The Drude

Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
The Drude Model
Peter Hertel
University of Osnabr uck, Germany
Lecture presented at APS, Nankai University, China
http://www.home.uni-osnabrueck.de/phertel
October/November 2011
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Paul Drude, German physicist, 1863-1906
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Overview
The Drude model links optical and electric properties of a
material with the behavior of its electrons or holes
The model
Dielectric permittivity
Permittivity of metals
Conductivity
Faraday eect
Hall eect
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Overview
The Drude model links optical and electric properties of a
material with the behavior of its electrons or holes
The model
Dielectric permittivity
Permittivity of metals
Conductivity
Faraday eect
Hall eect
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Overview
The Drude model links optical and electric properties of a
material with the behavior of its electrons or holes
The model
Dielectric permittivity
Permittivity of metals
Conductivity
Faraday eect
Hall eect
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Overview
The Drude model links optical and electric properties of a
material with the behavior of its electrons or holes
The model
Dielectric permittivity
Permittivity of metals
Conductivity
Faraday eect
Hall eect
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Overview
The Drude model links optical and electric properties of a
material with the behavior of its electrons or holes
The model
Dielectric permittivity
Permittivity of metals
Conductivity
Faraday eect
Hall eect
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Overview
The Drude model links optical and electric properties of a
material with the behavior of its electrons or holes
The model
Dielectric permittivity
Permittivity of metals
Conductivity
Faraday eect
Hall eect
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Overview
The Drude model links optical and electric properties of a
material with the behavior of its electrons or holes
The model
Dielectric permittivity
Permittivity of metals
Conductivity
Faraday eect
Hall eect
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Overview
The Drude model links optical and electric properties of a
material with the behavior of its electrons or holes
The model
Dielectric permittivity
Permittivity of metals
Conductivity
Faraday eect
Hall eect
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Model
consider a typical electron
denote by x = x(t) the deviation from its equilibrium
position
external electric eld strength E = E(t)
m( x + x +
2
x) = qE
electron mass m, charge q, friction coecient m, spring
constant m
2
Fourier transform this
m(
2
i +
2
) x = q

E
solution is
x() =
q
m

E()

2
i
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Model
consider a typical electron
denote by x = x(t) the deviation from its equilibrium
position
external electric eld strength E = E(t)
m( x + x +
2
x) = qE
electron mass m, charge q, friction coecient m, spring
constant m
2
Fourier transform this
m(
2
i +
2
) x = q

E
solution is
x() =
q
m

E()

2
i
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Model
consider a typical electron
denote by x = x(t) the deviation from its equilibrium
position
external electric eld strength E = E(t)
m( x + x +
2
x) = qE
electron mass m, charge q, friction coecient m, spring
constant m
2
Fourier transform this
m(
2
i +
2
) x = q

E
solution is
x() =
q
m

E()

2
i
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Model
consider a typical electron
denote by x = x(t) the deviation from its equilibrium
position
external electric eld strength E = E(t)
m( x + x +
2
x) = qE
electron mass m, charge q, friction coecient m, spring
constant m
2
Fourier transform this
m(
2
i +
2
) x = q

E
solution is
x() =
q
m

E()

2
i
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Model
consider a typical electron
denote by x = x(t) the deviation from its equilibrium
position
external electric eld strength E = E(t)
m( x + x +
2
x) = qE
electron mass m, charge q, friction coecient m, spring
constant m
2
Fourier transform this
m(
2
i +
2
) x = q

E
solution is
x() =
q
m

E()

2
i
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Model
consider a typical electron
denote by x = x(t) the deviation from its equilibrium
position
external electric eld strength E = E(t)
m( x + x +
2
x) = qE
electron mass m, charge q, friction coecient m, spring
constant m
2
Fourier transform this
m(
2
i +
2
) x = q

E
solution is
x() =
q
m

E()

2
i
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Model
consider a typical electron
denote by x = x(t) the deviation from its equilibrium
position
external electric eld strength E = E(t)
m( x + x +
2
x) = qE
electron mass m, charge q, friction coecient m, spring
constant m
2
Fourier transform this
m(
2
i +
2
) x = q

E
solution is
x() =
q
m

E()

2
i
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Model
consider a typical electron
denote by x = x(t) the deviation from its equilibrium
position
external electric eld strength E = E(t)
m( x + x +
2
x) = qE
electron mass m, charge q, friction coecient m, spring
constant m
2
Fourier transform this
m(
2
i +
2
) x = q

E
solution is
x() =
q
m

E()

2
i
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Model
consider a typical electron
denote by x = x(t) the deviation from its equilibrium
position
external electric eld strength E = E(t)
m( x + x +
2
x) = qE
electron mass m, charge q, friction coecient m, spring
constant m
2
Fourier transform this
m(
2
i +
2
) x = q

E
solution is
x() =
q
m

E()

2
i
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Polarization
dipole moment of typical electron is p = q x
recall
x() =
q
m

E()

2
i
there are N typical electrons per unit volume
polarization is

P = Nq x =
0

E
susceptibility is
() =
Nq
2

0
m
1

2
i
in particular
(0) =
Nq
2

0
m
2
> 0
. . . as it should be
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Polarization
dipole moment of typical electron is p = q x
recall
x() =
q
m

E()

2
i
there are N typical electrons per unit volume
polarization is

P = Nq x =
0

E
susceptibility is
() =
Nq
2

0
m
1

2
i
in particular
(0) =
Nq
2

0
m
2
> 0
. . . as it should be
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Polarization
dipole moment of typical electron is p = q x
recall
x() =
q
m

E()

2
i
there are N typical electrons per unit volume
polarization is

P = Nq x =
0

E
susceptibility is
() =
Nq
2

0
m
1

2
i
in particular
(0) =
Nq
2

0
m
2
> 0
. . . as it should be
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Polarization
dipole moment of typical electron is p = q x
recall
x() =
q
m

E()

2
i
there are N typical electrons per unit volume
polarization is

P = Nq x =
0

E
susceptibility is
() =
Nq
2

0
m
1

2
i
in particular
(0) =
Nq
2

0
m
2
> 0
. . . as it should be
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Polarization
dipole moment of typical electron is p = q x
recall
x() =
q
m

E()

2
i
there are N typical electrons per unit volume
polarization is

P = Nq x =
0

E
susceptibility is
() =
Nq
2

0
m
1

2
i
in particular
(0) =
Nq
2

0
m
2
> 0
. . . as it should be
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Polarization
dipole moment of typical electron is p = q x
recall
x() =
q
m

E()

2
i
there are N typical electrons per unit volume
polarization is

P = Nq x =
0

E
susceptibility is
() =
Nq
2

0
m
1

2
i
in particular
(0) =
Nq
2

0
m
2
> 0
. . . as it should be
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Polarization
dipole moment of typical electron is p = q x
recall
x() =
q
m

E()

2
i
there are N typical electrons per unit volume
polarization is

P = Nq x =
0

E
susceptibility is
() =
Nq
2

0
m
1

2
i
in particular
(0) =
Nq
2

0
m
2
> 0
. . . as it should be
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Polarization
dipole moment of typical electron is p = q x
recall
x() =
q
m

E()

2
i
there are N typical electrons per unit volume
polarization is

P = Nq x =
0

E
susceptibility is
() =
Nq
2

0
m
1

2
i
in particular
(0) =
Nq
2

0
m
2
> 0
. . . as it should be
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Discussion I
decompose susceptibility () =

() + i

() into
refractive part

and absorptive part

Introduce R() = ()/(0), s = / and = / as

normalized quantities.
refraction
R

(s) =
1 s
2
(1 s
2
)
2
+
2
s
2
absorption
D

(s) =
s
(1 s
2
)
2
+
2
s
2
limiting cases: s = 0, s = 1, s , small
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Discussion I
decompose susceptibility () =

() + i

() into
refractive part

and absorptive part

Introduce R() = ()/(0), s = / and = / as

normalized quantities.
refraction
R

(s) =
1 s
2
(1 s
2
)
2
+
2
s
2
absorption
D

(s) =
s
(1 s
2
)
2
+
2
s
2
limiting cases: s = 0, s = 1, s , small
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Discussion I
decompose susceptibility () =

() + i

() into
refractive part

and absorptive part

Introduce R() = ()/(0), s = / and = / as

normalized quantities.
refraction
R

(s) =
1 s
2
(1 s
2
)
2
+
2
s
2
absorption
D

(s) =
s
(1 s
2
)
2
+
2
s
2
limiting cases: s = 0, s = 1, s , small
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Discussion I
decompose susceptibility () =

() + i

() into
refractive part

and absorptive part

Introduce R() = ()/(0), s = / and = / as

normalized quantities.
refraction
R

(s) =
1 s
2
(1 s
2
)
2
+
2
s
2
absorption
D

(s) =
s
(1 s
2
)
2
+
2
s
2
limiting cases: s = 0, s = 1, s , small
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Discussion I
decompose susceptibility () =

() + i

() into
refractive part

and absorptive part

Introduce R() = ()/(0), s = / and = / as

normalized quantities.
refraction
R

(s) =
1 s
2
(1 s
2
)
2
+
2
s
2
absorption
D

(s) =
s
(1 s
2
)
2
+
2
s
2
limiting cases: s = 0, s = 1, s , small
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Discussion I
decompose susceptibility () =

() + i

() into
refractive part

and absorptive part

Introduce R() = ()/(0), s = / and = / as

normalized quantities.
refraction
R

(s) =
1 s
2
(1 s
2
)
2
+
2
s
2
absorption
D

(s) =
s
(1 s
2
)
2
+
2
s
2
limiting cases: s = 0, s = 1, s , small
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
5
0
5
10
Refractive part (blue) and absorptive part (red) of the
susceptibility function () scaled by the static value (0).
The abscissa is /. / = 0.1
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Discussion II
For small frequencies (as compared with ) the
susceptibility is practically real.
This is the realm of classical optics
/ is positive normal dispersion
In the vicinity of = absorption is large. Negative
dispersion / is accompanied by strong absorption.
For very large frequencies again absorption is negligible,
and the susceptibility is negative with normal dispersion.
This applies to X rays.
() = 0 is required by rst principles . . .
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Discussion II
For small frequencies (as compared with ) the
susceptibility is practically real.
This is the realm of classical optics
/ is positive normal dispersion
In the vicinity of = absorption is large. Negative
dispersion / is accompanied by strong absorption.
For very large frequencies again absorption is negligible,
and the susceptibility is negative with normal dispersion.
This applies to X rays.
() = 0 is required by rst principles . . .
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Discussion II
For small frequencies (as compared with ) the
susceptibility is practically real.
This is the realm of classical optics
/ is positive normal dispersion
In the vicinity of = absorption is large. Negative
dispersion / is accompanied by strong absorption.
For very large frequencies again absorption is negligible,
and the susceptibility is negative with normal dispersion.
This applies to X rays.
() = 0 is required by rst principles . . .
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Discussion II
For small frequencies (as compared with ) the
susceptibility is practically real.
This is the realm of classical optics
/ is positive normal dispersion
In the vicinity of = absorption is large. Negative
dispersion / is accompanied by strong absorption.
For very large frequencies again absorption is negligible,
and the susceptibility is negative with normal dispersion.
This applies to X rays.
() = 0 is required by rst principles . . .
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Discussion II
For small frequencies (as compared with ) the
susceptibility is practically real.
This is the realm of classical optics
/ is positive normal dispersion
In the vicinity of = absorption is large. Negative
dispersion / is accompanied by strong absorption.
For very large frequencies again absorption is negligible,
and the susceptibility is negative with normal dispersion.
This applies to X rays.
() = 0 is required by rst principles . . .
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Discussion II
For small frequencies (as compared with ) the
susceptibility is practically real.
This is the realm of classical optics
/ is positive normal dispersion
In the vicinity of = absorption is large. Negative
dispersion / is accompanied by strong absorption.
For very large frequencies again absorption is negligible,
and the susceptibility is negative with normal dispersion.
This applies to X rays.
() = 0 is required by rst principles . . .
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Discussion II
For small frequencies (as compared with ) the
susceptibility is practically real.
This is the realm of classical optics
/ is positive normal dispersion
In the vicinity of = absorption is large. Negative
dispersion / is accompanied by strong absorption.
For very large frequencies again absorption is negligible,
and the susceptibility is negative with normal dispersion.
This applies to X rays.
() = 0 is required by rst principles . . .
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Kramers-Kronig relation I
() must be the Fourier transform of a causal response
function G = G()
as dened in
P(t) =
0

dG()E(t )
check this for
G() = a

d
2
e
i

2
i
poles at

1,2
=
i
2
where = +

2
/4
Indeed, G() = 0 for < 0
for > 0
G() =
Nq
2

0
m
sin

e
/2
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Kramers-Kronig relation I
() must be the Fourier transform of a causal response
function G = G()
as dened in
P(t) =
0

dG()E(t )
check this for
G() = a

d
2
e
i

2
i
poles at

1,2
=
i
2
where = +

2
/4
Indeed, G() = 0 for < 0
for > 0
G() =
Nq
2

0
m
sin

e
/2
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Kramers-Kronig relation I
() must be the Fourier transform of a causal response
function G = G()
as dened in
P(t) =
0

dG()E(t )
check this for
G() = a

d
2
e
i

2
i
poles at

1,2
=
i
2
where = +

2
/4
Indeed, G() = 0 for < 0
for > 0
G() =
Nq
2

0
m
sin

e
/2
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Kramers-Kronig relation I
() must be the Fourier transform of a causal response
function G = G()
as dened in
P(t) =
0

dG()E(t )
check this for
G() = a

d
2
e
i

2
i
poles at

1,2
=
i
2
where = +

2
/4
Indeed, G() = 0 for < 0
for > 0
G() =
Nq
2

0
m
sin

e
/2
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Kramers-Kronig relation I
() must be the Fourier transform of a causal response
function G = G()
as dened in
P(t) =
0

dG()E(t )
check this for
G() = a

d
2
e
i

2
i
poles at

1,2
=
i
2
where = +

2
/4
Indeed, G() = 0 for < 0
for > 0
G() =
Nq
2

0
m
sin

e
/2
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Kramers-Kronig relation I
() must be the Fourier transform of a causal response
function G = G()
as dened in
P(t) =
0

dG()E(t )
check this for
G() = a

d
2
e
i

2
i
poles at

1,2
=
i
2
where = +

2
/4
Indeed, G() = 0 for < 0
for > 0
G() =
Nq
2

0
m
sin

e
/2
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Kramers-Kronig relation I
() must be the Fourier transform of a causal response
function G = G()
as dened in
P(t) =
0

dG()E(t )
check this for
G() = a

d
2
e
i

2
i
poles at

1,2
=
i
2
where = +

2
/4
Indeed, G() = 0 for < 0
for > 0
G() =
Nq
2

0
m
sin

e
/2
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Kramers-Kronig relation II
causal response function: G() = ()G()
apply the convolution theorem
() =

du
2
(u)

( u)
Fourier transform of Heaviside function is

() = lim
0<0
1
i
dispersion , or Kramers-Kronig relations

() = 2Pr

du

(u)
u
2

() = 2Pr

du

(u)

2
u
2
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Kramers-Kronig relation II
causal response function: G() = ()G()
apply the convolution theorem
() =

du
2
(u)

( u)
Fourier transform of Heaviside function is

() = lim
0<0
1
i
dispersion , or Kramers-Kronig relations

() = 2Pr

du

(u)
u
2

() = 2Pr

du

(u)

2
u
2
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Kramers-Kronig relation II
causal response function: G() = ()G()
apply the convolution theorem
() =

du
2
(u)

( u)
Fourier transform of Heaviside function is

() = lim
0<0
1
i
dispersion , or Kramers-Kronig relations

() = 2Pr

du

(u)
u
2

() = 2Pr

du

(u)

2
u
2
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Kramers-Kronig relation II
causal response function: G() = ()G()
apply the convolution theorem
() =

du
2
(u)

( u)
Fourier transform of Heaviside function is

() = lim
0<0
1
i
dispersion , or Kramers-Kronig relations

() = 2Pr

du

(u)
u
2

() = 2Pr

du

(u)

2
u
2
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Kramers-Kronig relation II
causal response function: G() = ()G()
apply the convolution theorem
() =

du
2
(u)

( u)
Fourier transform of Heaviside function is

() = lim
0<0
1
i
dispersion , or Kramers-Kronig relations

() = 2Pr

du

(u)
u
2

() = 2Pr

du

(u)

2
u
2
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Kramers-Kronig relation II
causal response function: G() = ()G()
apply the convolution theorem
() =

du
2
(u)

( u)
Fourier transform of Heaviside function is

() = lim
0<0
1
i
dispersion , or Kramers-Kronig relations

() = 2Pr

du

(u)
u
2

() = 2Pr

du

(u)

2
u
2
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Kramers-Kronig relation II
causal response function: G() = ()G()
apply the convolution theorem
() =

du
2
(u)

( u)
Fourier transform of Heaviside function is

() = lim
0<0
1
i
dispersion , or Kramers-Kronig relations

() = 2Pr

du

(u)
u
2

() = 2Pr

du

(u)

2
u
2
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Dispersion of white light
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Free quasi-electrons
consider a typical conduction band electron
it behaves as a free quasi-particle
recall m( x + x +
2
x) = qE
spring constant m
2
vanishes
m is eective mass
therefore
() = 1

2
p

2
+ i
plasma frequency
p

2
p
=
Nq
2

0
m
correction for
p
() =

2
p

2
+ i
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Free quasi-electrons
consider a typical conduction band electron
it behaves as a free quasi-particle
recall m( x + x +
2
x) = qE
spring constant m
2
vanishes
m is eective mass
therefore
() = 1

2
p

2
+ i
plasma frequency
p

2
p
=
Nq
2

0
m
correction for
p
() =

2
p

2
+ i
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Free quasi-electrons
consider a typical conduction band electron
it behaves as a free quasi-particle
recall m( x + x +
2
x) = qE
spring constant m
2
vanishes
m is eective mass
therefore
() = 1

2
p

2
+ i
plasma frequency
p

2
p
=
Nq
2

0
m
correction for
p
() =

2
p

2
+ i
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Free quasi-electrons
consider a typical conduction band electron
it behaves as a free quasi-particle
recall m( x + x +
2
x) = qE
spring constant m
2
vanishes
m is eective mass
therefore
() = 1

2
p

2
+ i
plasma frequency
p

2
p
=
Nq
2

0
m
correction for
p
() =

2
p

2
+ i
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Free quasi-electrons
consider a typical conduction band electron
it behaves as a free quasi-particle
recall m( x + x +
2
x) = qE
spring constant m
2
vanishes
m is eective mass
therefore
() = 1

2
p

2
+ i
plasma frequency
p

2
p
=
Nq
2

0
m
correction for
p
() =

2
p

2
+ i
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Free quasi-electrons
consider a typical conduction band electron
it behaves as a free quasi-particle
recall m( x + x +
2
x) = qE
spring constant m
2
vanishes
m is eective mass
therefore
() = 1

2
p

2
+ i
plasma frequency
p

2
p
=
Nq
2

0
m
correction for
p
() =

2
p

2
+ i
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Free quasi-electrons
consider a typical conduction band electron
it behaves as a free quasi-particle
recall m( x + x +
2
x) = qE
spring constant m
2
vanishes
m is eective mass
therefore
() = 1

2
p

2
+ i
plasma frequency
p

2
p
=
Nq
2

0
m
correction for
p
() =

2
p

2
+ i
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Free quasi-electrons
consider a typical conduction band electron
it behaves as a free quasi-particle
recall m( x + x +
2
x) = qE
spring constant m
2
vanishes
m is eective mass
therefore
() = 1

2
p

2
+ i
plasma frequency
p

2
p
=
Nq
2

0
m
correction for
p
() =

2
p

2
+ i
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Free quasi-electrons
consider a typical conduction band electron
it behaves as a free quasi-particle
recall m( x + x +
2
x) = qE
spring constant m
2
vanishes
m is eective mass
therefore
() = 1

2
p

2
+ i
plasma frequency
p

2
p
=
Nq
2

0
m
correction for
p
() =

2
p

2
+ i
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Example: gold
Drude model parameters for gold
as determined by Johnson and Christy in 1972

= 9.5

p
= 8.95 eV
= 0.069 eV
with these parameters the Drude model ts optical
measurements well for < 2.25 eV (green)
The refractive part of the permittivity can be large and
negative while the absorptive part is small.
This allows surface plasmon polaritons (SPP)
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Example: gold
Drude model parameters for gold
as determined by Johnson and Christy in 1972

= 9.5

p
= 8.95 eV
= 0.069 eV
with these parameters the Drude model ts optical
measurements well for < 2.25 eV (green)
The refractive part of the permittivity can be large and
negative while the absorptive part is small.
This allows surface plasmon polaritons (SPP)
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Example: gold
Drude model parameters for gold
as determined by Johnson and Christy in 1972

= 9.5

p
= 8.95 eV
= 0.069 eV
with these parameters the Drude model ts optical
measurements well for < 2.25 eV (green)
The refractive part of the permittivity can be large and
negative while the absorptive part is small.
This allows surface plasmon polaritons (SPP)
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Example: gold
Drude model parameters for gold
as determined by Johnson and Christy in 1972

= 9.5

p
= 8.95 eV
= 0.069 eV
with these parameters the Drude model ts optical
measurements well for < 2.25 eV (green)
The refractive part of the permittivity can be large and
negative while the absorptive part is small.
This allows surface plasmon polaritons (SPP)
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Example: gold
Drude model parameters for gold
as determined by Johnson and Christy in 1972

= 9.5

p
= 8.95 eV
= 0.069 eV
with these parameters the Drude model ts optical
measurements well for < 2.25 eV (green)
The refractive part of the permittivity can be large and
negative while the absorptive part is small.
This allows surface plasmon polaritons (SPP)
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Example: gold
Drude model parameters for gold
as determined by Johnson and Christy in 1972

= 9.5

p
= 8.95 eV
= 0.069 eV
with these parameters the Drude model ts optical
measurements well for < 2.25 eV (green)
The refractive part of the permittivity can be large and
negative while the absorptive part is small.
This allows surface plasmon polaritons (SPP)
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Example: gold
Drude model parameters for gold
as determined by Johnson and Christy in 1972

= 9.5

p
= 8.95 eV
= 0.069 eV
with these parameters the Drude model ts optical
measurements well for < 2.25 eV (green)
The refractive part of the permittivity can be large and
negative while the absorptive part is small.
This allows surface plasmon polaritons (SPP)
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Example: gold
Drude model parameters for gold
as determined by Johnson and Christy in 1972

= 9.5

p
= 8.95 eV
= 0.069 eV
with these parameters the Drude model ts optical
measurements well for < 2.25 eV (green)
The refractive part of the permittivity can be large and
negative while the absorptive part is small.
This allows surface plasmon polaritons (SPP)
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Example: gold
Drude model parameters for gold
as determined by Johnson and Christy in 1972

= 9.5

p
= 8.95 eV
= 0.069 eV
with these parameters the Drude model ts optical
measurements well for < 2.25 eV (green)
The refractive part of the permittivity can be large and
negative while the absorptive part is small.
This allows surface plasmon polaritons (SPP)
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
1 1.5 2 2.5 3
80
60
40
20
0
20
Refractive (blue) and absorptive part (red) of the permittivity
function for gold. The abscissa is in eV.
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Electrical conductivity
consider a typical charged particle
recall m( x + x +
2
x) = qE
electric current density J = Nq x
Fourier transformed:

J = Nq(i) x
recall
x() =
q
m

E()

2
i
Ohms law

J() = ()

E()
conductivity is
() =
Nq
2
m
i

2
i
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Electrical conductivity
consider a typical charged particle
recall m( x + x +
2
x) = qE
electric current density J = Nq x
Fourier transformed:

J = Nq(i) x
recall
x() =
q
m

E()

2
i
Ohms law

J() = ()

E()
conductivity is
() =
Nq
2
m
i

2
i
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Electrical conductivity
consider a typical charged particle
recall m( x + x +
2
x) = qE
electric current density J = Nq x
Fourier transformed:

J = Nq(i) x
recall
x() =
q
m

E()

2
i
Ohms law

J() = ()

E()
conductivity is
() =
Nq
2
m
i

2
i
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Electrical conductivity
consider a typical charged particle
recall m( x + x +
2
x) = qE
electric current density J = Nq x
Fourier transformed:

J = Nq(i) x
recall
x() =
q
m

E()

2
i
Ohms law

J() = ()

E()
conductivity is
() =
Nq
2
m
i

2
i
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Electrical conductivity
consider a typical charged particle
recall m( x + x +
2
x) = qE
electric current density J = Nq x
Fourier transformed:

J = Nq(i) x
recall
x() =
q
m

E()

2
i
Ohms law

J() = ()

E()
conductivity is
() =
Nq
2
m
i

2
i
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Electrical conductivity
consider a typical charged particle
recall m( x + x +
2
x) = qE
electric current density J = Nq x
Fourier transformed:

J = Nq(i) x
recall
x() =
q
m

E()

2
i
Ohms law

J() = ()

E()
conductivity is
() =
Nq
2
m
i

2
i
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Electrical conductivity
consider a typical charged particle
recall m( x + x +
2
x) = qE
electric current density J = Nq x
Fourier transformed:

J = Nq(i) x
recall
x() =
q
m

E()

2
i
Ohms law

J() = ()

E()
conductivity is
() =
Nq
2
m
i

2
i
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Electrical conductivity
consider a typical charged particle
recall m( x + x +
2
x) = qE
electric current density J = Nq x
Fourier transformed:

J = Nq(i) x
recall
x() =
q
m

E()

2
i
Ohms law

J() = ()

E()
conductivity is
() =
Nq
2
m
i

2
i
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Electrical conductors
A material with (0) = 0 is an electrical insulator . It
cannot transport direct currents (DC).
A material with (0) > 0 is an electrical conductor .
Charged particles must be free, = 0.
which means
() =
Nq
2
m
1
i
or
()
(0)
=
1
1 i/
Note that the DC conductivity is always positive .
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Electrical conductors
A material with (0) = 0 is an electrical insulator . It
cannot transport direct currents (DC).
A material with (0) > 0 is an electrical conductor .
Charged particles must be free, = 0.
which means
() =
Nq
2
m
1
i
or
()
(0)
=
1
1 i/
Note that the DC conductivity is always positive .
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Electrical conductors
A material with (0) = 0 is an electrical insulator . It
cannot transport direct currents (DC).
A material with (0) > 0 is an electrical conductor .
Charged particles must be free, = 0.
which means
() =
Nq
2
m
1
i
or
()
(0)
=
1
1 i/
Note that the DC conductivity is always positive .
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Electrical conductors
A material with (0) = 0 is an electrical insulator . It
cannot transport direct currents (DC).
A material with (0) > 0 is an electrical conductor .
Charged particles must be free, = 0.
which means
() =
Nq
2
m
1
i
or
()
(0)
=
1
1 i/
Note that the DC conductivity is always positive .
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Electrical conductors
A material with (0) = 0 is an electrical insulator . It
cannot transport direct currents (DC).
A material with (0) > 0 is an electrical conductor .
Charged particles must be free, = 0.
which means
() =
Nq
2
m
1
i
or
()
(0)
=
1
1 i/
Note that the DC conductivity is always positive .
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Electrical conductors
A material with (0) = 0 is an electrical insulator . It
cannot transport direct currents (DC).
A material with (0) > 0 is an electrical conductor .
Charged particles must be free, = 0.
which means
() =
Nq
2
m
1
i
or
()
(0)
=
1
1 i/
Note that the DC conductivity is always positive .
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Electrical conductors
A material with (0) = 0 is an electrical insulator . It
cannot transport direct currents (DC).
A material with (0) > 0 is an electrical conductor .
Charged particles must be free, = 0.
which means
() =
Nq
2
m
1
i
or
()
(0)
=
1
1 i/
Note that the DC conductivity is always positive .
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Georg Simon Ohm, German physicist, 1789-1854
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
External static magnetic eld
apply a quasi-static external induction B
the typical electron obeys
m( x + x +
2
x) = q(E + x B)
Fourier transform this
m(
2
i +
2
) x = q(

E i x B)
assume B = B e
z
assume circularly polarized light

E =

E

where e

= ( e
x
+ i e
y
)/

2
try x = x

note e

e
z
= i e

therefore
m(
2
i +
2
) x

= q(

E

B x

)
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
External static magnetic eld
apply a quasi-static external induction B
the typical electron obeys
m( x + x +
2
x) = q(E + x B)
Fourier transform this
m(
2
i +
2
) x = q(

E i x B)
assume B = B e
z
assume circularly polarized light

E =

E

where e

= ( e
x
+ i e
y
)/

2
try x = x

note e

e
z
= i e

therefore
m(
2
i +
2
) x

= q(

E

B x

)
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
External static magnetic eld
apply a quasi-static external induction B
the typical electron obeys
m( x + x +
2
x) = q(E + x B)
Fourier transform this
m(
2
i +
2
) x = q(

E i x B)
assume B = B e
z
assume circularly polarized light

E =

E

where e

= ( e
x
+ i e
y
)/

2
try x = x

note e

e
z
= i e

therefore
m(
2
i +
2
) x

= q(

E

B x

)
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
External static magnetic eld
apply a quasi-static external induction B
the typical electron obeys
m( x + x +
2
x) = q(E + x B)
Fourier transform this
m(
2
i +
2
) x = q(

E i x B)
assume B = B e
z
assume circularly polarized light

E =

E

where e

= ( e
x
+ i e
y
)/

2
try x = x

note e

e
z
= i e

therefore
m(
2
i +
2
) x

= q(

E

B x

)
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
External static magnetic eld
apply a quasi-static external induction B
the typical electron obeys
m( x + x +
2
x) = q(E + x B)
Fourier transform this
m(
2
i +
2
) x = q(

E i x B)
assume B = B e
z
assume circularly polarized light

E =

E

where e

= ( e
x
+ i e
y
)/

2
try x = x

note e

e
z
= i e

therefore
m(
2
i +
2
) x

= q(

E

B x

)
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
External static magnetic eld
apply a quasi-static external induction B
the typical electron obeys
m( x + x +
2
x) = q(E + x B)
Fourier transform this
m(
2
i +
2
) x = q(

E i x B)
assume B = B e
z
assume circularly polarized light

E =

E

where e

= ( e
x
+ i e
y
)/

2
try x = x

note e

e
z
= i e

therefore
m(
2
i +
2
) x

= q(

E

B x

)
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
External static magnetic eld
apply a quasi-static external induction B
the typical electron obeys
m( x + x +
2
x) = q(E + x B)
Fourier transform this
m(
2
i +
2
) x = q(

E i x B)
assume B = B e
z
assume circularly polarized light

E =

E

where e

= ( e
x
+ i e
y
)/

2
try x = x

note e

e
z
= i e

therefore
m(
2
i +
2
) x

= q(

E

B x

)
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
External static magnetic eld
apply a quasi-static external induction B
the typical electron obeys
m( x + x +
2
x) = q(E + x B)
Fourier transform this
m(
2
i +
2
) x = q(

E i x B)
assume B = B e
z
assume circularly polarized light

E =

E

where e

= ( e
x
+ i e
y
)/

2
try x = x

note e

e
z
= i e

therefore
m(
2
i +
2
) x

= q(

E

B x

)
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
External static magnetic eld
apply a quasi-static external induction B
the typical electron obeys
m( x + x +
2
x) = q(E + x B)
Fourier transform this
m(
2
i +
2
) x = q(

E i x B)
assume B = B e
z
assume circularly polarized light

E =

E

where e

= ( e
x
+ i e
y
)/

2
try x = x

note e

e
z
= i e

therefore
m(
2
i +
2
) x

= q(

E

B x

)
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Faraday eect
m(
2
i +
2
) x

= q(

E

B x

)
therefore
x

=
q

E

m(
2
i
2
) qB
recall

P = Nq x =
0

E
eect of quasi-static induction B is

() =
Nq
2

0
m
1

2
i
2
(q/m)B
left and right handed polarized light sees dierent
susceptibility
Faraday eect
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Faraday eect
m(
2
i +
2
) x

= q(

E

B x

)
therefore
x

=
q

E

m(
2
i
2
) qB
recall

P = Nq x =
0

E
eect of quasi-static induction B is

() =
Nq
2

0
m
1

2
i
2
(q/m)B
left and right handed polarized light sees dierent
susceptibility
Faraday eect
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Faraday eect
m(
2
i +
2
) x

= q(

E

B x

)
therefore
x

=
q

E

m(
2
i
2
) qB
recall

P = Nq x =
0

E
eect of quasi-static induction B is

() =
Nq
2

0
m
1

2
i
2
(q/m)B
left and right handed polarized light sees dierent
susceptibility
Faraday eect
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Faraday eect
m(
2
i +
2
) x

= q(

E

B x

)
therefore
x

=
q

E

m(
2
i
2
) qB
recall

P = Nq x =
0

E
eect of quasi-static induction B is

() =
Nq
2

0
m
1

2
i
2
(q/m)B
left and right handed polarized light sees dierent
susceptibility
Faraday eect
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Faraday eect
m(
2
i +
2
) x

