Energy consumption in manufacturing of different types of

feeds
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the energy consumption in manufacturing the rabbit,
poultry and large animal feed pellets and crushed, by determining the energy consumed in
each stage of processing to asses the most consumable stage in the different types of feed.
The results indicated that the total energy consumed were 243.55, 217.25 and 100.7 !"#!g
for rabbits, poultry and large animals feed pellets, respecti$ely. The crushed feed processing
consumed less energy where, it was 30.70 and 30.%2 !"#!g for large animals and poultry,
respecti$ely. &n comparison between the specific energy consumption of different types of
feeds, it could be concluded that to produce one !g of rabbit feed pellets consumed energy
as 2.43 times as of large animals feed pellets and % times as of the energy consumed of
crushed feed of large animals.
1. INTRODUCTION:
'nergy is one of the most critical input resources in the manufacturing industries. &n
most cases, energy cost out weighs the costs of other resources such as raw material, labors,
depreciation and maintenance (Fadare, 2003).
'nergy is a basic need for different purposes in industrial facilities around the world.
(uge amount of energy needed for countries with faster economic growth. 'nergy is thus a
crucial factor for economic competiti$eness and employment. (owe$er, global population
and energy needs are increased hand)in)hand. This concern must be addressed by the
international community to o$ercome any shortage of energy resources in the future
(Abdelaziz et al., 2011).
'nergy is one of the most important material bases for the economic growth and
social de$elopment of a country or region. *cientific forecasts and analysis of energy
consumption will be of great importance for the planning of energy strategies and policies.
+owadays, energy usage in agriculture has been intensified in response to continued growth
of human population, tendency for an o$erall impro$ed standard of li$ing and limited
supply of arable land, thus, the farmers use their inputs in e-cess and inefficiently,
particularly when the inputs ha$e low price or are a$ailable in plenty. The enhancement of
energy efficiency not only helps in impro$ing competiti$eness through cost reduction, also
1
results in minimi.ed energy)related en$ironmental pollution, thus positi$ely contributing
towards sustainable de$elopment (izilasla!, 200" a!d #$%rba!i et al., 2010).
/ew processing factories ha$e any precise idea of the energy consumption of
different production areas and in the absence of detailed internal monitoring, the energy
efficiencies of different operations is also usually un!nown. 0nowledge of energy
consumption for each product in a factory is useful for se$eral purposes such as budgeting,
e$aluation of energy consumption for a gi$en product, forecasting energy re1uirement in a
plant, and for planning plant e-pansion (&e'a(i!)a a!d Ola*ide, 200+).
'nergy is a fundamental ingredient in the process of economic de$elopment, as it
pro$ides essential ser$ices that maintain economic acti$ity and the 1uality of human life.
*hortages of energy are a serious constraint to the de$elopment of low)income countries.
(owe$er, considering the limited natural resources and the impact of using different energy
sources on en$ironment and human health, it is imperati$e to in$estigate energy use patterns
in agriculture (,atirli et al., 200-).
.a$eed et al. (200/) conducted energy and e-ergy studies in an orange 2uice
manufacturing industry. The types of energy used in the manufacturing of orange 2uice were
electrical, steam and manual with the respecti$e proportions of 1%.513, %0.413 and 0.5%3
of the total energy. &t was estimated that an a$erage energy intensity of 1.12 5"#!g was
re1uired for the manufacturing of orange 2uice. The most energy intensi$e operation was
identified as the pasteuri.er followed by pac!aging unit with energy intensities of 0.432 and
0.114 5"#!g, respecti$ely. The e-ergy analysis re$ealed that the pasteuri.er was responsible
for most of the inefficiency 6o$er 4037 followed by pac!aging 6.037.
&e'a(i!)a a!d 0a12b%(e (2003) estimated the energy consumption in eight readily
defined unit operations of cashew nut processing. The results of application test of the
e1uations show that the total energy intensity in the cashew nut mills $aried between 0.21
and 1.11 5"#!g. 'lectrical energy intensity $aried between 0.0052 and 0.024 5"#!g, while
thermal energy intensity $aried from 0.0%5 to 1.04 5"#!g. The two identified energy
intensi$e operations in cashew nut processing are cashew nut drying and cashew nut
roasting, altogether accounting for o$er %53 of the total energy consumption in all the three
mill categories. Thermal energy, obtained from diesel fuel, represented about 403 of the
unit energy cost for cashew nut processing.
