Seminar Report On Hydrogen

Separation and purification of hydrogen from refinery streams by membrane technology
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A Seminar Report
On
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION OF HYDROGEN
FROM REFINERY STREAMS USING MEMBRANE
SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY
Project Report !"#mitte$ in Partia% F"%&i%%ment o&
t'e Re("irement! &or t'e A)ar$ t'e De*ree o&
INDE+
Sr. no.
Contents Page no.
1
Introduction 2
2
Study Of Refinery Operations 4

Refinery !ydrogen management. "
4
#ethods for hydrogen separation and purification. $
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& 'ffect of product purity on hydrogen reco(ery . 1%
" Comparison bet)een (arious methods 11
* #embrane Separation 12
+ !ydrogen Selecti(e #embranes 14
$ Polymeric membranes 1"
1% Preparation Of Polyimide #embranes 1*
11 Shortcomings of )ith polyimide #embrane 1+

SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION OF HYDROGEN FROM REFINERY
STREAMS USING MEMBRANE SEPARATION METHOD

,-Intro$"ction.
Propertie! o& '/$ro*en.
,his interesting paper deals )ith ho) effecti(e separation and purification of hydrogen can
be by achie(ed scanning (arious alternati(es for the same .-o need of getting astonished
after .no)ing that about +% / of present )orld energy demand comes from fossil fuels0
since using hydrogen as fuel produces )ater as a byproduct unli.e fossil fuels.
!ydrogen plays a (ery crucial role in industrial processes. !ydrogen burns in air )ith
a pale blue0 almost in(isible flame. !ydrogen is the lightest of all gases0 appro1imately one-
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fifteenth as hea(y as air. !ydrogen ignites easily and forms0 together )ith o1ygen or air0 an
e1plosi(e gas .
Ener*/ 2!ydrogen has the highest combustion energy release per unit of )eight of any
commonly occurring material. ,his property ma.es it the fuel of choice for upper stages of
multi-stage roc.ets.
!ydrogen 3!
2
4 is a colorless0 odorless0 tasteless0 flammable and nonto1ic gas at
atmospheric temperatures and pressures. It is the most abundant element in the uni(erse0 but
is almost absent from the atmosphere as indi(idual molecules in the upper atmosphere can
gain high (elocities during collisions )ith hea(ier molecules0 and become e5ected from the
atmosphere. It is still 6uite abundant on 'arth0 but as part of compounds such as )ater.
P'/!ica% propertie! 2 )hen cooled to its boiling point0 -2&2.*"
o
C 3-422.$
o
74 hydrogen
becomes a transparent0 odorless li6uid that is only one-fourteenth as hea(y as )ater. 8i6uid
hydrogen is not corrosi(e or particularly reacti(e. 9hen con(erted from li6uid to gas0
hydrogen e1pands appro1imately +4% times. Its lo) boiling point and lo) density result in
li6uid hydrogen spills dispersing rapidly.
Man"&act"re 2 ,he most common large-scale process for manufacturing hydrogen is
steam reforming of hydrocarbons0 in particular0 natural gas 3mostly methane4. Other methods
used for hydrogen production methods include generation by partial o1idation of coal or
hydrocarbons0 electrolysis of )ater0 reco(ery of byproduct hydrogen from electrolytic cells
used to produce chlorine and other products0 and dissociation of ammonia. !ydrogen is
reco(ered for internal use and sale from (arious refinery and chemical streams0 typically
purge gas0 tail gas0 fuel gas or other contaminated or lo)-(alued streams. Purification
methods include pressure s)ing adsorption 3PS:40 cryogenic separation and membrane gas
separation.
#any hydrogen gas users purchase it as a li6uid0 )hich can be (apori;ed as needed0
instead of producing it on their o)n site. 8i6uefaction of gaseous hydrogen is a multi-stage
process using se(eral refrigerants and compression< e1pansion loops to produce e1treme cold.
:s part of the process0 the hydrogen passes through =ortho< para= con(ersion catalyst beds
that con(ert most of the =ortho= hydrogen to the =para= form. ,hese t)o types of diatomic
hydrogen ha(e different energy states. In =ortho= hydrogen0 )hich is the most common form
