IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 29, NO.

4, APRIL 2014 1919

An Improved ZVTZCT PWM DCDC Boost
Converter With Increased Efciency
Burak Akn
AbstractA new active snubber cell is proposed for a dcdc
boost converter. Zero voltage transition (ZVT) turn on and zero
current transition (ZCT) turn off are provided by this active snub-
ber cell. There is no extra current or voltage stresses on the main
switch. Also, zero current switching (ZCS) turn on and ZCT turn
off are provided for the auxiliary switch. Although there is no extra
voltage stress on the auxiliary switch, a current stress is present.
However, auxiliary switch current stress is decreased by coupling
inductance. The coupling inductance transfers the part of the cur-
rent stress to the output load according to the transform ratio. In
this paper, the ZVTZCT PWM dcdc boost converters steady-
state analysis is proposed for one switching cycle. Experimental
application and theoretical analysis are proved by 300 W proto-
type with 100 kHz switching frequency. As a result, an improved
ZVTZCT PWM boost converter reaches 98.7% total efciency at
full load with lowered current stress.
Index TermsActive snubber, zero current switching (ZCS),
zero current transition (ZCT), zero voltage switching (ZVS), zero
voltage transition (ZVT).
I. INTRODUCTION
N
EARLY all electronic goods require dc power to run and
it is easy to be produced from acdc converters. However,
after that process another dcdc converter is required for fast and
easy control with high reliability. Fast control needs high switch-
ing frequency for the converter. High switching frequency also
causes electromagnetic interference (EMI) and extra switching
losses [1]. Normally current and voltage waveforms overlap in
every switching action which is called hard switching. Addi-
tion to overlap power loss at hard switching, reverse recovery
loss of diodes and parasitic capacitance discharge loss of the
main switch is taken into account for general power loss in
switching process. Nowadays, to overcome these drawbacks,
soft switching techniques are used. Soft switching techniques
provide high efciency due to lowered or destroyed current or
voltage stresses [1][17].
There are mainly four soft switching techniques which are
zero current transition (ZCT), zero voltage transition (ZVT),
zero current switching (ZCS), and zero voltage switching (ZVS).
For the ZCT and ZVT techniques power loss can be gained back
again; however, for the ZCS and ZVS techniques only power
loss can be lowered [6][8], [13], [15][17].
The proposed converter in [8], main switch ZVT turn on and
ZCT turn off , auxiliary switch ZCS turn on and ZCT turn off are
Manuscript received March 4, 2013; revised April 20, 2013; accepted June
13, 2013. Date of current version October 15, 2013. Recommended for publi-
cation by Associate Editor F. L. Luo.
The author is with the Electrical and Electronics Engineering Faculty, De-
partment of Electrical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, 34220,
Turkey (e-mail: bakin@yildiz.edu.tr).
Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TPEL.2013.2269172
provided. Although ZVTZCTsoft switching tecniques improve
the efciency, the current stress on the main switch is two times
more than the input current. Nevertheless, extra current stress
is present on the auxiliary switch. Because these extra current
stresses affect converter reliability and performance, the system
efciency is 983% at full load.
The converter proposed in [13], the ZVT isolated boost
converter, is explained; however, only ZVT turn on of active
switches are achieved. Although ZVS soft switchings is pro-
vided for main and clamp switches, diodes power loss is present
by the reverse recovery problem. The main switch and the aux-
iliary switch extra current stresses are still present for the pro-
posed converter. So, the efciency of the proposed converter is
around 96% at full load.
The system proposed in [15], the ZCS PWM dcdc boost
converter, provides ZCS turn on and ZCT turn off for the main
switch. However, there is an extra current stress on the main
switch due to resonance. The auxiliary switch has no advan-
tage of soft switching. So hard switching apply to the auxiliary
switch. Clamping diode assisted ZCS PWMconveter has 98.4%
total efciency at full load.
The converter proposed in [16], capacitor cell-assisted soft
switching PWM dcdc converter, is explained. The main switch
ZCS turn on and ZVS turn off processes are achieved, however
extra current and voltage stresses are present both for the main
and the auxilairy switch. Additionally, high circulating current
is present for the main and the auxiliary switches. The efciency
of the converter is about 96%.
The system proposed in [17], the main switch ZVT turn on
and ZCTturn off are provided. However, for the auxiliary switch
ZCS turn on and nearly ZCS turn off are provided. IGBT is used