2
0a$!asa4( a!d 5$e!a!a (2010) reported that to concentrate mil! from 13 to 323
at 3 bar operational pressure needed 175 min and consumed a total energy of 51.57 !"#8
while it needed %0 min only at bars and consumed total energy of 2.54 !"#8 with a
difference of energy consumption of 10.47 !"#8 63.05 !9h# m
3
7 of retentate. To reach the
full flu- reco$ery during cleaning process at 3 bars needed 100 min and consumed an
energy of 102.3 !" while it needed half of this time to reach full reco$ery at bar and
consumed 103 !", which ga$e us $ery useful indicator for :/ operation during the cleaning
process, it is recommended to be done on higher pressures. 0a$!asa4( et al. (2010)
reported that the energy consumed in spray drying mil! ranged from 3%.53 to 45.70 ;"#!g.
Fadare et al. (200") conducted energy study in an organic fertili.er plant to
determine the energy re1uirement for production of both powdered and pelletised organic
fertili.er. The electrical and manual energy re1uired for the production of powdered
fertili.er were 44.45 and 5.553 of the total energy, respecti$ely, with corresponding 43.4
and 5.073 for the production of pelletised fertili.er. The respecti$e a$erage energy
intensities were estimated to be 0.2% and 0.35 5"#!g for powder and pellets. The most
energy intensi$e operation was identified as the pul$eri.ing unit with energy intensity of
0.04 5"#!g, accounting for respecti$e proportions of 33.4 and 27.03 of the total energy for
production of powder and pellets. <ptimi.ation of the pul$eri.ing process is suggested to
ma!e the system energy efficient .
The aim of this study was therefore to analyses the energy consumption pattern of the
$arious unit operations re1uired for the production of feed. The essence of the study is to
identify the energy inefficiencies in the unit operations as a step towards the optimi.ation of
the system .
There is no !nown report in the literature on the energy re1uirements of feed
processing operations as practiced in 'gypt. *uch information is $ital so as to enable the
management of this industry to de$elop strategies for better control of their production
operations and modify areas of waste. &t will also enable the management to properly
appraise their energy consumption for effecti$e planning of production networ!. The study
will pro$ide an opportunity for ha$ing a reliable database concerning consumption of
$arious types of energy by different users in feed processing $entures. &t will also pro$ide a
firm basis of identifying options for sa$ing energy in feed process operations.
3
6786RI96NTA: 8ROC6DUR65
The main e-periment was carried out at the /eed 5anufacturing =lant, /aculty of
>griculture, 5oshtohor, ?enha :ni$ersity. @uring the period of 2012)2013 to e$aluate of
energy consumption in the concentrated feeds manufacturing.
3.1. 9aterials:
3.1.3. Ra4 1aterials ;sed i! )eed 1a!;)act;ri!2:
The feed ingredients of these recipes are shown in table 3.11 and /ig. 3.15.
Table 3.11 /eed ingredients of three feed pellets.
&ngredients
8arge animal
feed
Aabbit feed /inisher poultry
feed
Bellow corn 643 protein7, 3 40 13 5
*oybean meal 6443 protein7, 3 10 24 10
(ay 6153 protein7, 3 ) 21 )
9heat bran 6113 protein7, 3 40 14 10
?arley 6103 protein7, 3 ) 23 )
Cotton seed meal 6413 protein7, 3 10 ) )
/eed additi$es, 3 ) ) 10

a. 8arge animal feed pellets b. Aabbit feed pellets
4

c. =oultry feed pellets
/ig. 3.15 /eed pellets of large animal, rabbits and poultry.
3.1.2. 9eas;ri!2 de<ices:
3.1.2.2. Cla1= 1eter:
The power re1uirement 6!97 was estimated by using the clamp meter 6/ig. 3.47 to
measure the line current strength 6&7 and the potential difference $alue 6D7. Table 3.5E
illustrates the specifications of the clamp meter.
Table 3.5 *pecifications of the clamp meter.
&tems Dalues
<rigin of manufacture. China
5odel. @T2
Aange. 200#1000>, 750#1000D.
=ower source. 4 D ?attery
>ccuracy. F 0.01
/ig. 3.4 The clamp meter image.
3.1.2.3. 9%bile st%=4atc$:
5
5obile stopwatch has 1#100 s accuracy was used to record the time spent during
handling, grinding, 5i-ing, pelleting and pac!ing process.
3.1.2.>. 6lectr%!ic bala!ce:
@igital balance was used during the e-periment e-ecution. &t was used to determine
the mass of the ground grains before milling operation, also used to calculate components of
feed before mi-ing, pelleti.ing process.
Table 3. *pecifications of the electronic balance.
5=eci)icati%!s 0ala!ce
<rigin of manufacture. China
5odel. B()T7'
Aange. 0)300 !g
=ower source. >C 220$ E 50)0h. @C &n)built rechargeable
battery
>ccuracy. F 0.05 !g
/ig. 3.10 The electronic balances image.
3.3. 9eas;re1e!ts:
'nergy consumption e$aluation in the concentrated feed manufacturing was
performed by the followingE
3.3.1. 9ac$i!e =r%d;cti<it(:
&t is the product mass#time, 5g#h.
3.3.2. T$e s=eci)ic e!er2( c%!s;1=ti%!:
The total energy consumption 6electrical and (uman7 for each of the unit operation
were calculated for the production of finished feed manufacturing for both powdered and
pelleti.ed feed. The following procedures were usedE
3.3.2.1. 6lectrical e!er2(:

The power was estimated from the measured electric current and $oltage $alues. The
actual power of the machine was estimated according to (;rt, l"+") as follows from
e1uationE
('.)
9hereE
I: electric current in >mperes.
?: electrical voltage 6D7.
@: 5echanical efficiency assumed to be 64537.
c%s A: =ower factors being e1ual to 60.%47.
3.3.2.2. ,;1a! e!er2(:
This was estimated based on the $alues recommended by (Odi2b%$, 1""+).
>ccording to him, at the ma-imum continuous energy consumption rate of 0.30!9 and
con$ersion efficiency of 253, the physical power output of a normal human laborer in
tropical climates is appro-imately 0.075!9 sustained for an %G10 h wor!day. This was
calculated mathematically asE
('.)
NE The number of persons in$ol$ed in an operation.
Thus, the specifc energy consumption (kJ/kg) was calculated by
using the following equation
('&B'2)

>.1. 6!er2( c%!s;1ed i! )eed 1a!;)act;ri!2:
>.1.1. Rabbits )eed =ellets:
/ig 4.1 shows the energy flow diagram of manufacturing processes of rabbits feed
pellets. &t could be seen, the total energy consumed is di$ided into two types, namely,
electrical and human energies. The results indicated that the total energy consumed was
7
243.55 !"#!g in manufacturing rabbit feed. The human energy re1uired for ma!ing rabbit
feeds pellets ranged from 0.04 to 0.47 !"#!g, where, the electrical energy consumed ranged
from 0.41 to 14.71 !"#!g of feed.
5anufacturing one !g of rabbit feed consumed 243.55 !"#!g in both human and
electrical energy types 61.3 and 241.42 !"#!g, respecti$ely7, which represent 0.7and
44.333 of the total energy consumed in manufacturing, respecti$ely.
The raw materials recei$ing consumed 0.05 !"#!g human energy which represents
0.023 of the total energy consumed in manufacturing. There are ele$en handling stages
starting at the milled corn storage tan! 6(
1
7 to the pac!aging 6(
4
7, they consumed a total of
24.3 !"#!g which represents 10.%33 of the total energy consumption. Corn grinding
process consumed 12.54 !"#!g which represents 5.173 of the total energy consumption. The
energy consumed in the mi-ing process was .41 !"#!g, which represents 2.%43 of the total
energy consumption.