= q(

E

B x

)
therefore
x

=
q

E

m(
2
i
2
) qB
recall

P = Nq x =
0

E
eect of quasi-static induction B is

() =
Nq
2

0
m
1

2
i
2
(q/m)B
left and right handed polarized light sees dierent
susceptibility
Faraday eect
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Faraday eect
m(
2
i +
2
) x

= q(

E

B x

)
therefore
x

=
q

E

m(
2
i
2
) qB
recall

P = Nq x =
0

E
eect of quasi-static induction B is

() =
Nq
2

0
m
1

2
i
2
(q/m)B
left and right handed polarized light sees dierent
susceptibility
Faraday eect
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Faraday eect
m(
2
i +
2
) x

= q(

E

B x

)
therefore
x

=
q

E

m(
2
i
2
) qB
recall

P = Nq x =
0

E
eect of quasi-static induction B is

() =
Nq
2

0
m
1

2
i
2
(q/m)B
left and right handed polarized light sees dierent
susceptibility
Faraday eect
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Michael Faraday, English physicist, 1791-1867
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Remarks
B is always small (in natural units)

ij
(; B) =
ij
(; 0) + iK()
ijk
B
k
linear magneto-optic eect
Faraday constant is
K() =
Nq
3

0
m
2

(
2
i
2
)
2
K() is real in transparency window
i. e. if is far away form
Faraday eect distinguishes between forward and backward
propagation
optical isolator
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Remarks
B is always small (in natural units)

ij
(; B) =
ij
(; 0) + iK()
ijk
B
k
linear magneto-optic eect
Faraday constant is
K() =
Nq
3

0
m
2

(
2
i
2
)
2
K() is real in transparency window
i. e. if is far away form
Faraday eect distinguishes between forward and backward
propagation
optical isolator
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Remarks
B is always small (in natural units)

ij
(; B) =
ij
(; 0) + iK()
ijk
B
k
linear magneto-optic eect
Faraday constant is
K() =
Nq
3

0
m
2

(
2
i
2
)
2
K() is real in transparency window
i. e. if is far away form
Faraday eect distinguishes between forward and backward
propagation
optical isolator
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Remarks
B is always small (in natural units)

ij
(; B) =
ij
(; 0) + iK()
ijk
B
k
linear magneto-optic eect
Faraday constant is
K() =
Nq
3

0
m
2

(
2
i
2
)
2
K() is real in transparency window
i. e. if is far away form
Faraday eect distinguishes between forward and backward
propagation
optical isolator
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Remarks
B is always small (in natural units)

ij
(; B) =
ij
(; 0) + iK()
ijk
B
k
linear magneto-optic eect
Faraday constant is
K() =
Nq
3

0
m
2

(
2
i
2
)
2
K() is real in transparency window
i. e. if is far away form
Faraday eect distinguishes between forward and backward
propagation
optical isolator
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Remarks
B is always small (in natural units)

ij
(; B) =
ij
(; 0) + iK()
ijk
B
k
linear magneto-optic eect
Faraday constant is
K() =
Nq
3

0
m
2

(
2
i
2
)
2
K() is real in transparency window
i. e. if is far away form
Faraday eect distinguishes between forward and backward
propagation
optical isolator
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Remarks
B is always small (in natural units)

ij
(; B) =
ij
(; 0) + iK()
ijk
B
k
linear magneto-optic eect
Faraday constant is
K() =
Nq
3

0
m
2

(
2
i
2
)
2
K() is real in transparency window
i. e. if is far away form
Faraday eect distinguishes between forward and backward
propagation
optical isolator
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Remarks
B is always small (in natural units)

ij
(; B) =
ij
(; 0) + iK()
ijk
B
k
linear magneto-optic eect
Faraday constant is
K() =
Nq
3

0
m
2

(
2
i
2
)
2
K() is real in transparency window
i. e. if is far away form
Faraday eect distinguishes between forward and backward
propagation
optical isolator
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Remarks
B is always small (in natural units)

ij
(; B) =
ij
(; 0) + iK()
ijk
B
k
linear magneto-optic eect
Faraday constant is
K() =
Nq
3

0
m
2

(
2
i
2
)
2
K() is real in transparency window
i. e. if is far away form
Faraday eect distinguishes between forward and backward
propagation
optical isolator
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Conduction in a magnetic eld
set the spring constant m
2
= 0
study AC electric eld

E
and static magnetic induction B
solve
m(
2
i) x = q(

E i x B)
or
x =
q
m
1
i
1
i
{

E i x B}
by iteration
x = . . . {

E +
q
m
1
i

E B}
Ohmic current

E and Hall current

E B
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Conduction in a magnetic eld
set the spring constant m
2
= 0
study AC electric eld

E
and static magnetic induction B
solve
m(
2
i) x = q(

E i x B)
or
x =
q
m
1
i
1
i
{

E i x B}
by iteration
x = . . . {

E +
q
m
1
i

E B}
Ohmic current

E and Hall current

E B
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Conduction in a magnetic eld
set the spring constant m
2
= 0
study AC electric eld

E
and static magnetic induction B
solve
m(
2
i) x = q(

E i x B)
or
x =
q
m
1
i
1
i
{

E i x B}
by iteration
x = . . . {

E +
q
m
1
i

E B}
Ohmic current

E and Hall current

E B
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Conduction in a magnetic eld
set the spring constant m
2
= 0
study AC electric eld

E
and static magnetic induction B
solve
m(
2
i) x = q(

E i x B)
or
x =
q
m
1
i
1
i
{

E i x B}
by iteration
x = . . . {

E +
q
m
1
i

E B}
Ohmic current

E and Hall current

E B
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Conduction in a magnetic eld
set the spring constant m
2
= 0
study AC electric eld

E
and static magnetic induction B
solve
m(
2
i) x = q(

E i x B)
or
x =
q
m
1
i
1
i
{

E i x B}
by iteration
x = . . . {

E +
q
m
1
i

E B}
Ohmic current

E and Hall current

E B
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Conduction in a magnetic eld
set the spring constant m
2
= 0
study AC electric eld

E
and static magnetic induction B
solve
m(
2
i) x = q(

E i x B)
or
x =
q
m
1
i
1
i
{

E i x B}
by iteration
x = . . . {

E +
q
m
1
i

E B}
Ohmic current

E and Hall current

E B
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Conduction in a magnetic eld
set the spring constant m
2
= 0
study AC electric eld

E
and static magnetic induction B
solve
m(
2
i) x = q(

E i x B)
or
x =
q
m
1
i
1
i
{

E i x B}
by iteration
x = . . . {

E +
q
m
1
i

E B}
Ohmic current

E and Hall current

E B
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Conduction in a magnetic eld
set the spring constant m
2
= 0
study AC electric eld

E
and static magnetic induction B
solve
m(
2
i) x = q(

E i x B)
or
x =
q
m
1
i
1
i
{

E i x B}
by iteration
x = . . . {

E +
q
m
1
i

E B}
Ohmic current

E and Hall current

E B
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Hall eect, schematilly
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Hall eect
Hall current usually forbidden by boundary conditions
Hall eld

E
H
=
q
m
1
i

E B
replace

E by

E +

E
H

E
H
B can be neglected
current

J() = ()

E() as usual
additional Hall eld

E
H
() = R()

J() B
Hall constant R = 1/Nq does not depend on
. . . if there is a dominant charge carrier.
R has dierent sign for electrons and holes
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Hall eect
Hall current usually forbidden by boundary conditions
Hall eld

E
H
=
q
m
1
i

E B
replace

E by

E +

E
H

E
H
B can be neglected
current

J() = ()

E() as usual
additional Hall eld

E
H
() = R()

J() B
Hall constant R = 1/Nq does not depend on
. . . if there is a dominant charge carrier.
R has dierent sign for electrons and holes
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Hall eect
Hall current usually forbidden by boundary conditions
Hall eld

E
H
=
q
m
1
i

E B
replace

E by

E +

E
H

E
H
B can be neglected
current

J() = ()

E() as usual
additional Hall eld

E
H
() = R()

J() B
Hall constant R = 1/Nq does not depend on
. . . if there is a dominant charge carrier.
R has dierent sign for electrons and holes
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Hall eect
Hall current usually forbidden by boundary conditions
Hall eld

E
H
=
q
m
1
i

E B
replace

E by

E +

E
H

E
H
B can be neglected
current

J() = ()

E() as usual
additional Hall eld

E
H
() = R()

J() B
Hall constant R = 1/Nq does not depend on
. . . if there is a dominant charge carrier.
R has dierent sign for electrons and holes
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Hall eect
Hall current usually forbidden by boundary conditions
Hall eld

E
H
=
q
m
1
i

E B
replace

E by

E +

E
H

E
H
B can be neglected
current

J() = ()

E() as usual
additional Hall eld

E
H
() = R()

J() B
Hall constant R = 1/Nq does not depend on
. . . if there is a dominant charge carrier.
R has dierent sign for electrons and holes
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Hall eect
Hall current usually forbidden by boundary conditions
Hall eld

E
H
=
q
m
1
i

E B
replace

E by

E +

E
H

E
H
B can be neglected
current

J() = ()

E() as usual
additional Hall eld

E
H
() = R()

J() B
Hall constant R = 1/Nq does not depend on
. . . if there is a dominant charge carrier.
R has dierent sign for electrons and holes
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Hall eect
Hall current usually forbidden by boundary conditions
Hall eld

E
H
=
q
m
1
i

E B
replace

E by

E +

E
H

E
H
B can be neglected
current

J() = ()

E() as usual
additional Hall eld

E
H
() = R()

J() B
Hall constant R = 1/Nq does not depend on
. . . if there is a dominant charge carrier.
R has dierent sign for electrons and holes
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Hall eect
Hall current usually forbidden by boundary conditions
Hall eld

E
H
=
q
m
1
i

E B
replace

E by

E +

E
H

E
H
B can be neglected
current

J() = ()

E() as usual
additional Hall eld

E
H
() = R()

J() B
Hall constant R = 1/Nq does not depend on
. . . if there is a dominant charge carrier.
R has dierent sign for electrons and holes
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Hall eect
Hall current usually forbidden by boundary conditions
Hall eld

E
H
=
q
m
1
i

E B
replace

E by

E +

E
H

E
H
B can be neglected
current

J() = ()

E() as usual
additional Hall eld

E
H
() = R()

J() B
Hall constant R = 1/Nq does not depend on
. . . if there is a dominant charge carrier.
R has dierent sign for electrons and holes
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Hall eect
Hall current usually forbidden by boundary conditions
Hall eld

E
H
=
q
m
1
i

E B
replace

E by

E +

E
H

E
H
B can be neglected
current

J() = ()

E() as usual
additional Hall eld

E
H
() = R()

J() B
Hall constant R = 1/Nq does not depend on
. . . if there is a dominant charge carrier.
R has dierent sign for electrons and holes
The Drude
Model
Peter Hertel
Overview
Model
Dielectric
medium
Permittivity of
metals
Electrical
conductors
Faraday eect
Hall eect
Edwin Hall, US-American physicist, 1855-1938