at room temperature0 the nuclei ha(e =anti-parallel= spins. In =para= hydrogen the nuclei ha(e
parallel spins. =Ortho= hydrogen is less stable than =para= at li6uid hydrogen temperatures. It
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spontaneously changes to the =para= form0 releasing energy0 )hich (apori;es a portion of the
li6uid. >y using a catalyst such as hydrous ferric o1ide to con(ert most of the hydrogen to the
more stable form during the li6uefaction process0 the li6uid hydrogen product can be stored
)ithout e1cessi(e (ent loss.
!ydrogen is .no)n as =fuel of the future1 due to its abundance and its non-polluting
combustion products. 8ess has been said about the fact that other forms of energy must be
used to produce the hydrogen )hich )ill be used as fuel. #ost hydrogen is bound up in
compounds such as )ater or methane0 and energy is re6uired to brea. the hydrogen free from
these compounds0 then separate0 purify0 compress and< or li6uefy the hydrogen for storage
and transportation to usage points. 9idespread production0 distribution and use of hydrogen
)ill re6uire many inno(ations and in(estments to be made in efficient and en(ironmentally-
acceptable production systems0 transportation systems0 storage systems and usage de(ices.
.?se of hydrogen as an energy source could help to address issues related to energy including
global climate change and local air pollution. #oreo(er0 hydrogen is abundantly a(ailable in
the uni(erse and possesses the highest energy content per unit of )eight compared to any of
the .no)n fuels. 0 demand for hydrogen energy and production has been gro)ing in the
recent years. #embrane separation process is an attracti(e alternati(e compared to other
technologies such as pressure s)ing adsorption and cryogenic distillation. ,his paper reports
different types of membranes used for hydrogen separation from hydrogen-rich mi1tures. 9e
)ill be studying about current research has been focused on nonpolymeric materials
such as metal0 molecular sie(ing carbon0 ;eolites0 and ceramics. !igh purity of hydrogen is
obtainable through dense metallic membranes and especially palladium and its alloys0 )hich
are highly selecti(e to hydrogen. ,hin membranes )ould not only reduce the cost of materials
but also increase the hydrogen flu1. #etal alloys or composite metal membranes ha(e been
used for hydrogen purification. !o)e(er0 metallic membranes are sensiti(e to some gases
such as carbon mono1ide and hydrogen sulfide. ,herefore0 ceramic membranes0 inert to
poisonous gases0 are desirable. Inorganic microporous membranes offer many ad(antages
o(er thin-film palladium membranes. #ore importantly0 in microporous membranes0 the flu1
is directly proportional to the pressure0 )hereas in palladium membranes0 it is proportional to
the s6uare root of the pressure. 9e )ill comprehend the ad(antages and disad(antages of
different membranes and )ould bring out the best.
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2-St"$/ O& Re&iner/ Operation!
: (ie) of refinery operation is depicted abo(e @,2A.#anaging current
hydrogen infrastructure and planning for future re6uirements re6uires careful selection of the
best combination of reco(ery0 e1pansion0 efficiency impro(ements0 purification and ne) !2
supply options. 8et us ha(e )hat actually happens in refinery pertaining to hydrogen.
,he chart abo(e sho)s ho) comprehensi(e )or. is carried out in a refinery.,he crude oil as
a feed gi(es )ide (ariety of products right from 8PB to )a1es that counts to 1" products.
,his carries a great attention to refinery operations.:nd hydrogen flo) carries an appreciable
and crucial importance.9e )ould go to a depth to study hydrogen flo) in refinery soon.
. Re&iner/ '/$ro*en mana*ement
Refering to the )ide importance of hydrogen in energy demand 0managing its flo) is
)orthy effort.
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7ollo)ing are the )ays of hydrogen sources in a refinery 3,,4- ,he latter diagram sho)s the
units )hich re6uire hydrogen for their subse6uent processes.

FIGURE 2 . So"rce! O& H/$ro*en in Re&iner/

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FIGURE 5. Steam Re&ormin* Proce!!

Steam reforming process- ,he process aims at pure hydrogen production from natural gas as
feed .,he feed may also contain refinery off gases.,he natural gas contains sulfur )hich
deteriorates catalyst acti(ity hence is to be remo(ed .the feed is is first desulfurised
con(erting sulfur to hydrogen sulfide.Cesulfurisation is carried out using hydrogen and in
presence of #o<Co catalyst. In reformer unit steam to carbon ratio is 2.& -.&. 7eed enters at
"&%
%
C.
,he primary reformer contains tubes fiiled )ith nic.el reforming catalyst.,he catalyst
con(erts feed gas at temp. $&%
%
C0 ,he pressure persists bet)een 2%-& bar. Product is a
mi1 of methane 0hydrogen and carbon mono1ide.,he carbon mono1ide thus obtained is to
be con(erted to carbon dio1ide.the !, shift catalyst is iron o1ide based. :fter cooling and
separation of the condensate purest hydrogen is obtained using membrane unit .:lso PS:
pressure s)ing adsorption can be used according to con(enience.,he selection of purification
process accounts for purity0 cost and space a(ailability.
Reaction 2
C!
4
D !
2
O !
2
D CO
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!ydrogen management has become a priority in current refinery operations and )hen
planning to produce lo)er sculpture gasoline and diesel fuels. Cue to increased hydrogen
consumption 7or hydrotreating0 additional hydrogen is needed for processing hea(y crudes.
-o)adays more purities of hydrogen are re6uired to achie(e product (alue
impro(ements and increase the catalyst life0 in short cost consideration come into picture.
Some refineries solely depend on catalytic reformers as a main source of hydrogen. #ultiple
hydro treating units run for hydrogen either by reducing throughput0 managing intermediate
tan. age logistics0 or running catalytic reformer optimally to satisfy do)nstream hydrogen
re6uirements.
!ydrogen purity upgrade can be achie(ed through some hydrotreaters by absorbing
hea(y hydrocarbons. Critical control of hydrogen partial pressure in hydro processing
reactors is difficult )hich affects catalyst life0 charge rate.
!ere for us steam methane reformer utili;es refinery off gas as a feed and in addition
natural gas. !ydrogen partial pressure carries attention.
!ydrogen distribution system includes follo)ing units
1. !ydrocrac.ers
2. !ydrodesulphuri;ation
. Isomerisation
,he follo)ing flo) sheet depicts the flo) of hydrogen in a refinery 364
!ydrogen containing streams go through (arious steps li.e purification0 reco(ery units 0sulfur
remo(al steps.

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$%-$+ /
*& / +& /
FIGURE 7 . Sc'ematic o& '/$ro*en net)or8
,he diagram sho)s hydrogen flo) in a refinery .It is re6uired by cat reformer0 isomerisation
and !CS units also by hydrocrac.er. Purified hydrogen is recycled in net)or.. ,he
purification step may be using membrane unit or PS: unit.
7- Met'o$! &or '/$ro*en !eparation an$ p"ri&ication
,he follo)ing are three important methods to separate hydrogen from a mi1ture.
1. #embrane Separations
2. Pressure s)ing adsorption
. cryogenic separations
,he selection of the best of abo(e depends upon follo)ing factors
1. 'conomics
2. fle1ibility
. future e1pansion
4. eco friendliness
&. 'nergy re6uirements
1. 7or membranes separations )e )ill deal )ith after)ards
2. 7or pressure s)ing adsorption
,he impurities are adsorbed at higher partial pressures and then are desorbed
:t lo)er partial pressure.,he impurity partial pressure is reduced by s)inging the
adsorber pressure from feed pressure to the tail gas pressure.:lso a high purity purge of
!
2
supply
!
2
plant
!ydrocrac.er
!
2
purification
!
2
reco(ery
Isomerisation
fuel
!CS
Catalytic reformer
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hydrogen is used .(ery less hydrogen is adsorbed.,he process proceeds in a cyclic
manner. : series of adsorbers can be used for the purpose.'ach adsorb undergoes same
set of process steps.
: min. pressure ratio for hydrogen separation re6uired is appro1imately 421 bet)een
the feed and tail gas.,he optimum feed pressure for PS: in refinery is 2%%-4%% psi.
9-E&&ect o& pro$"ct p"rit/ on '/$ro*en reco:er/
!ere )e see as )e try for higher purity the reco(ery is reduced linearly and (ice (ersa
FIGURE 9 .E&&ect o& p"rit/ on reco:er/ o& '/$ro*en
,he economics of PS: process depends upon the ability to of tail gases to use at lo)er
pressures.Proper selection of adsorbent is re6uired concerned to its life.
7ollo)ing are the steps carried out in a adsorber unit 374
1. :dsorption Process
2. Co-Current Cepressuri;ation Process
. Counter-Current Cepressuri;ation Process
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4. Purge Process
&. Counter-Current Repressuri;ation Process
7or cryogenic separations 2
,hese are a loe temperature separation processes )hich uses the (olatility difference in
components in a fro;en state.,he simplest cryogenic process is partial condensation.,he
feed is cooled in a multipass heat e1changer.,he feed at almost %%-2%%% psig an
ambient temp. is fed to cryogenic unit.,he unit condenses ma5ority of C
2
hydrocarbons.,he t)o phase mi1ture is then again cooled to get the pure
hydrogen.,he li6uid hydrocarbon is then throttled to (apori;e and thus separated.
;- Compari!on #et)een :ario"! met'o$! %i!te$ a#o:e i! reporte$ 3;4
TABLE No- , Compari!on o& t'e Met'o$!
features :dsorption #embranes cryogenics
!
2
purity $$.$ / $%-$+ / $%-$" /
!
2
reco(ery *&-$2 / +&-$& / $%-$+ /
7eed pressure 1%-4% barg 2%-1"% barg &-*& barg
7eed !
2
content
E4% / 2&-&% / E1% /
!
2
product
pressure
7eed pressure FF feed pressure FF 7eed<lo)
pressure
Pretreatment
re6uired
-o #inimum CO20 !2O
Remo(al
#ultiple
Products
-o -o 8i6uid !CGs
Capital Cost #edium 8o) !igher
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7actors PS: #embrane Cryogenic
7eed pretreatment -o Hes Hes
7le1ibility Iery high !igh :(erage
Reliability !igh !igh :(erage
>y-product -o Possible Hes
'ase Of Operation :(erage !igh lo)
TABLE No- 2 Compari!on o& :ario"! met'o$!
<-Mem#rane Separation!
,he topic of our interest is hydrogen separation using membrane technology. 9e )ill see first
the fundamentals of membrane technology.
: membrane is a sort of a barrier that permits only selecti(e mass transport and is a separator
of t)o phases. ,he membrane is selecti(e due to its intrinsic properties )hich enables it to
allo) one component and restrict some other .,he phases surrounding the membrane may be
gaseous or li6uids .>efore catching a depth let us see )here are the membranes ad(antageous
and )here are they disad(antageous.
#embranes are gaining attention since their
1. 8o) energy consumption
2. #ild process conditions
. :bsense of additi(es
4. Possibility to combine )ith other technology
&. easy to scale up
#embranes )itness disad(antages as
1. 8o) lifetime
2. 7ouling tendency
. 8o) selecti(ity
Performance of membrane is decided in terms of flo) through and selecti(ity of membrane.
Selecti(ity is the difference in permeabillities of mi1ture components or the relati(e ease of
separation.
7eed retentate
#embrane ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12
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Permeate
FIGURE ; . Mem#rane "nit Nomenc%at"re

Selecti(ity factor is defined this )ay
9here y: and y> are fractions of components : and > in the permeate and a
1
and b
e
are
fractions of components : and > in the feed.
!igher the selecti(ity better is the separation of the selecti(e species.
Permeability is defined as0
P J 7lu1 K,hic.ness of membrane
Partial pressure difference.
Mec'ani!m! o& tran!port
Bas Separation mechanisms
,here are t)o main membrane permeation mechanisms namely through dense membranes
and the other is through porous membranes .,he dense are highly selecti(e and gi(e less flu1
,he porous are less selecti(e and gi(e high flu1.
T'e $en!e mem#rane mec'ani!m
,he solution <diffusion mechanism appears in dense membranes .: gas molecule first
adsorbs on the membrane and dissol(es in it0 then diffuse through membrane and so desorbs
on the other side of the membrane .
T'e poro"! mem#rane mec'ani!m!
7our different types of mechanisms describe this type of transport.
1. Solution diffusion
2. Surface diffusion
. Lnudsen Ciffusion
4. Capillary condensation
&. Poiseullie flo)
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6- H/$ro*en Se%ecti:e mem#rane!
,hese are categori;ed into
1. Polymeric membranes
2. Inorganic membranes
Includes carbon0 Silica0 Ceramic0 Meolite membranes
. #i1ed #atri1 #embranes
4. #etallic membranes
Inor*anic mem#rane! .

a4 Carbon membranes 2
,hese are of t)o types namely molecular sie(ing and surface diffusion membranes.molecular
sie(ing membranes are not commercially a(ailable.,heir selecti(ities are 4-2%.,he
performance of these membranes deteriorate )hen attac.ed by ammonia
0chloroflourocarbons and hydrogen sulfide.carbon membranes are operated bet)een &%%-
$%%
O
C.,hese are (ery brittle and difficult to pac.age. :nd price of carbon still high.
b4 Ceramic membranes 2 :re constructed by combining metal and nonmetal in form of an
o1ide0nitride or carbide.,hey are both porous and dense.Operating temp. is 2%%-"%%
O
C.
,he porous ceramic membrane has a t)o layer structure0membrane itself and a thic.er porous
supporting layer.,he mechanism is solution diffusion.!ydrogen selecti(ity is higher.7lu1es
are also higher.,hese separating membranes are prepared from alumina0;irconia0silica.
Meta%%ic mem#rane! 2 )hen high purity hydrogen is re6uired )e can opt for these
membranes at the e1pense of cost.palladium and palladium-alloy are e1tremely selecti(e to
the only hydrogen.hydrogen flo) is described by solution diffusion. If palladium
mambranes are e1posed at lo)er temp. they are damaged because hydrogen gets loc.ed
inside the palladium lattice.: solution to this problem is doping it )ith sil(er or
copper.Operating temp. range of palladium alloy membranes is %%-"%%
O
C.: ma5or
disad(antage of palladium membranes is their high sensiti(ity to chemicals such as
S0Cl0CO.,hese chemicals poison membrane surface and reduce hydrogen flu1 by 2%-1%% /
e(en.,he commercial a(ailability is still limited.
8et us loo. into metallic membranes )ith an appreciable length as they are specially
employed )hen $$.$ &/ purity is desired.
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Palladium and its alloys as )ell as nic.el0platinum and the metals in group III-I of periodic
table are all permeable to !
2.
Palladium and alloys are )idely studied due to their high
permeability0their chemical compatibility )ith many hydrocarbon containing streams.
:gain if )e plot a graph of 3P
feed
NP
permeate
4 (<s !
2
flu1 0)e get linear line.,his sho)s
that the flu1 (aries directly )ith pressure difference.
,he effect of (aring metal composition on hydrogen permeability is sho)n belo) as reported
3<4

#etal alloy composition /
FIGURE < . E&&ect o& a%%o/ compo!ition on H
2
permea#i%it/
=-Po%/meric mem#rane! .
Polymeric membranes are a dense type0that transport species through the bul. of
material.,hey are subdi(ided into glassy and rubbery depending on their formation belo) or
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abo(e the glass transition temperature.glassy membranes are highly selecti(e and gi(e a
lo)er flu10)hereas rubbery gi(e re(erse condition.
S'ortcomin*! o& po%/meric mem#rane! .
1. Operating temp. :re limited to $%- 1%%
O
C.
2. ,hey ha(e limited chemical resistance to !Cl .SO
O
0CO
2
. 8o) mechanical strength
4. !igh sensiti(ity to s)elling
&.:chie(able purity is lesser than $$.$ /
:d(antages of polymeric membranes2
1. :re a(ailable in cheaper rates
2. 8onger life
. 'asy processibility
To remo:e t'e a#o:e mentione$ $ra)#ac8! o& po%/meric mem#rane! )e "!e
1.>lending techni6ue
2.Chemical crosslin.ing
.fabricate mi1ed matri1 membranes
A> B%en$in* tec'ni("e .
Is a special techni6ue to optimi;e hydrogen and CO
2
separation performance of polymeric
membranes.,he important consideration here is polymer miscibility.: miscible polymer
blend system indicates good interaction among the constituent polymers.8i et al.0 described
blending of cellulose acetate and polyethylene glycol 3P'B4.,his increases permeability of
CO
2
due interaction of CO
2
and P'B. CO
2
permeability decreases to 4.$ from ". !o)e(er its
selecti(ity increases to 4.& from 2.&.
Recently 0hosseini et al.0studied blend system of matrimid and polyben;emida;ole3P>I4
each of )hich e1hibit intrinsic selecti(ity of .+.blending of the components in 12 ratio
results in selecti(ity of $.4.this gain in selecti(ity is due to hydrogen bond formationin inter
chin spacing of blend system. >ut this all is achie(ed at the e1pense of reduced
permeability.
B> c'emica% Cro!! %in8in* 2 9e )ould come across this later in polyimide membranes.
C> Mi?e$ Matri? Mem#rane! .
,hese are potent hybrid membranes comprised of polymer )ith embedded inorganic
particles to enhance the stability of membrane under harsh operating conditions .Bui(er et
al .0 fabricated polysulfone<;eolite : ###0and they achie(ed a !
2
< CO
2
selecti(ity
almost of *2 and a corresponding !
2
permeability

of *.1 barrers.,he dra)bac. of ###s is
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there is poor interfacial adhesion bet)een the organic and inorganic phases. :lso the
fabrication cost is high so carry less attention.
-o) )e come across a ne) class of membranes i.e. Polyimide membranes
9e )ill emphasi;e
14 Preparation polyimide membrane
24 Cra)bac.s of polyimide membranes i.e. plastici;ation
4 Ceal )ith plastici;ation using
a4Chemical crosslin.ing
b4,hermal annealing
,@- Preparation po%/imi$e mem#rane 354

FIGURE 6 . preparation o& po%/imi$e mem#rane
,he synthesis of soluble "7C: based polyimides ia a t)o step polycondensation reaction.
:n e6uimolar amount of dianhydrides and diamines is reacted in -#P .,he reaction is
carried out in a 1%% ml flas. )ith a ,eflon stir bar at room temp.for 1+ hrs. in presence of
nitrogen purge. ,he dianhydrides and diamines react to form a polyamic acid solution. ,his
solution is then chemically imidi;ed )ith e6uimolar amounts of acetic anhydride and
triethylamine.,his gi(es )ater out as a byproduct.
,,- Pro#%em )it' po%/imi$e mem#rane2
P%a!ticiAation 2
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In glassy polymeric membranes the problem is of plastici;ation .Plastici;ation is
an increase in the segmental motion of polymer chains0due to the presence of one or more
sorbates 0such as permeability of both components increases and the selecti(ity decreases.:s
a result of increase in mobility the fre6uency of gap openings and their a(erage si;e
increase. Polyimides are )idely used due to their attracti(e selecti(ity0 permeability.,heir use
for natural gas and hydrocarbon separation is still limited by plastici;ation induced
selecti(ity losses in feeds )ith significant partial pressures of CO
2
and C
D hydrocarbons.
,he degree of crosslin. can be controlled by amt. of carbo1ylic acid incorporated in
polymer bac.bone.,he crosslin.ing reactions occur at temp. belo) the glass transition
temp.Its important to .no) about plastici;ation pressure and is the minimum in permeation
isotherm. : figure gi(en belo) e1plains a permeation isotherm.)hen pressure is belo) 1&
atm 354 - ,he permeability decreases due to saturation of the 8angmuir sites. :bo(e 1& atm
the permeability increases as the polymer chain mobility increases due to plastici;ation by
dissol(ed CO2.,his has been reported in 354
1% 2% % 4&%%%
4%%
4%%
Perm %%
perm %% barrers
2%%
barrers 2%%

1%%

1% 2% % 4%
CO
2
pressure 3atm4
FIGURE = .E&&ect o& pre!!"re on permea#i%it/
Cro!!%in8in* reaction!

D !OC!
2
C!
2
O!
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1+
Plastici;ation pressure
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D !
2
O ----------------- 3monoesterification 4
!OC!
2
C!
2
O

2 product ---------------- 3,ransesterification4
!OC!
2
C!
2
O o
Cro!! %in8in* reaction!

,he C:>: containing copolyimide films )ere crosslin.ed )ith 'thylene glycol under
solid state conditions 354-In first step the carbo1ylic acid groups react )ith a large e1cess of
ethylene glycol to form a monoesterified film.,hen polymer chains are crosslin.ed by
pulling (acuum on the film at ele(ated temperature to set free the ethylene glucol from a
transesterfication reaction.:ctually sample films are soa.ed in 'B at 1*%
O
C for 12 hrs
under nitrogen purge.Iacuum line is used to reco(er 'B.,hen temperature is raised to 22%
O
C.
Ionic Cro!!%in8in* .
Ionically crosslin.ed copolyimides are deri(ed from C:>: containing structures and
obtained by coordinating a multi(alent cation )ith the carbo1ylate ion.: 2%/ e1cess of
stoichiometric amount of aliminium acetylacetonate0)as added to ,!7 solution.,he films
)ere dried at 1%
O
C under full (acuum for 24 hrs to complPete crosslin.ing.,he
ad(antage of process is during the crosslin.ing reaction (olatile acetylacetone is set free.
Conc%"!ion .
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:fter ha(ing gone through thourough study of hydrogen re6uirement in the refinery or other
refineries 0 )e get an idea of ho) important is hydrogen as a current source of energy or fuel.
!ydrogen is a green fuel 0gets importance )hen eco friendly results are anticipated.
!ere in the articles of the paper 0)e initially studied (arious processes for separation of
hydrogen.9e conclude all are e6ually important methods0they are useful under (ariable
conditions .One may applicable or affordable for one but may not be other method
affordable for that pre(ailing condition.#embrane separation methods gi(e high purity
hydrogen but at the e1pense of cost of membranes 0they are compact 0less space re6uired for
operation. Some membranes are not commercially a(ailable due to some of their
shortcomings.So )e need thorough o(er(ie) of membranes to be used herein and
economically (iable process is brought about for the same.
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Re&erence! .
14 :sim 8aee6 Lhan0 :ngels Cano Odena 0>iot;a Butierre;0 Cristina #inguillon 0
Q!ydrogen separation and purification using polysulfone acrylate ;eolite mi1ed matri1
#embranes. R 0Sournal of #embrane sciences 0&%0 4%-"%02%1%
24 S.C.!oollday0 S.!u.C.8.Ling 0H.9ang 0Q:n o(er(ie) of hydrogen production
technologies.R 0Catalysis ,oday0 1$ 0244-2"%02%%$
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Seminar Report On Hydrogen

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Seminar Report On Hydrogen

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Separation and purification of hydrogen from refinery streams by membrane technology

Separation and purification of hydrogen from refinery streams by membrane technology

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