as the main switch and MOSFET is used as the auxiliary switch.
Although there is no extra current stress on the main switch and
lowered current stress on auxilary switch, the system efciency
is 98%. On the other hand, the proposed system is realized as
acdc PFC converter which is controlled to get unity power
factor at the ac mains.
The aim of this study is to improve PWM dcdc boost con-
verter topology with ZVT-ZCT soft switching techniques. As
presented in here, the published converters have extra current
and/or voltage stresses even if they use soft switching tech-
niques. So, a new active snubber cell is proposed to solve these
problems. In the proposed active cell, main switch ZVT turn
on and ZCT turn off, auxiliary switch ZCS turn on and ZCT
turn off are provided, respectively. The main switch extra cur-
rent and voltage stresses are eliminated. The auxiliary switch
voltage stress is eliminated and current stress is lowered by the
coupling inductances in the snubber cell.
The current stress in the auxiliary switch is lowered by the
coupling effect. Depending on coupling inductance transform
0885-8993 2013 IEEE
1920 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 29, NO. 4, APRIL 2014
Fig. 1. circuit scheme of the proposed ZVT-ZCT PWM converter.
ratio, current stress is transferred to the output load. So, the
switching power loss is lowered and efciency is improved.
Also, by adding the D
2
diode serially to the auxiliary switch
path, incoming current stresses from the resonant circuit is pre-
vented for to the main switch. As a result, the proposed converter
system has 98.7% efciency at full load. To verify this theoreti-
cal analysis, 300 W with 100 kHz ZVT-ZCT PWM dcdc boost
converter is realized.
When the proposed converter and other snubber cell topolo-
gies in [8], [13], and [15][17] are compared in terms of the
number of components, commutation, and switching operations
the advantages of the proposed snubber cell can be explained as
follows. Although, they have similar commutation and control
techniques, the proposed converter has different coupling in-
ductance and D
2
diode from [8]. As a result, these components
provide better efciency without any extra current stress on the
main switch. There are extra two switches, two coupling induc-
tances, and two resonance capacitor with reduced diodes in [13].
This converter has complex control and low efciency. Further-
more, only ZVTturn on is provided for the main switches. There
are less passive components in [15] and [16] compared to the
proposed converter, although these topologies use resonance,
ZCS turn on, ZCT turn off and ZCS turn on and ZVS turn off
are provided for the main switch, respectively. There are ex-
tra current stresses on the main switches and efciency values
are low against the proposed converter. Although there are same
numbers of components in the snubber cell of [17], this topology
is controlled for PFC application at the ac mains. An auxiliary
switch is replaced with IGBT in the proposed converter with
resonance PWM control for higher efciency value.
II. OPERATION PRINCIPLE FOR THE PROPOSED CONVERTER
The proposed converter topology is shown in Fig. 1. Here,
output load R, output capacitor C
o
, output voltage V
o
, dc source
V
i
, boost inductance L
F
, the main switch S
1
, the auxiliary
switch S
2
, and the boost diode D
F
are shown. The S
1
IGBT has
main switch, antiparallel diode D
S1
, and an equivalent parasitic
capacitor of the main switch C
S
. Same as the main switch,
the S
2
IGBT has auxiliary switch and antiparallel diode D
S2
.
Resonance inductances L
R1
and L
R2
, snubber capacitor C
R
,
and auxiliary diodes D
1
, D
2
, D
3
, and D
4
are shown in the active
Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit schemes of the operation modes.
snubber cell. The input and the output leakage inductances L
il
and L
ol
are part of the coupling transformer.
A. Switching Steps
In one switching cycle, there are 12 steps for the proposed
converter. FromFig. 2(a)(l), equivalent circuits of the proposed
converter are shown. Also in Fig. 3, proposed converter current
and voltage waveforms are illustrated for one switching cycle.
Step 1: t
0
< t < t
1
[see Fig. 2(a)]. At the beginning of this
step, all switches are turned OFF. So t = t
0
, i
S1
= 0, i
S2
= 0,
i
DF
= I
i
, i
LR1
=0, i
LR2
=0, and v
CR
=0 are valid. The PWM
control is in the OFF state so D
F
conducts input current. Be-
fore S
1
, S
2
switching signal is applied to start resonance in the
snubber cell. While I
DF
decreases, I
S2
increases due to the res-
onance between C
R
L
R1
L
R2
. Because of L
R2
, D
1
, D
2
,
AKIN: IMPROVED ZVTZCT PWM DCDC BOOST CONVERTER WITH INCREASED EFFICIENCY 1921
Fig. 3. Key waveforms concerning the operation stages in the proposed
converter.
and S
2
conducts current with ZCS. Here
i
LR1
= i
D1
=
V
o
L
S
(t t
0
)
V
o

e
L
S
sin(
e
(t t
0
)) (1)
i
LR2
= i
S2
=
V
o
L
S
(t t
0
) +
V
o

e
L
S
L
R2
sin(
e
(t t
0
)) (2)
v
CR
= V
o
L
R1
L
S
(1 cos(
e
(t t
0
))) (3)
i
Lol
= i
D4
= i
LR2
aL
m
L
m
+a
2
L
ol
(4)
L
R2
= L
il
+
L
m
a
2
L
ol
L
m
+a
2
L
ol
(5)
L
S
= L
R1
+L
R2
(6)
L
e
=
L
R1
L
R2
L
R1
+L
R2
(7)

e
=

1
L
e
C
R
(8)
are valid. The coupling inductance transform ratio (a) is for-
mulated as a = N1/N2. Serial equivalent inductance L
s
and
parallel equivalent inductance L
e
are dened in (6) and (7). At
t = t
1
, I
S2
reaches to I
i
and then, ZCS and ZVS turn off is
provided for D
F
because of I
DF
falls to zero.
Step 2: t
1
< t < t
2
[see Fig. 2(b)]. At t = t
1
, a resonance
occurs between C
S
L
R1
L
R2
C
R
due to C
S
discharge
energy. The C
S
transfers its energy to L
R2
and L
R2
transfers
the part of energy to the output load. For this step
L
R1
di
LR1
dt
= V
CR
(9)
L
R2
di
LR2
dt
= V
CS
V
CR
(10)
C
R
dv
CR
dt
= i
LR2
i
LR1
(11)
C
S
dv
CS
dt
= I
i
i
LR2
i
Lol
= I
i
i
LR2

1 +
aL
m
L
m
+a
2
L
ol

(12)
equations are valid. When V
CS
is zero, ZVS turn on is provided
for D
S1
and also D
4
is turned off.
Step 3: t
2
< t < t
4
[see Fig. 2(c)]. At t = t
2
, D
S1
is turned
on, so it conducts the resonant current between L
R1
L
R2

C
R
. In this step, related formulas are valid. The resonant circuit
equivalent impedance is represented as Z
e
i
LR1
=
L
e
L
R1
I
LR22
(1 cos(
e
(t t
2
)))
+
L
e
L
R2
I
LR12
(1 cos(
e
(t t
2
)))
+I
LR12
cos(
e
(t t
2
))
V
CR2

e
L
R1
sin(
e
(t t
2
)) (13)
i
LR2
=
L
e
L
R1
I
LR22
(1 cos(
e
(t t
2
)))
+
L
e
L
R2
I
LR12
(1 cos(
e
(t t
2
)))
+I
LR22
cos(
e
(t t
2
))
V
CR2

e
L
R2
sin(
e
(t t
2
)) (14)
v
CR
= V
CR2
cos(
e
(t t
2
))
+Z
e
(I
LR22
I
LR12
) sin(
e
(t t
2
))) (15)
Z
e
=

L
e
C
R
(16)

e
=

1
L
e
C
R
. (17)
The difference between i
LR2
and I
i
passes through D
S1
. So, it is
time to ZVT turn on for S
1
. When i
LR2
is equal to I
i
, ZCS turn
off is provided for D
S1
. While I
S1
rises due to PWM on time
i
LR2
decreases. D
s2
is turned on during the reverse recovery
time of D
2
when i
LR2
reaches zero. So, nowS
2
switching signal
can be cut. As a result, ZCT turn off is provided for S
2
.
Step 4: t
4
< t < t
5
[see Fig. 2(d)]. For this interval i
S1
=
I
i
, i
S2
= 0, i
DF
= 0, i
LR1
= I
LR14
, i
LR2
= 0, v
CR
= V
CR4
and v
CS
= 0 are valid. While I
i
passes through S
1
, a resonant
1922 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 29, NO. 4, APRIL 2014
starts between L
R1
C
R
D
1
. Here
i
LR1
= I
LR14
cos(
1
(t t
4
)) +
V
CR4
Z
1
sin(
1
(t t
4
)) (18)
v
CR
= V
CR4
cos(
1
(t t
4
)) Z
1
I
LR14
sin(
1
(t t
4
)) (19)
Z
1
=

L
R1
C
R
(20)

1
=

1
L
R1
C
R
(21)
equations are represented. By the resonance, I
LR1
charges C
R
.
V
CR max
is presented as
V
CR max
=

V
2
CR4
+ (Z
1
I
LR14
)
2
(22)
Step 5: t
5
< t < t
6
[see Fig. 2(e)]. At this step, I
i
passes
through S
1
and snubber circuit is deactivated. As a dcdc boost
converter main inductance charges with I
i
. PWM control lets
the converter work as a conventional dcdc boost converter. For
this interval,
i
sl
= I
i
(23)
is dened.
Step 6: t
6
< t < t
8
[see Fig. 2(f)]. For this step, i
S1
=
I
i
, i
S2
= 0, i
DF
= 0, i
LR1
= 0, i
LR2
= 0, v
CR
= V
CR6
=
V
CR max
and v
CS
= 0 are valid. To turn off S
1
with ZCT, S
2
must be turned on. By applying switching signal to S
2
, L
R2
resonates with C
R
. In this step
i
LR2
= i
S2
=
V
CR max
Z
2
sin(
2
(t t
6
)) (24)
v
CR
= V
CR max
cos(
2
(t t
6
)) (25)
Z
2
=

L
R2
C
R
(26)

2
=

1
L
R2
C
R
(27)
are obtained. Due to L
R2
, ZCS turn on is provided for S
2
. By
the resonance i
S2
increases and i
S1
decreases. ZCS turn on is
provided for D
S1
when i
S1
is zero. So, ZCT turn off is provided
for S
1
. After cutting S
1
switching signal, the difference between
i
LR2
and I
i
passes through D
S1
. The maximumi
LR2
is dened
as follows:
I
LR2 max
=
V
CR max
Z
2
(28)
Step 7: t
8
< t < t
9
[see Fig. 2(g)]. Here, i
S1
= 0, i
S2
=
I
LR2 max
, i
DF
= 0, i
LR1
= 0, i
LR2
= I
LR2 max
, v
CR
= 0 and
v
CS
= 0 assumptions are initial values. So, D
1
is turned on,
while v
CR
becomes positive. As a result, C
R
L
R2
L
R1
conduct a newresoance current. Following equations are dened
for this step:
i
LR1
=
L
e
L
R1
I
LR2 max
(1 cos(
e
(t t
8
))) (29)
i
LR2
=
L
e
L
R1
I
LR2 max
(1 cos(
e
(t t
8
)))
+I
LR2 max
(1 cos(
e
(t t
8
))) (30)
v
CR
=
I
LR2 max

e
C
R
sin(
e
(t t
8
))) (31)
L
S
= L
R1
+L
il
+L
m
(32)
L
e
=
L
R1
(L
il
+L
m
)
L
R1
+L
il
+L
m
(33)

e
=

1
L
e
C
R
. (34)
In auxiliary switch path, i
LR2
decreases to input current and
then i
DS1
= 0 is valid with ZCS turn off.
Step 8: t
9
< t < t
10
[see Fig. 2(h)]. For this interval, i
S1
=
0, i
S2
= I
i
, i
DF
= 0, i
LR1
= I
LR19
, i
LR2
= I
i
, v
CR
= V
CR9
,
and v
CS
= 0 assumptions are true. Now, another resonance
starts through C
S
C
R
L
R1
L
R2
with input current. Here
L
R1
di
LR1
dt
= v
CR
(35)
L
R2
di
LR2
dt
= v
CS
v
CR
(36)
C
R
dv
CR
dt
= i
LR2
i
LR1
(37)
C
S
dv
CS
dt
= I
i
i
LR2
(38)
are dened. By the time i
LR2
= 0, D
s2
is turned on during the
reverse recovery time of D
2
, so now S
2
switching signal can be
canceled. Hence, ZCT turn off process is completed for S
2
.
Step 9: t
10
< t < t
11
[see Fig. 2(i)]. In this step, i
S1
= 0,
i
S2
= 0, i
DF
= 0, i
LR1
= I
LR110
, i
LR2
= 0, v
CR
= V
CR10
and v
CS
= V
CS10
denitions are accepted. From Fig. 2(i), two
closed loop are valid. While input current charges C
S
, a new
resonance starts between D
1
L
R1
C
R
. Below formulas are
valid for this step. At the end of this step, D
3
is turned ON as
the sum of v
CS
and v
CR
voltages exceed the output voltage
i
LR1
= I
LR110
cos(
1
(t t
10
)) +
V
CR10
Z
1
sin(
1
(t t
10
)
(39)
V
CR
= V
CR10
cos(
1
(t t
10
)) Z
1
I
LR110
sin(
1
(t t
10
))
(40)
V
CS
=
I
i
C
s
(t t
10
) (41)
Step 10: t
11
< t < t
12
[see Fig. 2(j)]. For this interval, i
S1
=
0, i
S2
= 0, i
DF
= 0, i
LR1
= I
LR111
, i
LR2
= 0, v
CR
= V
CR11
and v
CS
= V
o
V
CR11
assumptions are true. The input current
passes through C
S
, L
R1
, and C
R
with a new resonance. When
i
LR1
= 0, C
S
and C
o
store all the energy in L
R1
. For this step
below formulas are achieved
i
LR1
= (I
LR111
I
i
) cos(
3
(t t
11
))
+
V
CR11
Z
3
sin(
3
(t t
11
)) +I
i
(42)
v
CR
= V
o
v
CS
= V
CR11
cos(
3
(t t
11
))
Z
3
(I
LR11
I
i
) sin(
3
(t t
11
)) (43)
AKIN: IMPROVED ZVTZCT PWM DCDC BOOST CONVERTER WITH INCREASED EFFICIENCY 1923
C
3
= C
S
+C
R
(44)

3
=
1

L
R1
C
3
(45)
Z
3
=

L
R1
C
3
. (46)
Step 11: t
12
< t < t
13
[see Fig. 2(k)]. In this mode, at
t = t
12
, i
S1
= 0, i
S2
= 0, i
DF
= 0, i
LR1
= 0, i
LR2
= 0,
v
CR
= V
CR12
and v
CS
= V
o
V
CR12
are accepted. While C
R
is discharged, input current charges C
S
. Here
v
CR
= V
CR12

I
i
C
3
(t t
12
) (47)
is valid. ZVS turn on is provided for D
F
due to v
CR
= 0.
Step 12: t
13
< t < t
14
[see Fig. 2(l)]. D
F
conducts input
current to the output load as a part of the conventional boost
converter. Here,
i
DF
= I
i
(48)
is valid. At last, one switching section is completed. A new
switching section can be started with new switching steps.
III. SOFT SWITCHING TYPES FOR POWER SWITCHES
Below explanations are made to prove soft switching types
of the main and the auxiliary switches.
A. ZVT Turn on and ZCT Turn off for the Main Switch
ZVT and ZCT soft switching processes are provided by S
2
.
Auxiliary switch S
2
is turned on and off twice for one S
1
turn
on time. Before S
1
switching signal, S
2
turns on and so, S
1
parasitic capacitor discharges its energy to the snubber circuit.
When D
S1
is turned on, it is time for ZVT turn of for S
1
. As
long as the t
ZV T
time, S
1
switching signal can be applied. In
the proposed converter S
1
turn on is provided with ZVT.
To provide ZCT turn off for S
1
, while S1 conducts input
current, S2 switching signal is applied to S2 to create a reso-
nance current higher than the input current. Therefore, excessive
current forces D
S1
to turn on. As long as the t
ZCT
time, S
1
switching signal can be canceled.
For the proposed converter, S
1
turn off is provided with ZCT.
B. ZCS Turn on and ZCT Turn off for the Auxiliary Switch
ZCS turn on is provided by serial inductances in the auxiliary
switch path. These inductances take control of sudden current
changes for the S
2
. As a result for the proposed converter ZCS
turn on process is provided for S
2
. It can be observed that current
stress on S
2
is lowered by coupling effect of the inductances.
So, a part of the switching power loss is gained back and sent to
output load. This action will increase converter efciency.
Despite [17], ZCT turn off also provided for S
2
. For this
action, S
2
current is decreased to zero with a resonance, to force
D
S2
. While D
S2
conducts reverse current, S
2
switching signal
can be canceled to provide ZCT turn off for S
2
. S
2
fall time
and D
s2
reverse recovery time must be smaller than D
2
reverse
recovery time to provide perfect ZCT switching. As a result,
ZCT turn off is provided for S
2
in the proposed converter.
IV. WORKING CRITERIA
The soft switching techniques are used not only for the main
switch but also for the auxiliary and other semiconductors. The
new active snubber cell components are chosen in order of the
working criteria given next. Further investigation can be done,
however the subject of this paper is about soft switching working
principles.
1) The L
R2
value can be dened as fallows to provide ZCS
soft switching for the auxiliary switch
V
o
L
LR2
t
rS2
I
i max
. (49)
2) The L
R1
value is dened below to provide sufciently
high resonant current to turn on D
S1
L
R1
2 L
R2
. (50)
3) The main switch fall time must be smaller than ZCT time
to provide perfect ZCT soft switching conditions.
4) The chosen L
R1
, L
R2
, and C
S
congure C
R
value to
provide ZCT soft switching.
5) A part of the switching power loss is gained back by the
coupling inductance. Transform ratio plays a vital role by
input and output turns. It is dened as follows to provide
efciency improvement without any voltage stress
N
1
N
2
1, 5 N
1
. (51)
6) S
2
fall time must be smaller than D
2
reverse recovery time
to provide perfect ZCT switching.
V. ADVANTAGES OF THE PROPOSED CONVERTER
Although there are some ZVT-ZCT dcdc boost converters
in the literature, the proposed converter gets their full benets.
As a result, advanced soft switching techniques are used for the
proposed converter not only for lowering the current stress on
power switches but also improving the efciency:
1) the main switch is turned ON with ZVT and turned OFF
with ZCT;
2) the auxiliary switch is turned ON with ZCS and turned
OFF with ZCT;
3) the main diode is turned ON with ZVS and turned OFF
with ZCS and ZVS;
4) the main switch extra voltage and current stress are
disappeared;
5) the auxiliary switch extra voltage stress is disappeared and
current stress is lowered by the coupling inductances;
6) the main diode extra voltage and current stress is
disappeared;
7) S
2
switching frequency is two times of S
1
switching
frequency;
8) high switching frequency gives an advantage of fast con-
trol and high power density with lowered component
values;
9) although soft switched active snubber cell is used in
the proposed converter, total time interval is sufcienctly
small to work as normal PWM control;
1924 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 29, NO. 4, APRIL 2014
Fig. 4. Prototype circuit scheme of the proposed converter.
Fig. 5. Photograph of the experimental circuit.
10) except D
2
, SIC diodes are used in the converter to provide
better reverse recovery power loss;
11) the proposed active snubber cell can be used for higher
power levels for many dcdc PWM converters.
VI. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The proposed converter is realized for 100 kHz switching
frequency at 300 W output load. In Fig. 4, a prototype and in
Fig. 5, photograph of the proposed converter is shown, respec-
tively. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: V
i
= 200 V,
L
F
= 2200 H, L
R1
= 4 H, L
R2
= 2 H, L
ol
= 3 H, C
R
=
4,7 nF, C
o
= 330 F. Voltage, current, and part numbers of the
semiconductors are shown in Table I.
S
1
and S
2
switching signals, S
1
soft switching waveforms,
S
2
soft switching waveforms, DF soft switching waveforms,
C
R
current and voltage waveforms, LR2 current and voltage
waveforms, LR
1
current and voltage waveforms and D
3
current
TABLE I
SOME SIGNIFICANT VALUES OF THE SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES USED
IN THE PROTOTYPE CIRCUIT
Fig. 6. Some oscillograms of the converter. (a) Control signals of S
1
and S
2
(5 V/div and 2 s/div) (b) Voltage and current of S
1
, (c) Voltage and current of
S
2
and (d) Voltage and current of D
F
(100 V/div, 2 A/div and 1 s/div). (e)
Voltage and current of C
R
, (f) Voltage and current of L
R2
and (g) Voltage and
current of L
R1
(50 V/div, 2 A/div and 5 s/div). (h) Voltage and current of D
3
(100 V/div, 2 A/div and 5 s/div).
and voltage waveforms are shown in Figs. 6(a)(i), respectively.
In Fig. 6(b), ZVT turn on and ZCT turn off are provided for the
AKIN: IMPROVED ZVTZCT PWM DCDC BOOST CONVERTER WITH INCREASED EFFICIENCY 1925
Fig. 7. Main switch hard and soft switching waveforms (a) Hard turn on. (b)
Hard turn off (100 V/div, 5 A/div and 0.1 s/div). (c) Soft turn on (ZVT). (d)
Soft turn off (ZCT) (100 V/div, 2 A/div and 0.1 s/div).
Fig. 8. Overall efciency curves of the proposed and referred SS with the HS
converters comparatively.
main switch at full load. In Fig. 6(c), ZCS turn on and ZCT turn
off are provided for the auxiliary switch at full load. In Fig. 6(d),
ZCS turn on and ZVS turn off are provided for the main diode
at full load.
Hard and soft switching waveforms are shown in Fig. 7
for the main switch. In Fig. 7(a) and (b), current and voltage
overlapping is shown for hard switching; however, in Fig. 7(c)
and (d) current and voltage waveforms are shown for ZVT and
ZCT soft switching. The proposed converter total efciency is
shown in Fig. 8 with efciency curves of [8], [17] and hard
switching. The experimental prototype reaches 98.7% total ef-
ciency at full load. From Fig. 7, efciency improvement is
veried for full load range in the literature. For instance, the-
oretical and experimental explanations are carried out for the
ZVT-ZCT PWM dcdc proposed boost converter.
VII. CONCLUSION
The proposed ZVT-ZCT PWM dcdc boost converter has
one active snubber circuit to provide soft switching for all semi-
conductors. ZVT turn on and ZCT turn off are provided for
the main switch, ZCS turn on and ZCT turn off are provided
for the auxiliary switch and ZCS turn on and ZVS turn off are
provided for the main diode. Also, other diodes get benets of
the resonance current due to turn on and turn off processes. A
detailed steady-state analysis is explained for each switching
interval.
To prove theoretical analysis, an experimental prototype is
realized. While the prototype converts 200 to 400 V as a con-
ventional boost converter, it provides advanced soft switching
techniques at 100 kHz for 300 W output load. Serially added
D
2
diode prevents reverse resonance currents to create current
stress on S
1
. Also, the auxiliary switch current stress is lowered
by coupling inductance. This power loss is gained back by trans-
ferring it to the output load. As a result, the converter systemhas
98.7% total efciency at full load. The efciency improvement
is achieved by ZVT-ZCT dcdc boost converter.
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Burak Akin was born in Istanbul, Turkey, in 1977.
He received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in
electrical engineering from Yildiz Technical Uni-
versity, Istanbul, Turkey, in 1998, 2001, and 2008,
respectively.
From 1999 to 2013, he was a Research Assistant
in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Yildiz
Technical University. He has authored or coauthored
more than 20 journal and conference papers in the
area of power electronics. He was also engaged in
three research projects involving power electronics.
His current research interests include power-factor correction, switching power
supplies, high-frequency power conversion, and active and passive snubber cells
in power electronics.