
Loads considered as non essentials are air conditioning and v entilation,
laundry , galley , refrigeration and deck equipment
What is single phasing of motor?
Single phasing is where are the 3 phases supply ing the motor becomes
disconnected. The motor will continue to run it this happens and can
result in motor burnout. The effect of single phasing is to increase the
current in the two remaining lines and cause the motor to become v ery
noisy due to unev en torque produced
Name the trips found in a generator circuit breaker
Ov er current
Under v oltage
Rev erse power
54/59
2/20/2014
Ex plain regulation regarding power supply for steering gear

The electrical supply must b e from two widely separated supplies i.e.,
one from the main switch board and the other from emergency board
Electrical leafs and fuses are allow 1 00% ov er load, giv ing only short
circuit protection
If failure does occur on one sy stem, the standby sy stem will cut in within
45 sec
The steering motor will hav e sequential starting
What would y ou consider a minimum insulation reading resistance?
Insulation resistance must be kept abov e at least 1 MW, the higher the
insulation resistance the better, companies hav e their own regulation
but most companies only allow reading abov e 5 M ohms
What is meant by the term ty pe Ex e?
Ex e - increased safety equipment
Increased safety equipment is based primarily on the elimination of
open sparking i.e., equipment does not hav e contacts
What is the purpose of the ov er current protection trip
It is to trip the generator in ov erload situations. The trip ix usually set at
1 50% operating capacity and has a time delay of usually 20 sec. this
allows for short periods of ov erload currents. It also protects against a
short circuit in the generator
What is minimum current can be regarded as fatal;
A shock current as low as 1 5 mA ac or dc can be fatal
How can y ou rev erse the direction of motor?
By swapping any two supply line connections ov er
Draw and ex plain how earth lamps works
A direct earth on one pole coil short circuit its lamp causing the other
two to shine brightly
What is load sharing?
55/59
2/20/2014
It is equal balance of loads between generators irrespectiv e of load

changes
When working on batteries what precautions should be taken?
Ensure the space is well v entilated, do not smoke or use naked lights and
also wear protectiv e clothing such as apron, glov es and face shields
What is the normal reading on and insulati0n test meter?
Infinity is normal reading, but reading should be kept abov e 5 ohms
What is meant by protection discrimination?
This is the ability of a protection sy stem to disconnect only faulty
circuits and to maintain the electrical supplies to healthy one
Discrimination is adv ised by coordinating the current ratings and the
time settings of the fuses and ov er current relay s used between the
generator and the load
The dev ices nearest the load hav ing the lowest current rating and
shortest operating time; these nearest the generator hav ing the highest
current rating and the longest operating time i.e., a motor fault on a
centrifugal pump would not cause the generator breaker to trip
What is the term Ex I?
Ex I intrinsically safe
Equipment with circuits that do not generate enough heat to ignite a gas.
This generally means limiting circuits to less than 30v . 50mA
Draw a delta 3 phase connection
Why do y ou require earth lamps on 220v distribution board when y ou
hav e them on the main switch board?
Y ou require earth lamps on the 220v distribution board as well the main
switch board, due to the air gap in step down transformer i.e., 440v
earth lamps cannot detect earth on 220v sy stems due to the gap
When would a star/delta starter used on a motor
Where slow mov ing high criteria load obis inv olv es the starting time
must be considered because of the heating effect of the starting current
56/59
2/20/2014
and in this case a star/delta starter would be used

The star/delta starter first connects the starter windings in star and when
running charges ov er to delta. The star connection results in about 58%
line v oltage being applied to each phase with therefore a reduction in
starting current. The starting torque reduced to about 1 /3 of its direct on
line v alue
What sort of starting current do y ou get with a direct on line starter?
6 8 times full load current
What is meant by the terms ty pe Ex p
ex p; - pressurization
This is where equipment is pressurized to prev ent any gases entering
equipment
What is meant by the term Ex d
Ex d flame proof enclosure
this is an enclosure that will withstand an internal ex plosion of
flammable gas within itself and dissipate heat from that ex plosion before
reaching outside atmosphere, which could ignite the gas in surrounding
atmosphere i.e., a ships battery locker should be classed as Ex d
What is rev erse power protection for?
Generators intended to operate in parallel must hav e a rev erse power
protection trip. A rev erse power relay monitors the direction of power
flowing between the generator and the switch board
If a prime mov er failure occurred the generator would act as a motor.
The rev erse power relay detects the fault and acts to trip the generator
circuit breaker
What is the purpose of under v oltage trip?
It is fitted to all generator breakers. Its main function is to trip the
breaker when sev ere v oltage dip (around 50%0. the under v oltage trip
on a generator circuit breaker also prev ents it trip on a generator circuit
breaker also prev ents it being closed when the generator v oltage is v ery
low or absent
57/59
2/20/2014
What is the function of fuse?

The function of the fuse is to giv e short circuit protection and also ov er
load protection and operates in milliseconds
Ex plain what would happen if y ou were to lose a generator
First the standby generator set would start up and automatically put
itself on the board. If this did not happen, the ship would black out and
after a time delay usually 30 seconds the eme
What is the function of a circuit breaker?
The circuit breaker is an isolating switch that also acts as a fuse. It has
two designed ratings: one normal safe working current and the other
against ov erload, which may also hav e a time delay
What is battery used for an board ships
they are used for supply ing essential power to radio equipment,
telephone ex change, fire detection, general alarm circuit etc. these
sy stem are after supplied from two sets of batteries worked on a regular
charge/discharge cy cle
they are also used as emergency supplies i.e., emergency generator
startup and emergency lighting being used in this case in a stand by role
to giv e power when main supplies fail
Where on the ship is the emergency generator located
The emergency generator is located remotely from the engine room,
usually on the accommodation in deck or at weather deck lev el or abov e
What are disadv antages and adv antages of a lead acid battery ?
The adv antages of a lead acid battery are they require fewer cells to
achiev e particular v oltage an d are reasonably priced
The disadv antages are they require regular attention to keep fully
charged, alway s require a trickle charge and they discharge on open
circuit
3x plain how the emergency generator starts up in the ev ent of total
power failure
The start up of the emergency generator is initiated by an electrical
58/59
2/20/2014
relay , which monitors the normal mains power supply . Failing mains
frequency or v oltage causes the start up relay to operate the generator
starting equipment. The prime mov ers may be electrically cranked from
its own 24v battery and starter motor or air started from its own air
reserv oir filled local to the generator engine. A manual start up may also
be initiated by push buttons in the main control room and in the
emergency generator room
Also when power loss occurs, the breaker feeding the emergency switch
board from the main switch board opens. This breaker is interlocked
with the emergency generator breaker, which is normally open under
normal circumstances, but in the ev ent of total power failure, this
breaker will close when the breaker feeding the emergency board from
the main board opens. Thus the emergency generator will feed the
emergency switch board.
P O S T ED B Y S A NK ET 19 A T 08: 17
N O CO M ME NT S:
POST A C OM M EN T
Enter your comment...
Comment as:
Publish
Google Account
Preview
Newer Post
Home
Older Post
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)
59/59

All About Marine Enginnering

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

All About Marine Enginnering

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

2/20/2014

ALL AB OUT MARINE

There was an error in this gadget

Send us your donation on a

Join this site

These are Some Question With Answers for Preparation

GENERAL ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE

What interlocks are there on the start air sy stem?

An interlock to prev ent fuel being injected

These are Some

Solids-------dirt, rust, and sand.

Low L.O.pressure shutdown

The ideal MARINE

High air temperature shutdown

is not a scientist, nor a

First stage relief v alv e

sociologist, nor a writer,

Second stage relief v alv e

knowledge of any or all of

Pay attention to readings for dev iation from normal particular

Adjustments should be made for s.w. Temp, changes to keep

depending on ty pe of purifiers fitted sludge and drain , check oil

Carry out all routine assignment as recommended by engine

Record and fuel/lub oil transfer and any irregularities in log.

2. During these tests the radar should be moves through its

What would happen if the duty engineer did not report in

amplifier or control unit to the steering flat. In the steering

What limit does the department of trade and industry state

Draw the timing diagram of 4-stroke engine?

What is an indication in the ex haust gas of good combustion?

charge/scav enge air

Y our first indication would be from y our l.o.puriofier or ev en possibly

cy linder lubrication, faulty fuel injection equipment, accumulation of

What procedure would y ou go through before taking ov er a watch?

250 350 bar

pressure side of the sy stem

Select the machine to tbe paralleled on the sy nchroscope selector. The

normally be found on the bridge.

priming, able to produce the discharge pressure required by the sy stem

Ty pe of F.O. bunkered, this is also recorded in the Oil Record Book

Where would y ou find heat detector and why ?

anti freezing lev els also.

required. One is stand by the other in operation. As it is essential to

of fall of the life boat to?

To bring the bilge injection v alv e into operation during an emergency ,

If the occupant appears to be in danger the attendant should first raise

What different ty pes of fire fighting foam are there?

a substance that will burn

What is the duration and range of a 1 36 liters trolley foam ex tinguishers?

engine room. This is known as a ONE SHOT method

The sequence method is the most preferred one as it display s a rotation

sy nchroscope the lamp sequence must appear to rotate slowly

difference in speed between the conductors and the magnetic field

Ex plain regulation regarding power supply for steering gear

It is equal balance of loads between generators irrespectiv e of load

and in this case a star/delta starter would be used

What is the function of fuse?

Enter your comment...

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi