Chapter - 1

Properties of solids
Q- Define Elasticity & Plasticity OR State Elasticity & Plasticity
Property
Ans: Elasticity: Elasticity is defined as a property of the body by virtue of
which it tends to regain its original shape or size on removal of deforming
force.
Plasticity: Plasticity is defined as a property of body by virtue of which it
does not regain its original shape or size on removal of deforming force.
Q- Define Restoring Force & Deforming Force
Ans: Restoring Force: The force which changes the shape & size of the
body after its application.
Deforming Force: It is an external force which changes the shape & size of
the body after its application.
Q -Define Stress. State its types
Ans: Stress: It is defined as internal restoring force per unit cross sectional
area of a body.
S. I. unit N/m
2

Types of Stress
(1) Longitudinal or Tensile stress
(2) Compressive or Normal stress
(3) Volumetric or Volume stress
(4) Shearing or Shear stress


Q. Define following terms
(1) Tensile stress
(2) Compressive stress
(3) Volumetric stress
(4) Shear stress

Ans: Tensile stress: The stress when applied results in change in the length
of the body is called as tensile stress
Compressive stress: A stress which causes an elastic body to shorten in the
direction of the applied force is called as compressive stress.
Volumetric stress: The stress when applied results in change in the volume
of the body is called as volumetric stress.
Shear stress: The stress when applied results in the change in shape of the
body is called as shear stress

Q. Define Strain. State its types
Ans: Strain: It is the ratio of change in dimension to original dimension of a
body. It has no unit
Types of Strain
(1) Tensile or longitudinal strain
(2) Volumetric or volume strain
(3) Shearing or shear strain


Q Define following terms
(1) Tensile Strain
(2) Volumetric Strain
(3) Shear Strain
(4) Breaking Stress
Ans: Tensile Strain: Tensile strain is defined as the ratio of change in length
per unit original length of a body
Volumetric strain: Volumetric strain is defined as the ratio of change in
volume per unit original volume of a body.
Shear strain: It is defined as the ratio of lateral displacement of any layer to
its distance from fixed layer.
Breaking stress: The maximum stress at which the wire breaks is called as
breaking stress.
Q State Hooks law of elasticity
Ans : Statement : Within the elastic limit stress is directly proportional to
strain Stress Strain
Stress = Constant x Strain
Stress = M x Strain
Where, M - constant of proportionality called as
modulus of rigidity
Q Define elastic limit
Ans: It is defined as maximum stress which can be applied on a body
without permanent deformation of a body.


Q Define Youngs modulus, Bulk modulus, Modulus of rigidity.OR
Define three elastic constant & state the relation between them.
Ans: Youngs modulus: It is the ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain
Tensile stress
Youngs modulus (Y) =
Tensile strain

Bulk modulus: It is the ratio of volume stress to volume strain

Volume stress
Bulk modulus (k) =
Volume strain

Modulus of rigidity: It is the ratio of shearing stress to shearing strain

Shearing stress
Modulus of rigidity () =
Shearing strain

9k
Relation: Y =
3k+
Where,
Y = Youngs modulus
k = Bulk modulus
= Modulus of rigidity



Q Define following: Factor of safety, Yield point, Ultimate stress,
Compressibility
Ans: Factor of safety: It is defined as the ratio of ultimate stress to working
stress
Yield point: The point on stress Strain curve at which plastic flow begins
is called as yield point


Ultimate stress: It is the maximum stress (force per unit area) the material
can withstand before it breaks
Compressibility: The reciprocal of bulk modulus of elasticity is called as
compressibility.
C = 1/K

Q Give relation between bulk modulus of elasticity & compressibility
Ans: Compressibility = 1/ Bulk modulus

Q Define Poissons ratio
Ans: It is defined a within elastic limit the ratio of lateral strain to
longitudinal strain.
It is denoted by
Lateral strain
= = - d / D
Longitudinal strain l /L



Q State the factors affecting on elasticity
Ans : Factors affecting on elasticity
(1) Change of temperature
(2) Effect of hammering & rolling
(3) Effect of annealing
(4) Effect of impurities


Q Explain the behaviour of a wire under continuously increasing load
by using stress strain diagram.


Explaination
A graph or diagram of stress and strain is shown as above.
OE Portion is straight line which indicates that stress is proportional to
strain. Therefore the wire obeys Hookes law upto the point E this point is
called elastic limit.

EE Portion is curved towards strain axis this shows that increase in strain is
more, than increase in stress. In this region stress is not proportional to
strain.
Between any point E and E if all load is removed then some permanent
elongation / increase in length takes place in the wire this is called set.
When wire is again loaded, a new straight line SE is obtained which obey
Hookes law.
Some portion after the point Y is almost parallel to strain axis this shows that
strain increases without increase in stress just like wire flows. This is called
plastic flow.
The point at which the plastic flow begins is called yield point.


CHAPTER 2
Properties of Liquids
Fluid Friction
Q Define
1. Pressure
2. Atmospheric Pressure
Pressure: It is defined as the force acting on a unit surface area or The force
per unit area is called as pressure
Ex: Nail with pointed tip can easily penetrate in the wall
Pressure (p) = Force (F)
Area (A)
S. I. Unit N/M
2
or Pascal (Pa)

Atmospheric Pressure: The Pressure exerted by the atmosphere is called as
atmospheric pressure.
Q State Pascals law
Ans : Statement : It states that, in an enclosed liquid, if pressure is applied
at any part of the liquid, then this change of pressure is transmitted
undiminished to every portion of the liquid & to the walls of its container
Q State Archimedes Principle
Ans: Statement: It states that when a solid insoluble body immersed
completely or partly in a liquid, it loses its weight & loss of weight of the
body is equal to the weight of displaced liquid.


Q Define Critical Velocity
Ans: It is defined as the maximum velocity of liquid up to which its flow is
streamlined is called as critical velocity.
Q Define
(1) Viscosity
(2) Velocity gradient. State its S.I. unit
(3) Coefficient of viscosity.State its S.I. unit
Ans: Viscosity: The internal force developed between two layers of a liquid
which opposes (resist) the flow of liquid is called as viscosity
Ex: Glycerine, Honey, water
Velocity gradient: It is defined as the ratio of change in velocity to the
corresponding change of distance S. I. unit is S
-1

Coefficient of viscosity:
The viscous force developed between two liquid layers of unit surface area
& unit velocity gradient is called as coefficient of viscosity.
S. I Unit is N-s/m
2

Q State Pressure depth relation. Give meaning of each terms in it.
Ans: Pressure depth relation, P = h g
Where, p Pressure
g Acceleration d due to gravity
Density of liquid
h Pressure head


Q State Newtons law of viscosity
Ans: Statement: The viscous force (F) developed between two liquid layers
is
(i) Directly proportional to the surface area of liquid layer (A)
(F A)
(ii) Directly Proportional to velocity Gradient (dv/dx)
i.e. [F (dv/dx)]
F A dv/dx
F = A dv / dx

Q Define thrust (force). State its S.I. unit
Ans: It is defined as the total force exerted by a liquid on a surface in
contact is called as thrust of a liquid. S.I. Unit - Newton ( N )
Q. Define streamline flow & turbulent flow with examples
Ans : Streamline Flow : The flow of liquid in which every particle of
liquid move in same direction (parallel) of flow of liquid is called as
streamline flow.
Ex: water flow through tap, canal flow, flow of river during summer
Turbulent flow: The flow of liquid in which particle of liquid does not
move in same direction (random) of flow of liquid is called as turbulent
flow.
Ex: River flow during flood, Whirlpools, water fall


Q Distinguish between streamline flow and turbulent flow
Streamline Flow Turbulent Flow
1. The velocity of liquid is smaller
than critical velocity
1. The velocity of liquid is greater
than critical velocity
2. For this Reynolds number is less
than 2000
2. For this Reynolds number is
more than 3000
3.There is no mixing of various
layers with each other
3.There is always mixing of various
layers with each other
4.It is a steady flow 4.It is speedy flow
5.All the molecules of liquid move
in same direction
Ex-Canal Flow, flow of river during
summer

5.All the molecules of liquid do not
move in same direction
Ex-Water fall, river flow during
flood, whirpools

Q Define Reynolds Number. State its formula with meaning
Ans: Reynolds Number: Reynolds Number is a non dimensional Number,
used in fluid mechanics to determine whether the flow is streamline,
turbulent or unstable.
V
c
= R / rd
Where, V
c
= critical velocity of Flow of liquid
d = density of liquid
r = radius of the tube
= coefficient of viscosity of liquid


Q Give the significance of Reynolds number
Ans : Significance of Reynolds number
1. When R < 2000, the flow of liquid is streamline
2. When R > 3000, the flow of liquid is turbulent.
3. When R is in between 2000 to 3000 the flow of liquid is unstable.

Q Define terminal velocity & upthrust force
Ans: Terminal velocity: It is defined as the constant velocity with which the
body is freely falling through the liquid column.
Upthrust force: It is defined as the force acting on body completely or
partially immersed in liquid that causes apparent loss in weight of the body.

Q State Stokes law of Viscosity
Ans: Statement: It states that for a small spherical body falling freely
through a liquid, the viscous force is directly the viscous force is directly
proportional to the,
1. Radius of the sphere. (r)
2. Terminal Velocity (v)
3. Coefficient of viscosity of liquid ()
F r v
F = Constant x (r v )
F = 6 r v
Where, 6 is the constant of proportionality


Q State the effect of temperature and adulteration on viscosity
of liquid
Ans It is observed that as temperature of liquid increases, its viscosity
decreases
i.e. Viscosity 1
Temperature

When adulteration such as soluble substance is added to liquid, its viscosity
goes on increasing
i.e. viscosity adulteration

Q Derive an expression for coefficient of viscosity by stokes method
Ans: Consider a small sphere of radius r and density falling freely
under gravity through viscous liquid as shown in (Fig.)
After covering certain distance through the liquid, metal sphere attains an
constant velocity called terminal velocity.
Metal sphere falling freely through a liquid experiences two forces as shown
in (Fig.)
Downward force = Weight of metal sphere
= Volume of metal sphere x density of metal sphere
= 4/3 r
3
x g x (1)

Upward force of two types.

(a) Upthrust force = Loss of weight of body in a liquid


= Weight of displaced liquid (by Archimedes principle)

= Volume of sphere x density of liquid
= 4/3 r
3
x g x .(2)


(b) Force of viscosity
F = 6 r v (3)

When a metal sphere attains terminal velocity.
Total upward force = Total downward force
4/3 r
3
x . g + 6 r v = 4/3 r
3
x .g
6 r v = 4/3 r
3
(( - ) g
4 x x r
3
x ( - ) x g
=
3 x 6 x r x v

= 2 / 9 r
2
x ( - ) x g
v ....(4)
Equation (4) gives coefficient of viscosity by stokes method.

Q Write two applications (examples) of Pascals law
Ans: Hydraulic press To compress metal sheets
Hydraulic brakes Used in cars, buses
Hydraulic jack To lift vehicles in workshop, cars, jeeps



Surface tension

Q Define surface tension. Write its S.I. unit
Ans: Surface tension: It is defined as the force acting per unit length of an
imaginary line drawn to surface of liquid.
S.I. unit is N/m
Q State the effect of temperature and contamination on surface
tension of liquid
Ans: Effect of temperature: The surface tension of the liquid depends on
temperature. Surface tension decreases with increase in temperature
Surface tension 1 / temperature
Effect of Contamination (impurity)
In most of the liquid surface tension decreases with increase in
contamination
Surface tension 1 / Contamination
Q Define cohesive & adhesive force
Ans : Cohesive force : It is the force of attraction between two molecules of
same substance
Ex Force of attraction between two water molecules
Adhesive force: It is the force of attraction between two molecules of
different sub stances
Ex Force of attraction between water molecule and glass molecule


Q State the applications of surface tension
Ans: Application of surface tension
1. For manufacturing of bullets or ball bearings which are spherical
2. Oil with low surface tension are used as lubricants, in soap or
detergents
3. Water rises up to the leaves of plants due to capillary action
4. Oil rises up in wick in oil lamp by capillary action
5. To check purity of water

Q Define angle of contact. State its S.I. unit
Ans : Angle of contact : The angle between the tangent to the liquid surface
at the point of contact & the solid surface inside the liquid is called as angle
of contact.The S.I. unit of angle of contact is radian

Q Define Capillarity. Give examples of capillary phenomenon (Action)
Ans : Capillarity : The rise or fall of the liquid in capillary tube due to
surface tension is called as capillarity & the phenomenon is called as
capillary action
Examples of capillary action
1. Oil rises up to the end of wick of lamp due to capillarity
2. A blotting paper absorb ink due to capillarity
3. Rise of ink through pen nib
4. Water rises from stem of tree towards the branches by capillary action
5. Damping of bricks


Q Explain Laplaces molecular theory of surface tension
Ans: Diagram



Explaination:

Laplaces molecular theory of surface tension

1. Consider three molecules M
1,
M
2
& M
3
of the liquid. A sphere of
influence is drawn as shown in fig.

2. The sphere of influence of molecule M
1
is completely inside the
liquid, so it is equally attracted in all directions by the other molecules lying
within its sphere. Hence the resultant force acting on it is zero.

3. The part of the sphere of influence of molecule M
2
lies outside the
liquid & the major part lie inside the liquid. Therefore resultant force acting
on it is directed downward.

4. For molecule M
3
half of its sphere of influence lies inside the liquid
and half lies outside the liquid. So, the maximum resultant downward force
is acting on molecule M
3



5. Thus molecule M
1
experiences zero resultant force, M
2
experience
downward resultant force, M
3
experience more downward resultant force. In
short molecules below imaginary line PQ experience zero resultant force
and molecules above line PQ experience some or more downward resultant
force.

6. Thus molecules which lie on the surface of liquid (surface film)
experience downward resultant force and are being pulled inside the liquid.
To balance this downward force, molecules come closer to each other. This
reduces the surface area of liquid.

