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The document summarizes the structure of the vertebrate endoskeleton. It is composed of two main parts:
1) The axial endoskeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs. The skull protects the brain and is made up of numerous bones including the cranium.
2) The appendicular endoskeleton includes the pectoral and pelvic girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton. It allows for limb movement.
The document summarizes the structure of the vertebrate endoskeleton. It is composed of two main parts:
1) The axial endoskeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs. The skull protects the brain and is made up of numerous bones including the cranium.
2) The appendicular endoskeleton includes the pectoral and pelvic girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton. It allows for limb movement.
The document summarizes the structure of the vertebrate endoskeleton. It is composed of two main parts:
1) The axial endoskeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs. The skull protects the brain and is made up of numerous bones including the cranium.
2) The appendicular endoskeleton includes the pectoral and pelvic girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton. It allows for limb movement.
(a) Axial skeleton : It occupies the body's main longitudinal axis. It includes four structure : skull in the head, vertebral column in the neck, trunk and tail if present, sternum and ribs in the thorax. It form the upright axis of body and includes 80 (87 in children) bones are as follows in man Cranium 8 Hyoid 1 Face 14 28 Skull Vertebrae 26 (33 in children) Ear ossicle 6 Sternum 1 Ribs 24 (1) Skull (General structure) : It is anterior most axial skeleton. It is divisible into two main parts
(i) Chondrocranium (ii) Splanchocranium (i) Chondrocranium : Chondrocranium is formed by (a) brain box or cranium proper and (b) two sense capsules Orbit or optic capsule (eye) and auditory or otic capsule (ear). (a) Cranium proper : It is a strong and firm bony box with a helmet-like covering over the brain, called vault of skull, and a relatively thicker and stronger floor of base upon which the brain rests. Its cavity is called cranial cavity. Size of cranial cavity averages 1475 cubic centimetres (cm 3 ) in adult men. At about the middle of the floor of cranium, there is a large opening of cranial cavity called foramen magnum. The brain is connected to spinal cord at this foramen. Cranium proper of mammal has four distinct zone (1) Occipetal zone : Occipital zone has one supra-occipital bone on dorsal side, one basioccipital on ventral side and two exoccipital on both lateral side of foramen magnum. SKULL (ANTERIOR MID DORS AL) VERTEBRAL COLUMN (BACK SIDE) STERNUM (ABDOMINAL SIDE) RIB (LATERAL) HEAD PECTORAL GIRDLE FORE LIMB PELVIS GIRDLE HIND LIMB A X I A L
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VAULT OF SKULL FRONTAL PARIETAL OCCIPITAL TEMPORAL STYLOID PROCESS CONDYLE EXTERNAL AU DIT OR Y ME AT US BASE OF SKULL MANDIBLE MAXILLA CORONOID PR OC ESS MALAR (ZYG OMA TIC) EYE ORBIT NASAL LACRIMA L ETHMOID FACE SPHENOID Fig. Human skull viewed from right side Foramen magnum is present in ventral side of skull, which fills on Ist atlas vertebra. Two occipital condyles forming dicondylic skull at the junction of supra and exo-occipital. (2) Parietal zone : In the dorsal side of cranium parietal zone has three bone, that is two parietal, one inter parietal and ventral side of cranium has 3 bone i.e. one basisphenoid with pituitary foramen and two alisphenoid bone. (3) Frontal : Frontal part of cranium has two frontal bone in dorsal side, each frontal bone has one process called supra orbital process of frontal. Two orbitosphenoid, one presphenoid bone in ventral side. (4) Ethmoidal : Ethmoidal part has one circular plate called cribriformplate. That plate is having two perforation for exit of I cranial nerve.
SUPRA ORBITAL PROCESS OF FRONTAL FRONTAL (2) PERIETAL (2) INTER PARIETAL (2) SUPRA OCCIPITAL (1) TYMPANIC BULL A EXTERNAL AUDITOR Y METUS ORBITAL CAPSULE (EYE) ETHMOIDAL ZONE WITH ONLY ONE BONE i.e. CRIBRIFORM PLATE TYMPANIC BULLA AUDIT ORY CAPS ULE OR OPTI C CAPS ULE Fig. Dorsal view of mammalian skull ETHMOIDAL BONE FORMING CRIBRIFO RM PLATE PERSPHENOI D ORBITOSPHENOI D BASISPHENOID WITH PITUTAR Y FORAME N BASIOCCIPITAL EXOOCCIPITAL SUPRA OCCIPITAL FORAMEN MAGNUM PRE OCCIPITAL PROCESS CONDYLES OTIC OR AUD ITOR Y CAPSULE Fig. Ventral view of mammalian skull ALISPHENOID PRE OCCIPITAL PROCESS