ALA 1140 SOIL ECOLOGY AND NATURE

ASSIGNMENT 2
ECOLOGICAL DESIGN- DESIGN WITH NATURE-
DESIGN THAT APPRECIATES THE WORLDS
RESOURCES
ESTUARIES AND SEASHORES-BETWEEN THE SEAS AND THE CONTINENTS


PREPARED BY:

MUHAMMAD FAIZ BIN ABDUL MALEK | 0934489
MOHAMED NUR RIDHWAN MOHD NORDIN | 1013863
UMIE AZMA BT WAN MOHD ZAID | 1315536
NUR DIANA SHAFIKHA BT ROSLI | 1017448
NUR LIYANA BT ABDUL KHALIB | 1016548
NUR AMIRAH AZRIATI BINTI NOOR AZMEE | 1311456
NUR ALINA BINTI SHAHRIFFIN | 1318122
FARHA BINTI SALIM | 1014326
NUR FARAH BT AHMAD | 1319532
NUR AYUNI AFIQAH BINTI SEHABUDIN | 1314928

LECTURER: DR. ANIZA BT ABU BAKAR
1
INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA | KULLIYYAH OF ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN
Estuaries and seashores are ecosystems of lies between river and sea which is rich
with morphological, sedimentological, and biological responses although the
environments are hardly adapted by most of organisms (www.oxfordreference.com)


2
ECOLOGICAL DESIGN- DESIGN WITH NATURE- DESIGN THAT APPRECIATES THE WORLDS RESOURCES
ESTUARIES AND SEASHORES-BETWEEN THE SEAS AND THE CONTINENTS
WATER
POLLUTION
SEA LEVEL RISES
COASTAL
EROSION
DEGRADATION
OF HABITAT
SEDIMENTATION
AIR POLLUTION
ISSUES IN
ESTUARIES AND
SEASHORES
ECOSYSTEM
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
ISSUES IN ESTUARIES AND SEASHORES ECOSYSTEM
Water pollution
Air pollution
Sea level rises
Coastal erosion
Sedimentation
Degradation of habitat
The quality and function of estuary are degrading due to human activities
(Barbier et al., 2011; Lotze et al., 2006)
3
ECOLOGICAL DESIGN- DESIGN WITH NATURE- DESIGN THAT APPRECIATES THE WORLDS RESOURCES
ESTUARIES AND SEASHORES-BETWEEN THE SEAS AND THE CONTINENTS
WATER
POLLUTION
SEA LEVEL RISES
COASTAL
EROSION
DEGRADATION
OF HABITAT
SEDIMENTATION
AIR POLLUTION
ISSUES IN
ESTUARIES AND
SEASHORES
ECOSYSTEM
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
WATER POLLUTION
SOLUTION FOR WATER POLLUTION

Industrial treatment
Use bio-chemicals fertilizers and pesticides
Control chemical waste released to the water
resources
DEFINITION
Water pollution can be defined
as any chemical physical or
biological change in quality of
water and cause contamination
to water and can give harmful
effects on any living things
FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO
WATER POLLUTION
Sewage disposal
Marine dumping
Industrial waste
Oil Spills
Agricultural chemicals
CONSEQUENCES OF WATER
POLLUTION
Death of aquatic animals
Disruption of food chain
Increasing of health issue
WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
4
ECOLOGICAL DESIGN- DESIGN WITH NATURE- DESIGN THAT APPRECIATES THE WORLDS RESOURCES
ESTUARIES AND SEASHORES-BETWEEN THE SEAS AND THE CONTINENTS
WATER
POLLUTION
SEA LEVEL RISES
COASTAL
EROSION
DEGRADATION
OF HABITAT
SEDIMENTATION
AIR POLLUTION
ISSUES IN
ESTUARIES AND
SEASHORES
ECOSYSTEM
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
Although air pollution is a global issue, the components of air pollutant such as sulfur,
nitrogen, ozone, and mercury contributes to acidification of water resources, eutrophication
to estuaries and coastal water bodies, and heavy metals bioaccumulation in aquatic food
webs (Lovett et al., 2009).
DEFINITION
Air pollution can be defined as the
contamination of either chemicals,
biological or physical substances in
the atmosphere that can bring harm to
humans or other living organisms.
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO AIR
POLLUTION
Emissions from industrial area and
manufacturing activities.
Burning of fossil fuels and smoke
from vehicle.
Radioactive fallout.
Deforestation.
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
Degradation of health
quality.
Poor visibility.
Acid rain.
WAYS TO OVERCOME AIR
POLLUTION
Law enforcement for
manufacturing and
logging companies.
Use energy-friendly
device.
Conserve energy.
AIR POLLUTION
5
ECOLOGICAL DESIGN- DESIGN WITH NATURE- DESIGN THAT APPRECIATES THE WORLDS RESOURCES
ESTUARIES AND SEASHORES-BETWEEN THE SEAS AND THE CONTINENTS
WATER
POLLUTION
SEA LEVEL RISES
COASTAL
EROSION
DEGRADATION
OF HABITAT
SEDIMENTATION
AIR POLLUTION
ISSUES IN
ESTUARIES AND
SEASHORES
ECOSYSTEM
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
CAUSE OF RISING SEAWATER LEVEL
Greenhouse effect
thermal expansion
a result of warming ocean waters
because when the oceans heat
up, they expand.
melting of land-based ice.
IMPACT OF RISING SEAWATER LEVEL
Habitat loss
Intrude nearby lagoon that
suppose to provide fresh water
salt water
Decline breeding of aquatic
animal like horseshoe and
migrating shore birds to avoid
storm
Problem flooding of seawater
become more dangerous which
could both damage both
properties and hurt people

