FLOODING AND DAMAGED STABILITY

- in the event of grounding, collision or just springing of a leak

- flooding leads to reduction in stability, capzising or sinking
- leads to angle of heel, difficulty in launching of life boats
- ability to launch the life boats and get people on the boats
- limiting the angle of heel, making escape routes
- time factor
SINKAGE AND TRIM
- reserve buoyancy will pick up till it is equal to the water entered
- LCB moves and the ship trims till and B are in line
- !ermeability is the ratio of the volume floodable to the total volume"
#$ig %"&&'
(!)C* !*+,-)B-L-./#0'
1atertight compartment 23#warship'
24#,erchant ships'
)ccommodation space 24#!assenger,crew'
,5c 64
Cargo hold 78
(tores 78
- Lost buoyancy method and added weight method"
LOST BUOYANCY METHOD
- remains constant
- 9olume of damaged compartment upto the original water plane
- )rea of waterplane lost
- ,ake allowance for permiablity
#$- %"&%'
)- area of original waterplane
a: area lost
v: lost volume
$irst appro;imation for parallel sinkage
< : v5)- a
=
-a second appro;imation due to variation of waterplane with draft
- take characteristics of waterplane at z5>
- take LC$ and ,C.- for the intermediate waterplane
(inkage : v5)m
.rim :v;5,C.-
;: centroid of lost volume from LC$
-sinkage, new draft and trim calculated
ADDED WEIGHT METHOD
- water is entering as an added weight
- permeability applied
- allowance for free surface effect is applied"
- add weight, new waterline established
- allowance for e;tra water entered
- second iteration
EXAMPLE
) vessel of constant rectangular cross section is 78m long and =8m wide" -t floats on a
level keel draft of &m and has a center of gravity >"4m above the keel" ?etermine the fore
and aft drafts if an empty, fore-end compartment 6m long is opened to the sea" $or
simplicity a permeability of =88 0 is assumed"
SOLUTION
)rea of intact waterplane , ) : 4>@=8 : 4>8 m
>
9olume of lost buoyancy, v : 6@=8@& : >%8 m
&
!arallel sinkage : >%854>8 : 8"%7m
.he vessel now trims about the new center of floatation, $= from amidship" .aking
moments about amidships and using subscript = to denote damage volume,
#78@=8@8' A#6@=8@>7' : ##78@=8'-#6@=8'' $=,
>
giving $= : -%m
.hat is C$ is %m aft of amidship or &8m aft of the centroid of the damaged compartment"
BB= : .=5> : #&C8"%7'5> : ="3&m
B=,L : -L5 : =5=>#4>
&
@=8578@=8@&' : 74"=8m
B : >"4m#Constant'
,L : ="3&C74"=8->"4 : 7%"&&m
Dence ,C.= m : 1@,L5L
: 78@=8@&@="8>4@2"6=@7%"&&578
: =2%87kEm
.rim : gv;5,C.=m : ="8>4@2"6=@>%8@&85=2%87 : &"3&m
.hus draft aft : &C8"%7- >7@&"3&578 : ="6%m
?raft forward : &C 8"%7 C &%@&"3&578 : 4"43m
ADDED MASS METHOD
,ass added at &m draft : 6@=8@&@="8>4 : >%7 tonne
!arallel sinkage : >%75="8>4@78@=8 : 8"%m
Eew displacement mass : 78@=8@&"%@="8>4 : >82= tonne
BB= : &"%5> :="3m
B,= : -L5 : =5=>#78
&
-6
&
'@=85 78@=8@&"% : 66m
B= : #78@=8@&@="8>4@>"4'C#>%7@="4'>82= : >"&6m
,C.=m : >82=@2"6=@#="3C66C>"&6'578
: >2648 kEm
.rim : >%7@2"6=@>75>2648 : >"=8m
?raft )ft : #&C8"%->"='5>"&4m
&
?raft ford : #&C8"%C>"=8'5> : %"%4m
(econd and if necessary, &
rd
iteration to be done"
STABILITY IN DAMAGED CONDITION
LOST BUOYANCY METHOD
- remove volume v from the damaged compartment and add same v on the reserve
buoyancy
- CB will rise
- -bb= is the vertical distance between centroids of lost and gained buoyancy
- rise in CB : vbb=5
- B, will decrease due to loss of waterplane interia
- -d is the damage interia
- B,d: -d5
- remains unchanged
- ?amed ,: ,#intact' Cvbb=5 - -d5
ADDED WEIGHT METHOD
- B will change
- B, from hydrostatics at the new draft
- $ree surface correction is applied
ASSYMMETRICAL FLOODING
#$ig" %"&4'
- if there are longitudinal bulkheads
- heel will occur
- assumed that damage does not penetrate more than >80B
- by added weight method,
g, (in : vz
(in : vz5,
- >
nd
correction to be given for additional weight
- for large heels opposite tanks are flooded
%
$LFF?)BL* L*E.D
- loss occurs when damaged 1L is tangential to the bulkhead deck"
- Bulkhead deck is the uppermost weathertight deck to which transverse watertight
bhd are carried
- ,argine line is 37mm #&G' below bhd deck
- $loodable length at any point along the length of the ship is the length with that
point as center which can be flooded without immersing any part of the margin
line when the ship has no list"
#$ig %"&7'
- subscripts 8 and = denote intact ship data for intact and damaged waterlines"
- Lost buoyancy : 9= A 98
- B8 moves to B= such that B= is below
- ; : centroid of lost buoyancy : 9= @ B8B= 59=-98
- Bnowing ; and 9=-98 , a length can be obtained which gives the length of the
compartment that can be flooded"
- !rocess is an iteration process
- .o be repeated for a series of waterlines tangent to the margin line
#$ig %"&3'
- permiabilities to be applied
#$ig" %"&6'
- one compartment standard is the minimum requirement
- $)C.F+ F$ (HB?-9-(-FE is applied to the floodable length curves giving
permissible length
- !*+,-((-BL* L*E.D : $( @ floodable length
- $( depends on C+-.*+-FE EH,*+)L
- CE : f#no"of passengers, 9ol of m5c, accom" (pace, total vol"'
- $( ensures one, two or three compartment standard
- Compartment standard is the inverse of $(
- $( decreases with length and for passenger vessels"

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