TRABAJO FINAL.

LECTURA DE TEXTOS ACADEMICOS I

NAME: _____________________________________________________ DATE: ________________

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

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Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between molecules. Intermolecular forces are responsible for
the nonideal behavior of gases. They exert even more influence in the condensed phases of matter
liquids and solids. As the temperature of a gas drops, the average kinetic energy of its molecules
decreases.Eventually, at a sufficiently low temperature, the molecules no longer have enough energy to
break away from the attraction of neighboring molecules. At this point, the molecules aggregate to form
small drops of liquid. This transition from the gaseous o the liquid phase is known as condensation.

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In contrast to intermolecular forces, intramolecular forces hold atoms together in a molecule.

Intramolecular forces stabilize individual molecules, whereas intermolecular forces are primarily
responsible for the bulk properties of matter, for example, melting point and boiling point.

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Generally, intermolecular forces are much weaker than intramolecular forces. It usually requires much less
energy to evaporate a liquid than to break the bonds in the molecules of the liquid. For example, it takes
about 41 kJ of energy to vaporize 1 mol of water at its boiling point; but about 930 kJ of energy are
necessary to break the two O H bonds in 1 mole of water molecules. The boiling points of substances
often reflect the strength of the intermolecular forces operating among the molecules. At the boiling point,
enough energy must be supplied to overcome the attractive forces among molecules before they can
enter the vapor phase. If it takes more energy to separate molecules of substance A than of substance B
because A molecules are held together by stronger intermolecular forces, then the boiling point of A is
higher than that of B. The same principle applies also to the melting points of the substances. In general,
the melting points of substances increase with the strength of the intermolecular forces.

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To discuss the properties of condensed matter, we must understand the different types of intermolecular
forces. Dipole - dipole, dipole-induced dipole, and dispersion forces make up what chemists commonly
refer to as van der Waals forces, after the Dutch physicist Johannes van der Waals. Ions and dipoles are
attracted to one another by electrostatic forces called ion dipole force, which are not van der Waals
forces. Hydrogen bonding is a particularly strong type of dipole dipole interaction. Because only a few
elements can participate in hydrogen bond formation, it is treated as a separate category. Depending on
the phase of a substance, the nature of chemical bonds, and the types of elements present, more than
one type of interaction may contribute to the total attraction between molecules.

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Dipole dipole forces are attractive forces between polar molecules, that is, between molecules that
possess dipole moments. Their origin is electrostatic, and they can be understood in terms of Coulombs
law. The larger the dipole moment, the greater the force. Figure 1 show the orientation of polar molecules
in a solid. In liquids, polar molecules are not held as rigidly as in a solid, but they tend to align in a way
that, on average, maximizes the attractive interaction.

I.

Reading Comprehension. Answer the questions below according to the text.

Skimming
1. Give an alternative title for the text.
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2. Whats the author main intention?
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3. What is the Reading about?

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Scanning
4. What are the types of intermolecular forces?
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5. What is the difference between intermolecular force and intramolecular force?
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6. What type of interaction is the hydrogen bond?
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II.

Word Derivation. Find the meaning of the following words. Complete the chart.

Word
Responsible (line 2)
Eventually (line 5)
Primarily (line 10)
Generally (line 12)
Operating (line 16
Condensed (line 23)
Attracted (line 26)

Prefix

Root

Suffix
N
N
N
N
N
N
N

Part of speech
V adj adv other
V adj adv other
V adj adv other
V adj adv other
V adj adv other
V adj adv other
V adj adv other

Meaning

III.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Referents. Identify which word refers to

They (line 2) refers to: _____________________________________________________________

At this point (line 6) refers to: ________________________________________________________
it (line 28) refers to: _______________________________________________________________
They (line 34) refers to: ____________________________________________________________
They (line 32) refers to: ____________________________________________________________

IV.

Logical Relationship.

1. Re-write the ideas linked by the connector whereas (LINE10). PLEASE WRITE COMPLETE IDEAS.
Substitute: _____________________ Function: _________________
Spanish: Idea 1.
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Idea 2.
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2. Re-write the ideas linked by the connector but (LINE14). PLEASE WRITE COMPLETE IDEAS.
Substitute: _____________________ Function: _________________
Spanish: Idea 1.
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Idea 2.
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3. Re-write the ideas linked by the connector because (LINE19). PLEASE WRITE COMPLETE IDEAS.
Substitute: _____________________ Function: _________________
Spanish: Idea 1.
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Idea 2.
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4. Re-write the ideas linked by the connector then (LINE20). PLEASE WRITE COMPLETE IDEAS.
Substitute: _____________________ Function: _________________

Spanish: Idea 1.
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Idea 2.
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5. Re-write the ideas linked by the connector and (LINE24). PLEASE WRITE COMPLETE IDEAS.
Substitute: _____________________ Function: _________________
Spanish: Idea 1.
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Idea 2.
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6. Re-write the ideas linked by the connector that is (LINE31). PLEASE WRITE COMPLETE IDEAS.
Substitute: _____________________ Function: _________________
Spanish: Idea 1.
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Idea 2.
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V.

Passive Voice
Passive

Meaning in good Spanish