SEA LEVEL RISES
ARTIFICIAL LEVEE
SEA WALL
VERTICAL | CURVED | MOUND
DIKE/DYKE
6
ECOLOGICAL DESIGN- DESIGN WITH NATURE- DESIGN THAT APPRECIATES THE WORLDS RESOURCES
ESTUARIES AND SEASHORES-BETWEEN THE SEAS AND THE CONTINENTS
WATER
POLLUTION
SEA LEVEL RISES
COASTAL
EROSION
DEGRADATION
OF HABITAT
SEDIMENTATION
AIR POLLUTION
ISSUES IN
ESTUARIES AND
SEASHORES
ECOSYSTEM
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
COASTAL EROSION
Rapid
Development
Human
Intervention and
activities
Effect on
global
warming
Sea level Rise
C
a
u
s
e

C
a
u
s
e

C
a
u
s
e

Soil erosion
Coastal
Erosion
Coastal erosion occur due to sea-level rise which rapidly worsen the physical and
socio-economic impacts on beaches and adjacent coastal area (Zhang et al., 2004).
7
ECOLOGICAL DESIGN- DESIGN WITH NATURE- DESIGN THAT APPRECIATES THE WORLDS RESOURCES
ESTUARIES AND SEASHORES-BETWEEN THE SEAS AND THE CONTINENTS
WATER
POLLUTION
SEA LEVEL RISES
COASTAL
EROSION
DEGRADATION
OF HABITAT
SEDIMENTATION
AIR POLLUTION
ISSUES IN
ESTUARIES AND
SEASHORES
ECOSYSTEM
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
COASTAL EROSION
Coastal Management
Ecological Friendly Solution Hard Engineering
B
e
a
c
h

N
o
u
r
i
s
h
m
e
n
t

M
a
n
g
r
o
v
e

R
e
p
l
a
n
t
i
n
g

S
e
t
-
B
a
c
k

60 m
R
o
c
k

R
e
v
e
t
m
e
n
t

S
e
a
w
a
l
l

G
r
o
i
n
s

Artificial
sand
Lost Sand
Barrier for
strong wind,
waves,water
current
Buffer
Sufficient
time
protection
Prevent land
assets from erode
Retreat the
shoreline
Vertical structure
Prevent wave high
increase due to
sea level
Built
perpendicular
Constructed in
series
DID = Coastal protection works to ensure sustainable development to coastal area
8
ECOLOGICAL DESIGN- DESIGN WITH NATURE- DESIGN THAT APPRECIATES THE WORLDS RESOURCES
ESTUARIES AND SEASHORES-BETWEEN THE SEAS AND THE CONTINENTS
WATER
POLLUTION
SEA LEVEL RISES
COASTAL
EROSION
DEGRADATION
OF HABITAT
SEDIMENTATION
AIR POLLUTION
ISSUES IN
ESTUARIES AND
SEASHORES
ECOSYSTEM
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
COASTAL EROSION
Case Study: Pantai
Cahaya Bulan,
Kelantan
Major Issues of SOIL
EROSION
Erosion at Pantai Cahaya Bulan
Source: Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Negeri Kelantan
Have been protected using
the Ecological Friendly
solution
Beach
Nourishment
Turn out to be
UNSUCCESSFUL
JPS
Strong
waves
To prevent soil erosion from continue to
happen
JPS
Thus
Hard Engineering
Groins
4 Meter