The energy consumed in the pelleti.ation process was 14.71 !"#!g which is
considered the highest rate in the consumption of electrical energy in the manufacturing
process and represented %0.73 of the total energy consumed in manufacturing. >lso, the
energy consumed in the cooling process 0.54 !"#!g which represents 0.253 of the total
energy consumed in manufacturing. 9hile the energy consumed in the weighing and
product loading were 0.27and 0.04 !"#!g, respecti$ely which represent 0.11 and 0.023 of
the total energy consumed in manufacturing, respecti$ely.
&t is worthy to mention that the energy consumed in pelleti.ing 614.71 !"#!g7 was
which considered 15.2 times of that consumed for the milling process 612.54 !"#!g7, %.05
times of the total energy consumed for all handling processes 624.3 !"#!g7 and 2%.47 times
of that consumed for the mi-ing process 6.41 !"#!g7.
%
:nit <peration
(uman 'nergy 6!"#!g7
'lectrical 'nergy 6!"#!g7
/igure 4.1 'nergy flow diagram of manufacturing processes of rabbits feed pellets.
4
(andling 1 6corn from storage
tan! to the miller7
5illing#grinding
(andling 2 6crushed corn to the
corn tan!7
The feeder
12.-"
2
-.+-
0.>"
0."1
0.0>
0.-+
0./2
0.0"
0."0
3.-+
(andling 3 6crushed corn to the
weighing unit tan!7
(andling 4 6soybean to the
soybean tan!7
(andling 5 6soybean to the weighing
unit tan!7
(andling 6wheat bran and barley to the
weighing unit tan!7
(andling 7 6to the mi-er7
5i-ing
(andling % 6to the pellet mill of tan!7
-.+0
1.--
=elleti.ation
1"3.+1
The cooling
0.-"
?elt con$eyor
>."3
(andling 4 6pac!aging7
0.>1
9eighing and sewing
0.0>
0.2+
0.10
0.>+
0.3>
Aaw material recei$ing
3.>3
0.0-
0.23
8oading
/ig. 00 shows the percentages of energy consumption in manufacturing rabbits feed pellets.
>.1.2. 8%;ltr( )eed =ellets:
/ig 4. 2 shows the energy flow diagram of manufacturing processes of poultry feed
pellets. &t could be seen, the total energy consumed is di$ided into two types, namely,
electrical and human energies. The results indicated that the total energy consumed was
217.25 !"#!g in manufacturing poultry feed. The human energy re1uired for ma!ing poultry
feeds pellets ranged from 0.04 to 0.22 !"#!g, where, the electrical energy consumed ranged
from 0.40 to 1%0.%% !"#!g of feed.
5anufacturing one !g of rabbit feed consumed 217.25 !"#!g in both human and
electrical energy types 60.52 and 21.73 !"#!g, respecti$ely7, which represent 0.24 and
44.73 of the total energy consumed in manufacturing, respecti$ely.
The raw materials recei$ing consumed 0.05 !"#!g human energy which represents
0.023 of the total energy consumed in manufacturing. There are ele$en handling stages
starting at the milled corn storage tan! 6(
1
7 to the pac!aging 6(
4
7, they consumed total of
14.15 !"#!g which represents %.%13 of the total energy consumption. Corn grinding process
consumed 12.54 !"#!g, which represents 5.%03 of the total energy consumption. The energy
consumed in the mi-ing process was 3.%5 !"#!g, which represents 1.773 of the total energy
consumption.
The energy consumed in the pelleti.ation process was 1%0.%% !"#!g which is
considered the highest rate in the consumption of electrical energy in the manufacturing
10
process and represented %3.23 of the total energy consumed in manufacturing. >lso, the
energy consumed in the cooling process 0.47 !"#!g which represents 0.223 of the total
energy consumed in manufacturing. 9hile the energy consumed in the weighing and
product loading were 0.22 and 0.04 !"#!g, respecti$ely which represent 0.10 and 0.023 of
the total energy consumed in manufacturing, respecti$ely.
&t is worthy to mention that the energy consumed in pelleti.ing 61%0.%% !"#!g7 was
which considered 14.37 times of that consumed for the milling process 612.54 !"#!g7, 10.04
times of the total energy consumed for all handling processes 617.43 !"#!g7 and 4.4% times
of that consumed for the mi-ing process 63.%5 !"#!g7.
/ig. 00 shows the percentages of energy consumption in manufacturing poultry feed pellets.
11
:nit <peration
(uman 'nergy 6!"#!g7
'lectrical 'nergy 6!"#!g7
/igure 4. 2 'nergy flow diagram of manufacturing processes of poultry feed pellets.
12
(andling 1 6corn from storage
tan! to the miller7
5illing#grinding
(andling 2 6crushed corn to the
corn tan!7
The feeder
12.-"
2
-.+-
0.>"
0."1
0.0>
0.-/
0.3>
0.0+
0.33
3./-
(andling 3 6crushed corn to the
weighing unit tan!7
(andling 4 6soybean to the
soybean tan!7
(andling 5 6soybean to the weighing
unit tan!7
(andling 6wheat bran and barley to the
weighing unit tan!7
(andling 7 6to the mi-er7
5i-ing
(andling % 6to the pellet mill of tan!7
0.+/
1.22
=elleti.ation
1/0.//
The cooling
0.>+
?elt con$eyor
>.0"
(andling 4 6pac!aging7
0.>0
9eighing and sewing
0.0>
0.22
0.10
Aaw material recei$ing
3.>3
0.0-
8oading
>.1.3. :ar2e a!i1al )eed =ellets:
/ig 4. 3 shows the energy flow diagram of manufacturing processes of large animal
feed pellets. &t could be seen, the total energy consumed is di$ided into two types, namely,
electrical and human energies. The results indicated that the total energy consumed was
100.7 !"#!g in manufacturing rabbit feed. The human energy re1uired for ma!ing rabbit
feeds pellets ranged from 0.04 to 0.33 !"#!g, where, the electrical energy consumed ranged
from 0.14 to 4.74 !"#!g of feed.
5anufacturing one !g of large animal feed consumed 100.7 !"#!g in both human
and electrical energy types 61.10 and 44.57 !"#!g, respecti$ely7, which represent 1.10 and
4%.403 of the total energy consumed in manufacturing, respecti$ely.
The raw materials recei$ing consumed 0.05 !"#!g human energy which represents
0.053 of the total energy consumed in manufacturing. There are ele$en handling stages
starting at the milled corn storage tan! 6(
1
7 to the pac!aging 6(
4
7, they consumed a total of
1.%0 !"#!g which represents 1.73 of the total energy consumption. Corn grinding
process consumed 12.54 !"#!g which represents 12.513 of the total energy consumption.
The energy consumed in the mi-ing process was 5.43 !"#!g, which represents 5.%43 of the
total energy consumption.
The energy consumed in the pelleti.ation process was 4.74 !"#!g which is
considered the highest rate in the consumption of electrical energy in the manufacturing
process which represents 4.33 of the total energy consumed in manufacturing. >lso, the
energy consumed in the cooling process 0.14 !"#!g and represented 0.143 of the total
energy consumed in manufacturing. 9hile the energy consumed in the weighing and
product loading were 0.24 and 0.04 !"#!g, respecti$ely which represent 0.24 and 0.043 of
the total energy consumed in manufacturing, respecti$ely.
&t is worthy to mention that the energy consumed in pelleti.ing 64.74 !"#!g7 was
which considered 5.15 times of that consumed for the milling process 612.54 !"#!g7, 4.05
times of the total energy consumed for all handling processes 61.00 !"#!g7 and 10.43 times
of that consumed for the mi-ing process 65.43 !"#!g7.
13
:nit <peration
(uman 'nergy 6!"#!g7
'lectrical 'nergy 6!"#!g7
/igure 4. 3 'nergy flow diagram of manufacturing processes of large animal feed pellets.
14
(andling 1 6corn from storage
tan! to the miller7
5illing#grinding
(andling 2 6crushed corn to the
corn tan!7
The feeder
12.-"
2
-.+-
0.>"
0."1
0.0>
0.-2
0.+/
0.0/
0.3+
-.30
(andling 3 6crushed corn to the
weighing unit tan!7
(andling 4 6soybean to the
soybean tan!7
(andling 5 6soybean to the weighing
unit tan!7
(andling 6wheat bran and barley to the
weighing unit tan!7
(andling 7 6to the mi-er7
5i-ing
(andling % 6to the pellet mill of tan!7
1.1>
0.3>
=elleti.ation
3>.+"
The cooling
0.1"
?elt con$eyor
1.-/
(andling 4 6 pac!aging7
0.>"
9eighing and sewing
0.0>
0.2"
0.11
0.13
0.33
Aaw materials recei$ing
3.>3
0.0-
8oading
/ig. 00 shows the percentages of energy consumption in manufacturing large animal feed
pellets.
>.1.>. :ar2e a!i1al )eed (cr;s$ed):
/ig 4. 4. shows the energy flow diagram of manufacturing processes of large animal
crushed feed. &t could be seen, the total energy consumed is di$ided into two types, namely,
electrical and human energies. The results indicated that the total energy consumed was
30.70 !"#!g in manufacturing large animal feed crushed. The human energy re1uired for
ma!ing large animal feed crushed ranged from 0.04 to 0.14 !"#!g, where, the electrical
energy consumed ranged from 0.47 to 12.54 !"#!g of feed.
5anufacturing one !g of large animal feed crushed consumed 30.70 !"#!g in both
human and electrical energy types 60.44 and 30.2 !"#!g, respecti$ely7, which represent
1.43 and 4%.573 of the total energy consumed in manufacturing, respecti$ely.
The raw materials recei$ing consumed 0.05 !"#!g human energy which represents
0.13 of the total energy consumed in manufacturing. There are nine handling stages
starting at the milled corn storage tan! 6(
1
7 to the pac!aging tan! 6(
4
7, they consumed a
total of 14.2% !"#!g which represent 4.513 of the total energy consumption. Corn grinding
process consumed 12.54 !"#!g which represent 41.013 of the total energy consumption.
The energy consumed in the mi-ing process was 3.0 !"#!g, which represents
11.733 of the total energy consumption. 9hile the energy consumed in the weighing and
15
product loading were 0.14 and 0.04 !"#!g, respecti$ely which represents 0.4 and 0.133 of
the total energy consumed in manufacturing, respecti$ely.
&t is worthy to mention that the energy consumed in milling 612.54 !"#!g7, which
considered 0.%% times of that consumed for all handling processes 614.2% !"#!g7 and 3.50
times of the total energy consumed for the mi-ing process 63.0 !"#!g7.

:nit <peration
(uman 'nergy 6!"#!g7
'lectrical 'nergy 6!"#!g7
/igure 4. 4 'nergy flow diagram of manufacturing processes of large animal crushed feed.
1
(andling 1 6corn from storage
tan! to the miller7
5illing#grinding
(andling 2 6crushed corn to the
corn tan!7
(andling 4 6pac!aging7
12.-"
-.+-
0.>"
0."1
0.0>
0.>+
0.+/
0.0/
0.+2
3.30
(andling 3 6crushed corn to the
weighing unit tan!7
(andling 4 6soybean to the
soybean tan!7
(andling 5 6soybean to the weighing
unit tan!7
(andling 6wheat bran and barley to
the weighing unit tan!7
(andling 7 6to the mi-er7
5i-ing
(andling % 6to the pac!aging tan!7
0./1
0.+1
9eighing and sewing
0.1>
0.0>
Aaw materials recei$ing
3.>3
0.0"
0.0-
8oading
/ig. 00 shows the percentages of energy consumption in manufacturing large animal
crushed feed.
>.1.-. 8%;ltr( cr;s$ed )eed:
/ig 4. 5 shows the energy flow diagram of manufacturing processes of large animal
feed crushed. &t could be seen, the total energy consumed is di$ided into two types, namely,
electrical and human energies. The results indicated that the total energy consumed was
30.%2 !"#!g in manufacturing large animal feed crushed. The human energy re1uired for
ma!ing poultry feed crushed ranged from 0.04 to 0.14 !"#!g, where, the electrical energy
consumed ranged from 0.44 to 12.54 !"#!g of feed.
5anufacturing one !g of poultry feed crushed consumed 30.%2 !"#!g in both human
and electrical energy types 60.44 and 30.3% !"#!g, respecti$ely7, which represent 1.43 and
4%.573 of the total energy consumed in manufacturing, respecti$ely.
The raw materials recei$ing consumed 0.05 !"#!g human energy which represents
0.13 of the total energy consumed in manufacturing. There are eight handling stages
starting at the milled corn storage tan! 6(
1
7 to the pac!aging tan! 6(
4
7, they consumed a
total of 14.15 !"#!g which represents 45.423 of the total energy consumption. Corn
grinding process consumed 12.54 !"#!g which represent 40.%53 of the total energy
consumption.
17
:nit <peration
(uman 'nergy 6!"#!g7
'lectrical 'nergy 6!"#!g7
/igure 4. 5 'nergy flow diagram of manufacturing processes of poultry crushed feed.
The energy consumed in the mi-ing process was 3.%5 !"#!g, which represent 12.443
of the total energy consumption. 9hile the energy consumed in the weighing and product
loading were 0.14 and 0.04 !"#!g, respecti$ely which represent 0.45and 0.133 of the total
energy consumed in manufacturing, respecti$ely.
1%
(andling 1 6corn from storage
tan! to the miller7
5illing#grinding
(andling 2 6crushed corn to the
corn tan!7
(andling 4 6pac!aging7
12.-"
-.+-
0.>"
0."1
0.0>
0.-+
0.3>
0.0+
0.33
3./-
(andling 3 6crushed corn to the
weighing unit tan!7
(andling 4 6soybean to the
soybean tan!7
(andling 5 6soybean to the weighing
unit tan!7
(andling 6wheat bran and barley to
the weighing unit tan!7
(andling 7 6to the mi-er7
5i-ing
(andling % 6to the pac!aging tan!7
0.+/
0.+1
9eighing and sewing
0.1>
0.0>
Aaw material recei$ing
3.>3
0.10
0.0-
8oading
&t is worthy to mention that the energy consumed in milling612.54 !"#!g7, which
considered 0.%4 times of that consumed for all handling processes 614.15 !"#!g7 and 3.27
times of the total energy consumed for the mi-ing process 63.%5 !"#!g7.
/ig. 00 shows the percentages of energy consumption in manufacturing poultry crushed
feed.
>.2. C%1=aris%! bet4ee! t$e s=eci)ic e!er2( c%!s;1=ti%! %) di))ere!t t(=es %) )eeds:
Table 4. and figs 64. , 4. 7 and 4. %7 show the energy consumed in manufacturing
of different !inds of feeds namely, rabbit, poultry and large animals. &t could be seen the
total energy consumed in manufacturing rabbit feed pellets was 243.55 !"#!g as compared
with 217.25 !"#!g for poultry feed pellets, while the energy consumed in manufacturing the
large animal feed pellets was much lower than that of both rabbit and poultry feed, where it
recorded 100.7 and 30.70 !"#!g for the large animal feed pellets and crushed, respecti$ely.
&t could be concluded that to produce one !g of rabbit feed pellets consumed energy as 2.43
times of large animal feed pellets and % times of the energy consumed of crushed feed of
large animals. &t is worthy to mention that the poultry feed as pellets consumed energy in
manufacturing % times as the poultry crushed feed re1uired.
14
Table 4. *pecific energy consumed in manufacturing of different types of feeds.
