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, which is
expected to facilitate cell attachment. The cytocompatibility was
evaluated using the extracts from the soaked scaffolds, and results
indicated that all samples tested were non-cytotoxic. The tubular
morphology (Fig. 14), together with degradability and conductivity
make this scaffold suitable for nerve tissue engineering
applications.
Moura and De Queiroz combined PANI and polyglycerol den-
drimers (PGLDs) to develop electrospun functionalized PANI
nanotubes [147]. PGLDs are hydrophilic and biocompatible, two
properties which are vital for the attachment and survival of cells
on a scaffold. The cytotoxicity was determined by exposing Chinese
hamster ovary cells to serially diluted extracts of PGLD-PANI
nanotubes, and the viability of the cells remained over 90% over
the entire range of extract concentrations tested (0e100%). More-
over, cardiomyocytes seeded on cast lm and electrospun nano-
tubes of PGLD-PANI were electrically stimulated (0e12 mV), which
resulted in the survival of a higher number of viable car-
diomyocytes on the PGLD-PANI bers compared to cast lms. In-
crease in the applied electrical potential promoted cellular survival
on both substrates.
To summarize, PANI oligomers have shown great promise for
use in biomedical applications. Despite their slight cytotoxicity in
the pure state, the ability to functionalize the oligomer chain with
biocompatible and hydrolyzable side segments has proven to be
an excellent way to develop electroactive yet biodegradable
materials.
Fig. 13. SEM images of aniline pentamer grafted gelatin (AP-g-GA) hydrogels in the porous state after lyophilization, pure gelatin (a), AP-g-GA with 10 (b), 20 (c), and 30 (d) wt. % of
aniline pentamer in reaction. Reproduced from Ref. [78] with permission from John Wiley and Sons.
Fig. 14. Macroscopic images of porous tubular scaffolds of (a) linear PCL, and (b) PCL/hyperbranched conducting polymer consisting of 9% aniline pentamer. Adapted from Ref. [146]
with permission from Elsevier.
T.H. Qazi et al. / Biomaterials 35 (2014) 9068e9086 9083
4. Concluding remarks and outlook
This review highlighted the benets of employing polyaniline,
a conducting polymer, as a biomaterial component exclusively for
tissue engineering applications. The many positive attributes of
polyaniline such as its biocompatibility, tunable conductivity,
processability, and antibacterial efcacy have resulted in an ever
increasing scientic interest in this material. The use of such
conducting polymers as polyaniline, in combination with external
electrical stimulation can result in control over cellular response
and improvement in cellular function. The elds of tissue engi-
neering and regenerative medicine, especially those of electrically
excitable tissues and organs, stand to gain immensely from
conductive scaffolds comprising materials such as polyaniline and
aniline oligomers. The combination of electrically conducting
polyaniline with a host of biodegradable polymers to form com-
posites or blends has not only paved the way for shaping these
composites into application relevant exible lms and multi-scale
bers, but has also resulted in materials possessing a range of
physical, chemical, and mechanical properties which can be
highly relevant for satisfying specic biomaterial needs. Recent
studies have spearheaded efforts to enhance the biocompatibility
of polyaniline by improving on the polymerization and purica-
tion steps. Even though polyaniline has been shown to be cyto-
compatible with numerous cell lines, more studies involving
in vivo transplantation of these conducting composites need to be
carried out to instill further condence in the biological and
clinical communities. Limited biodegradability has been identied
as one of the key issues hindering the application of polyaniline in
a biological environment such as the human body, but in recent
years the development of novel aniline oligomers and copolymers
has generated much hope and excitement. These materials are not
only electrically conductive and biocompatible, but can also be
chemically modied to become biodegradable. Polyaniline and its
copolymers have already opened up exciting new possibilities in
the areas of nerve, skeletal muscle, and cardiac tissue engineering,
and promise to become key biomaterial components in the repair
and regeneration of lost or damaged tissues in the future. The
authors hope that the present review article will generate further
interest and open new avenues for research and development in
this eld.
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