Phases of the Cardiac Cycle

Phases of the Cardiac Cycle

! All the events associated with the flow of blood through the heart during
a single complete heartbeat (approx 0.8sec if heart rate is 75bpm)
! ! One One heart beat heart beat may be divided into two sequential phases: may be divided into two sequential phases:
! ! Diastole Diastole
! ! Period of cardiac relaxation Period of cardiac relaxation
" " Often an implied time of refilling, despite period of isovolumetric Often an implied time of refilling, despite period of isovolumetric
relaxation relaxation
! ! Systole Systole
! ! Period of cardiac contraction Period of cardiac contraction
" " Often an implied time of ejection, despite period of isovolumetric Often an implied time of ejection, despite period of isovolumetric
contraction contraction
! ! Each phase may be applied to both atria and ventricles, therefore the Each phase may be applied to both atria and ventricles, therefore the
sequence of events (which may overlap) are: sequence of events (which may overlap) are:
! ! atrial diastole atrial diastole ! ! ventricular diastole ventricular diastole ! ! atrial systole atrial systole ! ! ventricular ventricular
systole systole
Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
! Revise:
! Cardiac anatomy
! Action of valves
! Valves open passively due to pressure gradients
! AV valves open when P atria > P ventricles
! Semilunar valves open when P ventricles > P arteries
Cardiac Cycle:
Cardiac Cycle:
Mechanical Phases
Mechanical Phases
START
5
4
1
2
3
Late diastole: both sets of
chambers are relaxed and
ventricles fill passively.
Atrial systole: atrial contraction
forces a small amount of
additional blood into ventricles.
Isovolumic ventricular
contraction: first phase of
ventricular contraction pushes
AV valves closed but does not
create enough pressure to open
semilunar valves.
Isovolumic ventricular
relaxation: as ventricles
relax, pressure in ventricles
falls, blood flows back into
cups of semilunar valves
and snaps them closed.
Ventricular ejection:
as ventricular pressure
rises and exceeds
pressure in the arteries,
the semilunar valves
open and blood is
ejected.
Silverthorn Silverthorn, fig 14-24, step 1-5 , fig 14-24, step 1-5
Ventricular Volume and Stroke
Ventricular Volume and Stroke
Volume
Volume
EDV = end diastolic volume = volume of blood in ventricle at end of diastole
ESV = end systolic volume = volume of blood in ventricle at end of systole
SV = stroke volume = volume of blood ejected from heart each cycle
SV = EDV - ESV
130 mL 70 mL = 60 mL
Cardiac Cycle:
Cardiac Cycle:
Pressure-Volume curve/loop
Pressure-Volume curve/loop
A
B
C
0 65 100 135
Left ventricular volume (mL)
120
80
40
EDV
ESV
D
Stroke volume
KEY
EDV = End-diastolic volume
ESV = End-systolic volume
One
cardiac
cycle
L
e
f
t

v
e
n
t
r
i
c
u
l
a
r

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
m
m

H
g
)
Silverthorn Silverthorn, fig 14-25, (4 of 4) , fig 14-25, (4 of 4)
Wigger
Wigger
Diagram
Diagram
Electro-
cardiogram
(ECG)
P
Cardiac cycle
Atrial
systole
Atrial
systole
Ventricular
systole
Ventricular
diastole
P
T
Atrial systole Ventricular
systole
Atrial
systole
Time (msec)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Early
ventricular
diastole
Late
ventricular
diastole
Isovolumic
ventricular
contraction
QRS
complex
QRS
complex
Silverthorn Silverthorn, fig 14-26, (1 of 13) , fig 14-26, (1 of 13)
Wigger
Wigger
Diagram
Diagram
Electro-
cardiogram
(ECG)
Pressure
(mm Hg)
Heart
sounds
Left
ventricular
volume
(mL)
Dicrotic
notch
P
Cardiac cycle
Atrial
systole
Atrial
systole
Ventricular
systole
Ventricular
diastole
P
T
S
2 S
1
Atrial systole Ventricular
systole
Atrial
systole
Left
ventricular
pressure
Left atrial
pressure
65
135
30
60
90
120
Time (msec)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
A
orta
Early
ventricular
diastole
Late
ventricular
diastole
Isovolumic
ventricular
contraction
QRS
complex
QRS
complex
Silverthorn Silverthorn, fig 14-26, (13 of 13) , fig 14-26, (13 of 13)
Boron & Boron & Boulpaep Boulpaep, fig 21-1 , fig 21-1