7. This gives rise to surface tension. It is the contraction force which
decreases the surface area of the liquid.

Q State the relation between surface tension, capillary rise, radius of
capillary tube with meaning of symbol used in it.
Ans : Relation between surface tension, capillary rise and radius of
capillary tube
T = rhdg / 2 cos
Where, T = Surface tension
r = radius of capillary tube
h = rise of liquid
d = density of liquid
g = gravitational acceleration
= angle of contact


Q Derive an expression for surface tension by capillary rise method.
Ans: Consider a capillary tube of radius r vertically inserted into a liquid.
The liquid rises to a height h and forms a concave meniscus. The surface
tension T acting along the inner circumference of the tube exactly supports
the weight of the liquid column.
By definition, surface tension is the force per unit length acting at a tangent
to the meniscus surface. If the angle between the tangent & the tube wall is
, the vertical component of surface tension is cos .
Therefore, the total surface tension along the circular contact line of
meniscus is 2 r T cos .
Upward force = 2 r T cos .Where,r is the radius of the capillary.
The downward force on the liquid column is due to its weight which is
m x g thus,

Downward Force = m x g
Downward Force = r
2
h d g

At equilibrium condition,
Upward Force = Downward Force
2 r T cos = r
2
d g
r h d g
T =
2 cos

This is a expression for surface tension of a liquid in a capillary tube.



CHAPTER 3
Thermal Properties of Matter
Modes of Transformation of Heat
Q Define Heat & Calorie
Ans: Heat : Heat is a form of energy which gives us the sensation of
warmness and hotness. S. I. unit Joule
Calorie: The amount of heat required to increase the temperature of one
gram of water by one degree Celsius is called as calorie
S.I. unit
0
K
Q Define absolute zero temperature
Ans: Absolute zero temperature: The temperature at which pressure &
volume of gas theoretically becomes zero is called absolute zero
temperature
Absolute zero temperature = O
0
A = - 273
0
C
Q What is kelvin scale of temperature?
Ans: In this scale, the lower fixed point is 273
0
C & upper fixed point is
373
0
C & it is then divided into 100 equal Parts, each part is called as degree
Kelvin.
Q Define Celesius (centigrade) scale of temperature
Ans : In this scale of temperature, lower fixed point is considered as 0
0
C and
upper fixed point as 100
0
C and it is then divided into 100 equal parts, each
part is called as degree Celsius or centigrade.


Q Define Fahrenheit scale of temperature
Ans : In this scale of temperature, lower fixed point is 32
0
F and upper fixed
point is 212
0
F and it is then divided into 180 equal parts, each part is called
as degree Fahrenheit.

Q State & explain the modes of transmission of heat OR
Define three modes of transmission of heat with examples OR
State the three ways in which heat is transferred from one place to
another with one example of each.
Ans : Conduction : It is the process of transfer of heat from a part of body at
higher temperature to a lower temperature without actual movement of
particles of medium
Ex: Heat sink in electronic circuits, safety lamps, ICE boxes etc.

Convection: It is the process of transfer of heat from a part of body at higher
temperature to a part of body at lower temperature with actual movement of
particles of medium.
Ex: Formation of trade winds, Room ventilation system, monsoons etc.

Radiation: In this process, heat is transferred directly from a body at higher
temperature to the body at lower temperature without necessity of
intervening medium
Ex: Use of white clothes, heat radiators in car, in activation of HIV etc.


Q Distinguish between conduction, convection & radiation process.
Ans:
Conduction Convection Radiation
1. It is the process of
transfer of heat from a
part of a body at
higher temperature to
a part of body at lower
temperature without
actual movement of
particles.
1. It is the process of
transfer of heat from a
part of a body at
higher temperature to
a part of body at lower
temperature with
actual movement of
particles.
1.It is the process of
transfer of heat from a
body at higher
temperature to a body at
lower temperature
without necessity of
intervening medium

2. If metal rod is
heated at one end, its
other end gets heated.
2. Heating of water in
a beaker.
2. Heat from sun reaches
the earth

3. Material medium is
essential.
3. Material medium is
essential.
3. Material medium is not
essential.

4. Metal rod itself acts
as a medium.
4. Liquid itself acts as
a medium.
4. Medium may be
present like air or no
medium. i.e. vacuum.

5. It has applications
like Heat sink in
electronic circuits,
Safety lamp, Ice boxes
etc
5. It has applications
like- formation of
trade winds, room
ventilation system,
monsoons etc.
5. It has applications like-
use of white clothes, heat
radiators in car, in
activation of HIV etc



Q State the law of thermal conductivity
Ans: The amount of heat (Q) conducted is,
Directly proportional to area of cross section of the rod (A)
Q A ------------(1)

Directly Proportional to the temperature difference between the two
surfaces of the conductor
Q (
1
-
2
) ------------(2)


Directly Proportional to the time for which heat flows
Q T ------------(3)
Inversely Proportional to the distance between two surfaces

Q 1/d ------------(4)
Q A/d (
1
-
2
) t
Q = k A (
1
-
2
) t / d
Q Define coefficient of thermal conductivity. State its S.I. unit.
Ans : Coefficient of thermal conductivity is defined as the amount of heat
conducted normally across unit cross sectional area of a material of unit
thickness in one second, when the temperature between its ends is unity
S. I. unit Joule / m
o
k


Q State application of
1. Conduction of heat
2. Convection of heat
3. Radiation of heat
Ans: Applications of Conduction:
1. Good conduction material is used as a heat sink in electronic circuit
2. Use of thermos Flask
3. Condenser coil in a refrigerator is ideally made up of copper
4. Davys safety lamp
5. A bad conducting material like thermocole is used in ice box.
6. Handle of cooker is made up of bad conducting material
Applications of Convection:
1. Ventilation in the Room
2. Cooling system in automobile engine
3. Formation of land & sea breeze in the nature
4. Formation of trade winds
5. Gas filled coiled electric lamp
6. Monsoons
Applications of Radiation:
1. Electric bulb, the sun
2. White clothes absorb less heat so they are used is summer
3. The teapot & kettle have clean & bright shining surface
4. Aeroplanes & ships are painted white.
5. Base of cooking utensils is made black.
6. Heat radiators in car, machines are painted black


Q Define good conductor & bad conductor with examples.
Ans : Good conductor : The material which conduct heat easily from it is
called as good conductor
Ex: Iron, Copper, Silver
Bad conductor: The material which does not conduct heat easily from it is
called as bad conductor.
Ex: Wood, Wool, Glass, Thermocole
Q Why we do not receive heat from the sun by conduction. Give
reason.
Ans: Conduction needs medium for transfer of heat. Between the sun and
earth the millions of kilometres there is no medium present. Hence
conduction is not possible
Q - Distinguish between heat and temperature
Heat Temperature
Heat is form of energy which gives
sensation of hotness and warmness
S.I. Unit Joule
Temperature is the measure of
degree of hotness or coldness of a
body S.I. Unit Kelvin
Heat is the cause Temperature is the effect
Heat flows from higher
temperature to lower temperature
Temperature is the condition that
determines the direction of flow of
heat
Heat is an extensive property Temperature is intensive property


Gas laws
Q Define three gas law OR
State Boyles law, Charless law and Gay Lussacs law
Ans: Boyles law: At constant temperature, volume of given mass of a gas
is inversely proportional to its pressure
i.e. V 1/p
i.e. P
1
/ V
1
= P
2
/ V
2
= Constant, at constant temperature

Charles law: At constant pressure volume of given mass of a gas is
directly proportional to its absolute temperature
i.e. V T
i.e. V
1
/ T
1
= V
2
/ T
2
= Constant, at constant pressure

Gay Lussacs law: At constant volume pressure of given mass of a gas is
directly proportional to its absolute temperature
i.e. P T
i.e. P
1
/ T
1
= P
2
/ T
2
= Constant, at constant volume
Q Define specific heat of substance.
Ans: It is defined as the amount of heat required to increase the temperature
of 1kg mass of a substance through 1
0
C
S.I. Unit Jkg-1


Q Define the two principal specific heats of gas OR Define Cp and Cv
OR Define specific heat of a gas at constant volume & at constant
pressure
Ans: Specific heat of a gas at constant volume (Cv): It is defined as the
amount of heat required to increase the temperature of unit mass of a gas by
1
0
C at constant volume
Specific heat of a gas at constant pressure (Cp):It is defined as the
amount of heat required to increase the temperature of unit mass of a gas by
1
0
C at constant pressure
Q State OR Derive General (Perfect) gas equation with meaning of each
symbol
Ans: According to Gay Lussacs law
P T ------------------- (1)
According to Charles law,
V T --------------- (2)
Combining equation (1) & (2)
PV T
PV = RT --------- (3)
Where R Universal gas constant
P Pressure of gas
V Volume of gas
T Absolute temperature
Eq
n
(3) is called general (perfect) gas equation


Q Define isothermal change & adiabatic change
Ans: Isothermal change: The Process in which volume of a gas changes
keeping its temperature constant is called as isothermal change
Adiabatic change: The process in which volume of a gas changes with
change in temperature is called as adiabatic change

Q Differentiate between isothermal and adiabatic process

ISOTHERMAL PROCESS

ADIABATIC PROCESS

Volume & pressure changes at
constant temperature

Volume & pressure changes at
changing temperature
Gas filled in is a good conductor
of heat
Gas filled in is a bad conductor
of heat.
Transfer of heat takes place. There is no transfer of heat.
Volume changes are made
slowly
Volume changes are made
rapidly
Gas obeys Boyles law i.e.
PV =constant
Gas does not obeys Boyles law
Here PV r = constant
Expansion of gas takes place Compression of gas takes place
Ex. Boiling of water Ex. Bursting of cycle tyre



Q Why Cp is greater than Cv?
Ans : (1) When gas is heated at constant volume the heat supplied is utilized
to increase the temperature of the system
(2) But when gas is heated at constant pressure, the heat supplied is utilized
to increase the temperature of system as well as for doing the work in
expanding a gas at constant pressure
So, C
p
> C
v


Q State the relation between the two specific heats of gas give the
meaning of symbols used in it
Ans: Relation: C
p
C
v
= R/J
Where, C
p
-Specific heat of gas at constant pressure
C
v
-Specific heat of gas at constant volume
R- Universal gas constant
J-Joules constant