Type of feed
*pecific energy consumed Total energy
consumption
6!"#!g7
'lectrical energy
6!"#!g7
(uman energy
6!"#!g7
Aabbits feed pellets 241.42 1.3 243.55
=oultry feed pellets 21.73 0.52 217.25
8arge animal feed pellets 44.57 1.10 100.7
8arge animal feed 6crushed7 30.2 0.44 30.70
=oultry feed 6crushed7 30.3% 0.44 30.%2
The table show also the electrical energy consumed in manufacturing rabbit feed was
241.42 !"#!g as compared with 21.73 !"#!g for poultry feed, while the energy consumed in
manufacturing the large animal feeds was much lower than that of both rabbit and poultry
feed, where it recorded 44.57 and 30.2 !"#!g for the large animal pellets and crushed feed,
respecti$ely. &t could be concluded that to produce one !g of rabbit feed consumed energy as
2.43 times as large animal feed pellets and % times as the energy consumed of crushed feed
of large animal. &t worthy to mention that the poultry feed as pellets consumed energy in
manufacturing 7.44 times as the poultry feed as crushed re1uired.
The table show also the human energy consumed in manufacturing rabbit feed was
1.3 !"#!g as compared with 0.52 !"#!g for poultry feed, while the energy consumed in
manufacturing the large animal feed crushed was much lower than that of both rabbit and
poultry feed, where it recorded 0.44 !"#!g for large animal feed crushed, the energy
consumed in large animal feed pellets was much larger than that of poultry feed, where it
recorded 1.10 !"#!g for the large animal feed pellets. &t could be concluded that to produce
one !g of rabbit feed consumed energy as 1.4% times of large animal feed pellets and 3.70
times of the energy consumed of crushed feed of large animal. &t worthy to mention that the
poultry feed as pellets consumed energy in manufacturing 3.13 times as the poultry feed as
pellets and crushed re1uired.
20
/igure 4. The electrical energy consumed in manufacturing different types of feeds.
/igure 4. 7 The human energy consumed in manufacturing different types of feeds.
21
/igure 4. % The total energy consumed in manufacturing different types of feeds.
C%!cl;si%!
1) To produce one !g of rabbit feed pellets consumed a total of 243.55 !" in both human
and electrical energy types 61.3 and 241.42 !"#!g, respecti$ely7, which represent
0.7 and 44.333 of the total energy consumed in manufacturing, respecti$ely. 5ost
of them are de$oted to the pelleti.ation process 614.71 !"#!g7 which represents
%0.73 of the total energy consumed.
2) To produce one !g of poultry feed pellets consumed a total of 217.25 !" in both
human and electrical energy types 60.52 and 21.73 !"#!g, respecti$ely7, which
represent 0.24 and 44.73 of the total energy consumed in manufacturing,
respecti$ely. 5ost of them are de$oted to the pelleti.ation process 61%0.%%!"#!g7
which represents %3.23 of the total energy consumed.
3) To produce one !g of large animals feed pellets consumed a total of 100.7 !" in both
human and electrical energy types 61.10 and 44.57 !"#!g, respecti$ely7, which
represent 1.10 and 4%.403 of the total energy consumed in manufacturing,
respecti$ely. 5ost of them are de$oted to the pelleti.ation process 64.74 !"#!g7
which represents 4.33 of the total energy consumed.
4) To produce one !g of large animal feed 6crushed7 consumed a total of 30.70 !" in both
human and electrical energy types 60.44 and 30.2 !"#!g, respecti$ely7, which
22
represent 1.43 and 4%.573 of the total energy consumed in manufacturing,
respecti$ely. 5ost of them are de$oted to the handling processes 614.2% !"#!g7 which
represent 4.513 of the total energy consumed.
5) To produce one !g of poultry feed 6crushed7 consumed a total of 30.%2 !" in both
human and electrical energy types 60.44 and 30.3% !"#!g, respecti$ely7, which
represent 1.43 and 4%.573 of the total energy consumed in manufacturing,
respecti$ely. 5ost of them are de$oted to the handling processes 614.15 !"#!g7 which
represent 45.423 of the total energy consumed.
) &n comparison between the specific energy consumption of different types of feeds, it
could be concluded that to produce one !g of rabbit feed pellets consumed energy as
2.43 times as of large animals feed pellets and % times as of the energy consumed of
crushed feed of large animals. &t is worthy to mention that the poultry feed pellets
consumed energy in manufacturing % times as the poultry crushed feed re1uired.
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