PIPING CODES

PIPING CODES
:Standard
Standard is the degree of excellence required.
Specification:
Specification is a detailed description of construction, workmanship,
materials, etc.
Code of practices :
Code of practices is recommended method of doing something.
Legislation :
Legislation is legal requirement, which is therefore mandatory, unlike a
standard, specification or code of practices.

PIPING CODES
Codes usually set forth minimum requirements for
Design ofpiping systems
Materials of piping systems
Fabrication of piping systems
Erection of piping systems
est of piping systems
Inspection of piping systems

PIPING CODES
Compliance to code is generally mandated by regulations
imposed by regulatory and enforcement agencies. At
times, the insurance carries for facility leaves hardly any
choice for the owner but to comply with the requirements
of a code or codes to ensure safety of the workers and
the general public. Compliance to standards is normally
required by the rules of the applicable code or the
purchasers specification.

PIPING CODES
!ach code has limits on its "urisdiction, which are
precisely defined in the code. Similarly, the scope of
application for each standard is defined in the standard.
#herefore, users must become familiar with limits of
application of a code or standard before invoking their
requirements in design and construction documents of a
piping system.

PIPING CODES
#he codes and standards, which relate to piping systems
and piping components, are published by various
organi$ations. #hese organi$ations have committees
made up of representatives from industry associations,
manufacturers, professional groups, government
agencies, insurance companies, and other interest
groups.

PIPING CODES
#he committees are responsible for maintaining,
updating, and revising the codes and standards in view of
technological developments, research, experience
feedback, problems, and changes in referenced codes,
standards, specifications, and regulations.
#he revisions to various codes and standards are
published periodically. #herefore, it is important that the
engineers, designers, and other professional and
technical personnel stay informed with the latest editions,
addenda, or revisions of the codes and standards
affecting their work.

PIPING CODES
%hile designing a piping system in accordance with a
code or a standard, the designer must comply with the
most restrictive requirements, which apply to any of the
piping elements.
&n regard to applicability of a particular edition, issue,
addenda, or revision of a code or standard, one must be
aware of the national, state provincial, and local laws and
regulations governing its applicability in addition to the
commitments made by the owner and the limitations
delineated in the code or standard.

PIPING CODES
!istory of pipeline codes:
'()* +eed for pressure piping code due to increased oil related
activity.
'(), -ro"ect ./' initiated at request of AS0!.
'(/* ./' published as American tentative standard code for
pressure piping.
'(*' After several revisions this became American standard ./'.'
with sectin / covering oil transportation pipelines.
'(** Separate codes developed and published as1
2./'.3 Liquid petroleum transportation piping.
2./'.4 5as transmission and distribution piping.

PIPING CODES
!istory of pipeline codes:
'(,/6( 0a"or revisions to ./'.4 based on research data.
'(78 .ritish standard C-)8'8 introduced. -art ) covered design
and construction of steel pipelines land6oil and gas pipelines.
'(78 &5! ,73A introduced6gas pipeline design code based on
fracture mechanics.
'(77 &5! #9:' introduced6a complete gas pipeline code including
revised design criteria.
'(43 &5! #9:' edition ) published allowing design pressures up to
'88 bar for land pipelines.

PIPING CODES
!istory of pipeline codes:
'(4, %ork commenced on .S 48'8 pipelines.
'(() -ublication of .S 48'8 pipelines part )6pipelines on land
section ).4 steel pipelines for oil and gas.
'((/ &5! #9:' edition / published introducing risk analysis and
condition monitoring.
'((/ -ublication of .S 48'8 pipelines part /6pipelines subsea.

PIPING CODES
De"elopment of pipeline codes:
Steel pipeline technology originally developed in the ;SA.
#he first codes were written by A+S&<AS0! as the ./' series for oil
and gas.
&5! ,73 was introduced in '(,* as a gas pipeline code for ;=, but
based on ./'.4 high level testing of gas pipelines following
construction introduced in ;SA and ;=.
;p to this time all codes were "ust a statement of >5ood -ractice>
mainly relating to construction and installation. ?ery little on design.
0a"or gas pipeline failures in ;SA during the '(,8>s and the failure at
@arm in the ;= directed attention to gas pipeline design criteria.

PIPING CODES
De"elopment of pipeline codes:

PIPING CODES
De"elopment of pipeline codes:
&5! ,73A was published in '(78 after the introduction of natural gas
and the existing standards were regarded as inadequate. -ipeline
routes were classified by areas A, S B # based on possible failure
consequences and maximum operating pressures were restricted to
'888, /*8 B '88 psig.
./'.4 also updated by introducing four area classifications ', ), / B 3.
' for Aural or 9esert Cones, Safety Dactor 8.7).
) for &nhabited Cones, Safety Dactor 8.,.
/ for ;rban Cones, Safety Dactor 8.*.
/ for ;rban Cones with multi floor buildings, Safety Dactor 8.3

PIPING CODES
De"elopment of pipeline codes:
Eigh level hydrostatic testing introduced as a requirement for the
periodic revalidation of gas pipelines in the ;=. #his has never been a
requirement in the ;SA under ./'.4.
&5! ,73. published in '(7' gave provisional recommendations for
sleeves FcasingsG. A >5ood -ractice> guide for construction to avoid
common operational problems.

PIPING CODES
De"elopment of pipeline codes:
&5! ,73C published in '(73 gave specific recommendations for
construction and testing of gas pipelines. #he test pressure was
related to the pipe S0@S not the design pressure or working pressure.

PIPING CODES
De"elopment of pipeline codes:
#$%&
'##&
Plastic
(S
Strain
S
t
r
e
s
s
)S
Elastic Fail*re
SM)S

PIPING CODES
De"elopment of pipeline codes:
%ork on fracture mechanics in high pressure pipelines continued in
;SA and ;=.
Hperating stress level in pipeline steel shown to be the important
parameter not pressure.
0aximum allowable stress levels for each area classification specified
in ./'.4 and the new edition ) of &5!<#9<'I but further divergence
occurs between the two codes.
Hn6line inspection replaces high level testing for pipeline revalidation
in #9<'I but no periodic revalidation required in ./'.4.

PIPING CODES
De"elopment of pipeline codes:
0ore work on fracture mechanics leads to better HL& defect assessment
criteria as well as risk assessment criteria for pipeline design. Aisk
assessment introduced in #9<' but not ./'.4.
+# ,# -# '## '.# '+# ',# '-#
-#
,#
.#
+#
mm
#$-%
#$/%
#$-#
#$0#
Proportion of 1all t2ic3ness
mm ,
Corroded area

PIPING CODES
De"elopment of pipeline codes:
.S48'8 introduced with the ob"ective of producing a standard, which
reflected the best international practice in the design of steel pipelines
for oil and gas. &5! <#9<' is incorporated in .S48'8 and the same
principles have been extended to other substances besides natural
gas.
.S48'8 is the foundation of the new !uropean pipeline code which is
currently being prepared.

PIPING CODES
42at are t2e 3ey differences
bet1een Oil5Li6*id Codes and
Gas Codes7

PIPING CODES
2e 3ey differences:
Hil B Liquid product lines 5as lines
+o account of population
9ensity along the route.
Account taken of population
density along the route.
+o proximity distances Drom
buildings.
-roximity distances in some
codes some codes but not
./'.4
0aximum design factor 7)J
S0@S.
0aximum design factor can be
as low as /8J S0@S.
Lower standard of &nspection.
Eigher standard of inspection.

PIPING CODES
2e 3ey differences:
A+S& : AS0! ./'.3 .S48'8
9esign factor calculated on
nominal wall thickness
tolerance.
9esign factor calculated on
minimum wall thickness
tolerance.
0inimum depth of cover /ft but
3ft for L-5 liquid and ammonia
lines.
0inimum depth of cover (88mm
for all substances.
Hther wise no distinction
between products.
-roducts : substances are
categori$ed some requiring
more stringent designs.
:8ey differences bet1een Oil codes

PIPING CODES
2e 3ey differences:
A+S& : AS0! ./'.3 .S48'8:&5! #9:'
9esign factor calculated on
nominal wall thickness
tolerance.
9esign factor calculated on
minimum wall thickness
tolerance.
0inimum depth of cover varies
with location and ground type.
0inimum depth of cover (88mm
for all substances in all
locations.
-opulation density is determined
by the number of buildings.
-opulation density is determined
by the number of persons.
:8ey differences bet1een Gas codes

PIPING CODES
2e 3ey differences:
A+S& : AS0! ./'.3 .S48'8:&5! #9:'
+o proximity distances Drom
buildings.
-roximity distances based on
heat radiation levels.
#est pressure based on
operating pressure or design
pressure.
#est pressure based on S0@S
ie the material properties not
pressure.
Allocation of design factor based
on scaling between min. of 8.3
and max. of 8.4
Allocation of design factor based
on fracture mechanics min. 8./
to max. 8.7) F can be higher if
risk analysis show it is safeG.
:8ey differences bet1een Gas codes

PIPING CODES
2e 3ey differences:
A+S& : AS0! ./'.3 .S48'8:&5! #9:'
-rescriptive6on risk analysis.
Aisk analysis based code.
:8ey differences bet1een Gas codes

PIPING CODES
2e 3ey differences:
A0!A&CA !;AH-!
National
E*ropean
:Primary standards
A+S&
!+
Professional
National
A-
.S
AS0!
9&+
AS#0
etc.
+AC!
Professional
&5!
&-
etc.

PIPING CODES
2e 3ey differences:
:Foreign codes and standards
#he basic principles of piping design and construction may not differ
much from one country to another, but the requirements of country
specific codes and standards may very substantially. #herefore, the
personnel involved in the engineering design, construction, operation,
and maintenance of piping systems must make sure that the
requirements of applicable cods and standards are complied with to
ensure the safety of the general public and workers associated with
the facility.
#he user is advised to verify the latest applicable version < edition of
the code and < or standard before invoking their requirements for any
application.

PIPING CODES
2e 3ey differences:
:9ele"ant acti"ities
10aterials
.Specification of materials
.0anufacture of materials
#esting of materials.
1-ipeline design and construction
.-lanning B routing
.0echanical design
Corrosion control.
-ipeline construction.
#esting B Certification.

PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
#he following codes are used for the design, construction and
inspection of piping systems in +orth America.
:SME
#he AS0! ./' -iping Codes1
B31.1 Power Piping
-iping typically found in electric power generating stations, in
industrial and institutional plants, geothermal heating systems
and central and district heating and cooling plants.
B31.3 Process Piping
-iping typically found in petroleum refineries, chemical,
pharmaceutical, textile, per, semiconductor and cryogenic
plants and related processing plants and terminals.

PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
#he following codes are used for the design, construction and
inspection of piping systems in +orth America.
:SME
#he AS0! ./' -iping Codes1
B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and
t!er Liquids
-iping transporting products which are predominately quid
between plants and terminals and within terminals, pumping,
regulating, and metering stations.
B31." #efrigeration Piping
-iping for refrigerants and secondary coolants.

PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
#he following codes are used for the design, construction and
inspection of piping systems in +orth America.
:SME
#he AS0! ./' -iping Codes1
B31.$ %as Transportation and &istribution Piping Systems
-iping transporting products which are predominately gas
between sources and terminals including compressor,
regulating and metering stations, gas gathering pipelines.

PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
#he following codes are used for the design, construction and
inspection of piping systems in +orth America.
:SME
#he AS0! ./' -iping Codes1
B31.11 Slurry Transportation Piping Systems
-iping transporting aqueous slurries between plants and
terminals within terminals, pumping and regulating stations.
B31.' Building Ser(ices Piping
-iping typically found in industrial, institutional, commercial and
public buildings and in multi6unit residences which does not
require the range of si$es, pressures and temperatures
covered in ./''.'

PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
AS0! .', 9imensional Codes
#he AS0! .', -iping Component Standards1
-iping component standard developed by the American Society of
0echanical !ngineers or the American +ational Standards &nstitute
FA+S&G
AS0! ./, -iping Component Standards1
./,.'8 %elded and Seamless %rought Steel -ipe.
./,.'( Stainless Steel -ipe.

PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
Hther AS0! or A+S&1
.7/.' Eori$ontal, !nd Suction Centrifugal -umps.
NEP: Codes
+ational !lectrical -rotection Association
-iping covering fire protection systems using water, Carbon dioxide,
Ealon, Doam, 9ry chemical and wet chemicals.
.7/.) ?ertical &n6line Centrifugal -umps
.'//.) .asic 5as #urbine

PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
NFC ; NFP: Codes
+ational Dire Code < +ational Dire -rotection Association.
MSS Standard Practices
-iping and related component standards developed by the
0anufacturers Standardi$ation Society. #he 0SS standards are
directed at general industrial applications. #he pipeline industry
makes extensive use of these piping component and quality
acceptance standards.
+D-A (( Eealth Care Dacilities
-iping for medical and laboratory gas systems.

PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
:PI
#he A-& standards are focused on oil production, refinery and product
distribution services. !quipment specified to these standards are
typically more robust than general industrial applications.
:SM
#here are numerous American Society for #esting and 0aterials
designations cover the specification of wrought materials, forgings and
castings used for plate, fittings, pipe and valves. #he AS#0 standards
are directed to dimensional standards, materials and strength
considerations.

PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
Introd*ction to <S -#'#
Part .$- Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas
42y 1as a ne1 code
needed7

PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
Introd*ction to <S -#'#; Part .$- Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas
+ot really needed for oil pipelines.
Significant differences existed between the existing .S )8'8 and &5!<'
for 0ethane.
Serious anomalies existed in all codes over the treatment of
substances such as !thylene, L-5, Eydrogen and Ammonia.

PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
Introd*ction to <S -#'#; Part .$- Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas
E=ample:
L-5 and Ammonia pipelines were usually designed to A+S&<AS0!
./'.3 even though the Ea$ards resulting from them are more serious
than for 0ethaneI whereas 0ethane pipelines were designed to the
more stringent ./'.4 or #9<'.
L-5 pipeline incidents in the ;SA represented only about ',J of the
accidents but resulted in around (8J of the Datalities

PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
Introd*ction to <S -#'#; Part .$- Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas
Ob>ecti"es of Part .$-
&t should reflect the current best practice.
&t should combine Hil, 5as, Chemicals and K5ases from Air in one self
consistent code.
&t should have a logical basis for relating the standard of design to the
level of Ea$ard in the event of an accident..
&t should combine the best practices of the 5as, Chemicals and K5ases
from Air industries with the best aspects of existing international
codes.

PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
Introd*ction to <S -#'#; Part .$- Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas
&t should be simple and workable.
&t should not be a design manual.
Ob>ecti"es of Part .$-

PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
Introd*ction to <S -#'#; Part .$- Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas
Part .$- 8ey ec2nical :rea
)ategorisation of substances.
)lassification of location*
Selection of design factor.
-roximity to occupied buildings.
-opulation density.

PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
Introd*ction to <S -#'#; Part .$- Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas
Part .$- Categorisation of S*bstances
A
.
%ater based substances
.S48'8 -art ).)
Dlammable or #oxic liquids at S#-
Hil
Hil products
#oxic liquids
C
+on Dlammable gases at S#-
Air ' Argon )
/ Carbon dioxide 3 +itrogen
* Hxygen

9
Dlammable or #oxic gases at S#-
but conveyed as liquids or gases
Ammonia '
.utane<-ropane<L-5 )
/ Chlorine 3 !thane * !thylene
, Eydrogen 7 0ethane

PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
Introd*ction to <S -#'#; Part .$- Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas
Part .$- Classification of Location
Class ' location
-opulation 9ensity L ).* -ersons <Eectare
Class ) location
.-opulation 9ensity M ).* -ersons <Eectare
.!xtensive developments with Eouses, Schools and Shops
Class / location
Central areas of #owns and Cities with Eigh population and
.building density, multi6story buildings and dense traffic

PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
Introd*ction to <S -#'#; Part .$- Pipelines in Steel for Oil and Gas
Part .$- Design Factor
9efinition
.0ax. Allowable Stress<Specified 0in. @ield Stress
Selection
.Substance category
.Location classification
Consistent approach

PIPING CODES
Codes and Standards:
Problem Set:
'. Are process plant water lines considered pressure piping
systemsN
'. Dor what fluid service category may a hydrotest be waived per
./'./N
'. %hat is the difference between a pipe elbow and a bendN
'. A pro"ect award has been made. At the kick off meeting, the -0
advises that piping design will be to ./'.3. #he facility is steam
piping in a refinery extending from the boiler to the tank farm. %hat
do you do or say and whyN
'. %hat flange specification would you expect to reference for a gas
pipeline facilityN