Q Derive Mayers relation OR Derive the relation Cp - Cv=R/J
Ans:When the gas is heated at constant pressure, the internal energy (K.E.)
of the gas increases, and the gas expands, so that it performs some external
work in expansion of the gas.
i.e. C
p
= C
V
+ H
C
p
- C
V
= H


But H = W/J [Joules law]
C
p
- C
V
= W/J

But W = P (V
2
-V
1
)

C
p
- C
V
= P (V
2
-V
1
) /J

C
p
- C
V
= (PV
2
-PV
1
) /J

But PV
1
= RT
1
& PV
2
= RT
2

C
p
- C
V
= R (T
2
-T
1
) /J

Now if T
2
- T
1
= 1
0
C
C
p
- C
V
=R/J
This is the Mayers relation for one mole of gas

Q What is NTP and STP ?
Ans: NTP means normal temperature and pressure whereas STP means
standard temperature and pressure


CHAPTER 4

Optics Refraction of Light
Q Define
1) Critical Angle (Qc)
2) Total Internal Reflection
Ans: (1) Critical angle: The angle of incidence for which the angle of
refraction is equal to 90
0
C is called as critical angle.
(2) Total Internal Reflection: The phenomenon in which a ray of light
travelling from denser medium to rarer medium is totally reflected in denser
medium, if the angle of incidence is greater than critical angle of medium is
called as total internal reflection (TIR)
Q Define
1. Numerical Aperture (N
A
)
2. Acceptance Angle (
a
)
Ans: Numerical Aperture (N
A
): The sine of maximum acceptance angle is
called as numerical aperture
Acceptance angle (
a
) : The maximum value of external incident angle for
which light will propagate in the optical fibre is called as acceptance angle.
Q - Define refraction of light
Ans: When a ray of light travels from one medium to another it deviates
from its original path is called as refraction of light


Q Draw a neat labelled ray diagram for refraction in case of prism.
State the prism formula with meaning of each terms used OR
Q Derive Prism formula
Ans: Diagram

Let PQ be the incident ray obliquely incident on refracting face AB. At point
Q the ray enters from air to glass therefore at Q the incident ray is refracted
and travels along QR by making r
1
as angle of refraction.
At point R the ray of light enter from glass to air and get refracted along RS.
From E Q R
= x + y

= (i-r
1
) + (e-r
2
)


= ( i + e) - (r
1
+ r
2
) -----(1)
From Q D R
r
1
+ r
2
+ QDR=180
0
-------------(2)
As AQDR is cyclic quadrilateral
A + QDR=180
0
-----------------------(3)
By comparing eq. (2) and (3)
A = r
1
+ r
2
---------------------------(4)
Substituting above value in eq.(1)


Eq. (1) becomes
= ( i+e)-A
+ A = ( i+e)--------------(5)
If =

m
i =e
And r
1
= r
2
=r
Equation (5) Becomes
A + m = i + i
A + m = 2i
A + m
i =
2
And equation (4) becomes
A = r + r
A = 2r
A
r =
2
According to snells law


sin i
=
sin r

Substituting values of i and r in above equation


Sin A + m
2 Where, m = Angle of minimum deviation
= A = Angle of prism
Sin A / 2 = Refractive index of prism


Q State Snells law with its mathematical equation
Ans : Snells law : For any two media the ratio of sine angle of incidence to
the sine angle of refraction is constant.
This is known as Snells law
Equation:

Sin i
= Constant
Sin r

Where, Sin i = angle of incidence
Sin r = angle of refraction
Q State laws of refraction
Ans: 1.Incident ray and refracted ray are on opposite side of the normal
2.The incident ray,the refracted ray and the normal ray at point of separation
of two media lie in the same plane.
3.For any two media the ratio of sine angle of incidence to the sine angle of
refraction is constant.This is known as Snells law

Q- State the principle of optical fiber
Ans: The optical fiber works on principle of Total Internal Reflection
i.e. when monochromatic light is obliquely incident on the interface
between optically denser medium and rarer medium and if angle of incidence
is greater than critical angle then no refraction take place and only reflection
take place.


Q - Describe the stucture of optical fiber.
Ans: Optical fiber consists of three major parts



1. Core: The inner most co-axial region is core. It acts as the guide
for the light. The diameter of the core is 10-100m. It is made up of
glass having high refrative idex.

2. Cladding: The core is surrounded by a glass or plastic cladding. Its
refractive index is less than that of the core.


3. Sheath (polymer jacket): The outermost protective region of the
fiber is called sheath. It is made up of polymer. It protects the core
from contamination, moisture etc. It provides mechanical
strength to the fiber.

Q - Derive the expression showing the relation between numerical
aperture and acceptance angle.
Ans: As shown in fig.
A light ray launched into an optical fiber in air at an input angle less
than the acceptance angle for the fiber
Applying snells law at the air-core interface.
sin i / sin r =
2
/
1
i.e.
1
sin i =
2
sin r ---(1)


but from fig.




sin / sin (90 c) =
core
/
air
air
sin =
core
sin (90 c)


sin =
core
sin (90 c) (
air
=1)


sin =
core
cos c [ cos c = sin ( 90- c)]
sin =
core

2
c)


2
sin =
core
1-
cladding


core



sin
2
core
-
2
cladding
= NA

This is the relation between Acceptance angle and Numerical
Aperture.


CHAPTER 5
Wave Motion
Q Define
1. Amplitude (a)
2. Period (wave period) OR Time Period (T)
3. Frequency (n)
4. Velocity (V)
Ans: 1. Amplitude (a) : The maximum displacement of a particle of the
medium from its mean position on either side is called as amplitude of the
wave
2. Wave period (T): The time taken by a wave to complete one oscillation is
called as wave period.
3. Frequency (n) : It is the number of vibration, performed by the particle in
one second
4. Wavelenght: It is the length of one full wave OR
The distance travelled by the wave to complete one vibration or oscillation is
called as wavelength
5. Velocity (V): The distance travelled by the wave per unit time is called as
velocity of the wave.
Q State the relation between velocity, frequency & wavelength
Ans : Relation: V = n
Where, V = Velocity
n = Frequency = Wavelenght


Q Define simple harmonic motion. Give examples of SHM
Ans: It is defined as the periodic motion of a particle in which the force is
always directed toward mean position & its magnitude is proportional to its
displacement from mean position.
Examples of simple harmonic motion
1. Motion of pendulum
2. Motion of needle of sewing machine
3. Oscillations of spring
4. Vibration of string
5. Oscillations of piston in a cylinder
6. Oscillations of magnetic compass ( needle )

Q Define Phase angle & Epoch in S.H.M.
Ans: Phase angle: The angle which gives position, direction and
displacement of the particle in S.H.M at any instant is known as phase angle.
Epoch: Initial phase angle or starting phase is known as epoch
Q Define Longitudinal waves & Transverse wave with example. OR
Define progressive wave state type of progressive wave. Define the type.
Explain two types of progressive wave.
Ans: Progressive wave: The wave which continuously travels in a given
direction is called as progressive wave.
There are two types of progressive wave
1. Transverse wave
2. Longitudinal Wave


Transverse wave: The waves in which particles of the medium vibrate
perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave are called as
transverse wave.
Ex Light waves, electromagnetic waves, vibration produced by streched
string of sitar, violin, sonometer

Longitudinal Wave: The waves in which particles of the medium vibrate
parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave are called as longitudinal
wave.
Ex - Sound wave, waves in organ pipe, waves set in kundts tube

Q Distinguish between Transverse wave & Longitudinal wave
Transverse Wave Longitudinal Waves
The wave in which direction of
vibration of particles of medium is
perpendicular to the direction of
propagation of wave is called
transverse wave.
The wave in which direction of
vibration of particles of medium
is parallel to the direction of
propagation of wave is called
longitudinal wave.

Wave travels in form of alternate
crests and trough
Wave travels in form of alternate
compressions and rarefactions.

Density and pressure of medium
remain same throughout the wave
Density and pressure of medium
changes.
Wave travels through solid only. Wave travels through liquids and
gases.
Ex. Light waves Ex. Sound waves


These wave can undergo
polarization
These wave do not undergo
polarization


Q Distinguish between progressive waves and stationary waves
Ans:
Progressive waves Stationary waves
There is transfer of energy in
the direction of propogation of
wave.
There is no transfer of energy.
All particles vibrate with the
same amplitude.
All particles vibrate with
different amplitude.
All particles of the medium are
vibrating.
Particles at nodes do not vibrate
at all.
Every particle vibrates with
different phase.
Velocity of wave not zero
All the particles in one loop are
in same phase.
Velocity of wave is zero


Q State superposition principle (theorem)
Ans: Superposition theorem: When two or more waves travelling through
a medium arrive at a point simultaneously, each wave produces its own
displacement at that point independently of the other wave. Hence, the
resultant displacement at that point is the vector sum of the displacements
due to each of the waves.



Q State how stationary waves is formed OR Define stationary waves
Ans: Stationary waves are produced when two exactly identical progressive
waves having same amplitude, same wave length & same speed travelling
through a medium along the same path in exactly opposite directions,
interfere with each other. The resultant wave produce due to super positions
of these two waves is called as stationary wave.