Rock Revetment
Rock Revetment along
the shorelines
Strong waves
Map of Pantai Cahaya Bulan
Source: Google Map
9
ECOLOGICAL DESIGN- DESIGN WITH NATURE- DESIGN THAT APPRECIATES THE WORLDS RESOURCES
ESTUARIES AND SEASHORES-BETWEEN THE SEAS AND THE CONTINENTS
WATER
POLLUTION
SEA LEVEL RISES
COASTAL
EROSION
DEGRADATION
OF HABITAT
SEDIMENTATION
AIR POLLUTION
ISSUES IN
ESTUARIES AND
SEASHORES
ECOSYSTEM
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
SEDIMENTATION
DEFINITION
overthrow of particles
sustain by a fluid flow from
the upper part to the lower
part of the river
IMPACT

reduce in water depth
impact to the distribution
of plants, animals and
their habitats
decreases the depth of
the harbour basin which
preventing ships from
entering the harbour
(Hofland et al., 2001)
Sedimentation after a heavy storm
in Birmingham
Sedimentation result in the shaping
of depositional landforms and the
rocks
10 10
ECOLOGICAL DESIGN- DESIGN WITH NATURE- DESIGN THAT APPRECIATES THE WORLDS RESOURCES
ESTUARIES AND SEASHORES-BETWEEN THE SEAS AND THE CONTINENTS
WATER
POLLUTION
SEA LEVEL RISES
COASTAL
EROSION
DEGRADATION
OF HABITAT
SEDIMENTATION
AIR POLLUTION
ISSUES IN
ESTUARIES AND
SEASHORES
ECOSYSTEM
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
SEDIMENTATION
METHA TREATMENT PLANT
CURRENT DEFLECTING WALL (CDW)
MECHANICAL TREATMENT OF HARBOR
(METHA) TREATMENT PLANT
a technique of extracting dredged
material chemical properties such
as heavy chemical through
mechanical separation and
dewatering of polluted sediments, in
the meantime extracting useful sand
for other purposes (Detzner, 1995).
Current Deflecting Wall (CDW)
a plane-liked structured built at
the mouth of river which facing
direct wave current from the sea.

has siltation mechanism which
may catch siltation at the location
thus reduce sedimentation at the
lower part about 20-30%
(Barneveld and Hugtenburg, 2007;
Hofland et al, 2001).
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ECOLOGICAL DESIGN- DESIGN WITH NATURE- DESIGN THAT APPRECIATES THE WORLDS RESOURCES
ESTUARIES AND SEASHORES-BETWEEN THE SEAS AND THE CONTINENTS
WATER
POLLUTION
SEA LEVEL RISES
COASTAL
EROSION
DEGRADATION
OF HABITAT
SEDIMENTATION
AIR POLLUTION
ISSUES IN
ESTUARIES AND
SEASHORES
ECOSYSTEM
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
Degradation of habitat is the
impact of human activities
which causes the destruction
of existing flora and fauna in
that place. It will causes many
bad effects to the animal and
its habitat on the seashores
and estuaries.
CAUSES OF HABITAT
DEGRADATION
Human activities

-Oil spill
-Disposal of sewage on the
sea
-Disposal of radioactive
waste under the sea

Natural disaster : Tsunami
DEGRADATION OF HABITAT
ARTIFICIAL BARRIER
HABITAT PRESERVATION
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ECOLOGICAL DESIGN- DESIGN WITH NATURE- DESIGN THAT APPRECIATES THE WORLDS RESOURCES
ESTUARIES AND SEASHORES-BETWEEN THE SEAS AND THE CONTINENTS
WATER
POLLUTION
SEA LEVEL RISES
COASTAL
EROSION
DEGRADATION
OF HABITAT
SEDIMENTATION
AIR POLLUTION
ISSUES IN
ESTUARIES AND
SEASHORES
ECOSYSTEM
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
CONCLUSION
Although the ecological design for estuaries and seashores success in at least
controlling the impact of the issues have been discussed, the human activities itself
need to be more monitored and controlled rather than being performed without
limitation.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION