ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

Eng. A.A.HAFEEL AHAMED

BSc(Hons)(Eng)(AMIESL)(1
st
Class Honor)
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Naturally Occurred Materials -
such as
Clay - Clay -
Sand -
Wood -
Rocks
Twigs and Leaves -

have been used to construct buildings

many man-made products
(Synthetic materials ) - Cement , Petrolium product, Plastics
use of these materials is typically segmented
into specific specialty trades, such as (
)
Carpentry - Carpentry -
Plumbing -
Roofing -
Insulation work -
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Mud, stone, and fibrous plants are the most
basic building materials
, ,




In general stone and/or brush are used as
basic structural components in these buildings,
while mud is used to fill in the space between,
acting as a type of concrete and insulation.
clay is good thermal mass - it is very good at
keeping temperatures at a constant level
Homes built with earth tend to be naturally Homes built with earth tend to be naturally
cool in the summer heat and warm in cold
weather
Clay holds heat or cold, releasing it over a
period of time like stone
It is the longest lasting building material available, and is usually
readily available
Rock is a
very dense material more protection
high weight and awkwardness
energy density is high
stone is hard to keep warm
Dry-stone walls have been built for as long as humans have
put one stone on top of another.
Eventually different forms of mortar were used to hold the
stones together, cement being the most commonplace now.
Ice was used by the Inuit for igloos, but has also been used for ice
hotels as a tourist attraction in northern areas that might not
otherwise see many winter tourists.
Wood is a product of trees, and sometimes other fibrous
plants, used for construction purposes when cut or pressed
into
lumber and timber lumber and timber
boards
planks
It is a generic building material and is used in building just about
any type of structure in most climates
Wood can be very flexible under loads

keeping strength while bending

,
Incredibly strong when compressed vertically
There are many differing qualities to the
different types of wood, even among same
tree species
Mahgony , kembas , teek , etc
A brick is a block made of kiln-fired material
r , usually clay or shale

,
Clay bricks are formed in a moulding (the soft mud method), Clay bricks are formed in a moulding (the soft mud method),
or in commercial manufacture more frequently by extruding
clay through a die and then wire-cutting them to the proper
size (the stiff mud process).
Another type of block replaced clay bricks in
the late 20th century. It was the Cinder block.
Made mostly with concrete
An important low-cost building material
in in
developing countries is the Sandcrete block,
which is weaker but cheaper than fired clay
bricks.
CEMENT
Popular as building material.
Material with adhesive & cohesive
properties.
To bind the sand & coarse aggregate
together
Calcium
Silica
Alumina
Iron
together
To fill voids in between sand & coarse
aggregate particle form a compact mass.
Cement Grout Cement Grout Cement Grout Cement Grout
- A mixture of cement & water
Cement Mortar Cement Mortar Cement Mortar Cement Mortar
- A mixture of cement & sand & water to form a paste.
Cement concrete Cement concrete Cement concrete Cement concrete
- A composite product which is obtained by mixing of cement, - A composite product which is obtained by mixing of cement,
water, inert matrix of sand and gravel / crushed stone.
AGGREGATE
added up to 80% by volume in ordinary concrete to
provide bulk
CHARACTERISTIC
- Must clean & durable & Free from organic impurities & dust
(WHY?)
- Coz it may prevent the cement paste from coating the - Coz it may prevent the cement paste from coating the
aggregate properly
- Also preventing bonding
- Also lowering the strength of the concrete
Aggregates may affect the
following properties of
concrete:
Strength
Durability
Structural Performance Structural Performance
Economy
TYPES OF AGGREGATES
Fine Aggregates
natural sand crushed rock crushed gravel that pass 5mm Bs Sieve dry
vary in character depending on their location, method of extration & gradin
Sharp sand has angular grains used mainly for concrete
Soft sand has smaller rounded grains used for mortars & renderings
Coarse Aggregate
materials that retained on a 5mm sieve when dry.
10mm for small section work with a lot of close reinforcement 10mm for small section work with a lot of close reinforcement
20mm for general work
100 150 mm for large reinforced pours
All in Aggregate
mixture of coarse & fine aggregate either as extracted / delivered
not allowed for structural purposes
Graded Aggregates
natural agg. consist of different size of stones randomly mixed.
Concrete is a composite building material made from
the combination of aggregate (composite)
Portland Portland Portland Portland Cement Cement Cement Cement
Aggregate Aggregate Aggregate Aggregate - sand, gravel, crushed rock
Water Water Water Water
Admixtures Admixtures Admixtures Admixtures - when necessary Admixtures Admixtures Admixtures Admixtures - when necessary
After mixing, the cement hydrates and eventually
hardens into a stone-like material. When used in the
generic sense, this is the material referred to by the
term concrete concrete concrete concrete.
binder such as cement.
Ability to be cast
Economical
Durable
Fire resistant
Energy efficient Energy efficient
On-site fabrication
Low tensile strength
Low ductility
Volume instability
Low strength to weight ratio
Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings
such as skyscrapers, or as an external surface covering
Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, and
is the usual choice for metal structural building materials
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especially in the large amounts needed for the building
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Other metals used include titanium, chrome, gold, silver.
Titanium can be used for structural purposes, but it is much
more expensive than steel.
Chrome, gold, and silver are used as decoration, because
these materials are expensive and lack structural qualities
such as tensile strength or hardness.
Clear windows have been used since the invention of glass
to cover small openings in a building
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moF - Aesthetic
Glass is generally made from
mixtures of
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Modern glass
curtain walls & space frame.
Ceramics are such things as
Tiles
Fixtures
Ceramics are mostly used as Ceramics are mostly used as
fixtures or coverings in
buildings.
Ceramic floors, walls, counter-tops, even ceilings.
Many countries use ceramic roofing tiles to cover
many buildings.
The term plastics covers a range of synthetic
or semi-synthetic organic condensation or
polymerization products that can be molded
or extruded into objects or films or fibers.
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Aluminium
Bitumen Materials
Soil Conditioning Agents
Tempered Glass
Crumb Rubber Crumb Rubber
Fibre Reinforced Polymer
Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastics
Bamboo reinforced plastics
Ferro-cement
Polyester Fibres
More that 3000 commercialized applications.
35 percent aluminum produced is used in construction.
Non Corrosive - r
High durability and low maintenance. - High durability and low maintenance. -
r.
Can be alloyed.
Ductile and malleable.
Aesthetically attractive.
.
Applications of Applications of Applications of Applications of Aluminium Aluminium Aluminium Aluminium In Construction In Construction In Construction In Construction
Windows, doors, facades
Roofs, walls, building superstructure
Door handles, catches, staircases Door handles, catches, staircases
Hvac and waterproofing
As a support structure for solar
Panels, solar collectors and light Shelves.
Wall cladding.
Super pave system
Superior performing asphalt pavements systems
Advantages Advantages Advantages Advantages
Reduces Permanent deformation
Fatigue cracking
Low temperature cracking in hot asphalt mixtures
Soil Conditioning Agents
Low temperature cracking in hot asphalt mixtures
Soil Conditioning Agents
Bentonite Slurry
Polymer Liquids
Foams
Applications Applications Applications Applications
Tunneling
Pipe Jacking
Thermally tempered glazing automobile
windows
Polycarbonate glazing bullet proof glazing
Crumb scrap tyres are shreded
Crumb rubber is added to asphalt is called
crma ( crumb rubber modified asphalt.)
Advantage Advantage Advantage Advantage
helps in noise reduction helps in noise reduction
reduces skid
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Density Density Density Density: It is defined as mass per unit volume. It is expressed as kg/m
3
.
Specific gravity Specific gravity Specific gravity Specific gravity: It is the ratio of density of a material to density of water.
Porosity Porosity Porosity Porosity: The term porosity is used to indicate the degree by which the
volume of a material is occupied by pores. It is expressed as a ratio of
volume of pores to that of the specimen.
Strength Strength Strength Strength: Strength of a material has been defined as its ability to resist
the action of an external force without breaking.
Elasticity Elasticity Elasticity Elasticity: It is the property of a material which enables it to regain its
original shape and size after the removal of external load. original shape and size after the removal of external load.
Plasticity Plasticity Plasticity Plasticity: It is the property of the material which enables the formation
of permanent deformation.
Hardness Hardness Hardness Hardness: It is the property of the material which enables it to resist
abrasion, indentation, machining and scratching.
Ductility Ductility Ductility Ductility: It is the property of a material which enables it to be drawn out
or elongated to an appreciable extent before rupture occurs.
Brittleness Brittleness Brittleness Brittleness: It is the property of a material, which is opposite to ductility. Material,
having very little property of deformation, either elastic or plastic is called Brittle.
Creep Creep Creep Creep: It is the property of the material which enables it under constant load to
deform slowly but progressively over a certain period.
Stiffness Stiffness Stiffness Stiffness: It is the property of a material which enables it to resist deformation.
Fatigue Fatigue Fatigue Fatigue: The term fatigue is generally referred to the effect of cyclically repeated
stress. A material has a tendency to fail at lesser stress level when subjected to
repeated loading.
Impact strength Impact strength Impact strength Impact strength: The impact strength of a material is the quantity of work required
to cause its failure per its unit volume. It thus indicates the toughness of a to cause its failure per its unit volume. It thus indicates the toughness of a
material.
Toughness Toughness Toughness Toughness: It is the property of a material which enables it to be twisted, bent or
stretched under a high stress before rupture.
Thermal Conductivity Thermal Conductivity Thermal Conductivity Thermal Conductivity: It is the property of a material which allows conduction of
heat through its body. It is defined as the amount of heat in kilocalories that will
flow through unit area of the material with unit thickness in unit time when
difference of temperature on its faces is also unity.
Corrosion Resistance Corrosion Resistance Corrosion Resistance Corrosion Resistance: It is the property of a material to withstand the action of
acids, alkalis gases etc., which tend to corrode (or oxidize).
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