Q Give the condition for Resonance effect in sound OR Define
Resonance OR What is resonance effect
Ans : Condition for resonance effect: When the frequency of the external
periodic force applied to a body is exactly equal to natural frequency of
body, the body vibrates with maximum amplitude, then resonance effect
takes place & the phenomenon is known as resonance

Q Give two examples of Stationary waves
1. Wave formed on the string stretched at both the ends
2. Waves formed on sonometer wire
3. Waves formed in air column of resonance tube

Q Give two examples of Resonance
1. When the speed of a car increases beyond a certain limit different parts
of the car begin to vibrate due to resonance & large noise is produced.
2. In a sonometer, resonance occurs when the natural frequency of the
vibrating length of the wire equals the frequency of the tuning fork
3. In Resonance tube experiment, resonance occurs when the length of
the air column is adjusted such that the natural frequency of the air column
equals the frequency of the vibrating tuning fork


Q State the characteristics ( Properties ) of stationary waves
Ans : Characteristics of stationary waves
1. Nodes and antinodes are formed alternately.
2. There is no transfer of energy.
3. Pressure is maximum at nodes and minimum at antinodes.
4. Distance between any two consecutive nodes or antinodes is equal to
/ 2
5. The distance between a node and its adjacent antinodes is equal to / 4
6. Particles in the same loop vibrate in the same phase.
7. Particles in the adjacent loop vibrate in the opposite phase.
Q Define free vibration & forced vibration with examples
Ans: Free vibrations (oscillations): The vibrations performed by a body
when only once disturbed from its equilibrium position and vibrates with a
natural frequency are called free vibrations.
Examples:
1. Cricketers hanging ball
2. Vibrating tuning fork
3. Vibrations of air column

Forced vibration (oscillations): When a body is continuously disturbed by
a periodic force, then the particle cannot vibrate with its natural frequency
but it starts vibrating with the frequency of periodic force. These vibrations
are called forced vibrations.
Examples:
1. Concrete bridge in earth quake
2. Vibrations of air column under vibrating tuning fork
3. Kid swinging after applied external periodic force.


Q Derive the formula to calculate velocity of sound by resonance tube
method.
Ans: A resonance tube apparatus consists of a long and uniform tube, kept
vertically, open at upper end. The lower end of the tube is connected to
rubber tubing which is connected at the other end to a vessel containing
water. When the vessel is raised, the water level in the tube is raised.
A Vibrating tuning fork is held closed to the open end of the tube and the
length of the air column is gradually increased.
The length of the air column is adjusted till maximum sound of air is heard.
This is a resonance position where natural frequency of the air column is
equal to the frequency of the tuning fork.

For resonance to occur;
Length of air + End correction = Distance between node
Column and its adjacent antinode


l + 0.3 d = / 4
= 4(l + 0.3d)
V = n [ = v/n]
v/n = 4(l + 0.3d)
v = 4n (l + 0.3d )
This is formula to calculate velocity of sound.



Q Derive equation of simple harmonic motion OR Obtain an
expression for motion of a particle performing SHM.
Ans: Cosider a particle P moves with a uniorm angular velocty along a
circular path of radius a. Let M be the projection of reference
particle P on diameter AB. Therefore M is performing S.H.M. Let the
displacement of M from O is x, then t = 0, the reference point is at
P
o


So that, m < POP
o
=
In time t, reference particle moves from P
o
to P.
Such that, m < POP
o
= = t
Draw PM on diameter AB.
Since, OC is parallel to PM
< OPM = < POC = ( t + )
From fig, in OPM
Sin ( + ) = x/a

i.e. x = a sin ( t + )

This is equation of particle performing simple harmonic motion


HOT QUESTIONS

Q Define molecular range and sphere of influence
Ans: Molecular range: Maximum distance upto which molecular force is
effective is called as molecular range
Sphere of influence: It is an imaginary sphere with molecule as its
center and molecular range as its radius
Q - Define nodes and antinodes
Ans: Nodes: Nodes are particles in stationary waves which do not vibrate
about their mean position i.e. they have zero amplitude
Antinodes: Antinodes are particles in stationary waves which vibrate
about their mean position with maximum amplitude
Q - Distinguish between elastic body and plastic body
Elastic Body Plastic Body
1. The body which exhibits the
property of elasticity is called as
elastic body.
1. The body which exhibits the
property of plasticity is called as
plastic body.
2.Internal restoring force is
developed in the body
2. Internal restoring force is not
developed in the body
3.Deformation of body is not
permanent
3. Deformation of body is
permanent
Ex. Rubber, all metals steel,
brass, copper, Quartz
Ex. Clay, mud, wax, plastic,
chalk, putty, paper


Q - Which is more elastic steel or rubber? Why? OR Why steel is more
elastic than rubber?
Ans: Steel is more elastic than rubber. Because steel comes back to its
original shape faster than rubber when the deforming force is removed
Q - State the factors affecting angle of contact of liquid/fluid OR On
what factors angle of contact depend?
Ans: Nature of liquid, nature of solid, purity of liquid and cleanness of liquid
are the factors affecting angle of contact of liquid

Q - Give the significance of angle of contact
Ans: Significance of angle of contact
1. In case of water in glass container, is acute because force of adhesion
is stronger than cohesion
2. In case of mercury in glass container, is obtuse because force of
cohesion is stronger
3. If liquid completely wet the solid then = 0
4. If liquid does not wet the solid then is obtuse
5. If liquid wet the solid then is acute

Q - Define rigidity
Ans: The property on account of which a body does not change its shape and
size even when a large force is applied on it is called as rigidity