Introduction of bones and cartilage.

(of the limb)

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Subpokok bahasan:
Fungsi tulang
Struktur tulang - Bone Structure
Proses pembentukan tulang dan perkembangannya
Fetal skeleton
Axial skeleton
a. Tulang penyusun axial skeleton
b. Ciri-ciri axial skeleton
Cartilago

Function of the Bone
Support - framework that supports body and cradles its soft organs
Protection - for delicate organs, heart, lungs, brain
Movement - bones act as levers for muscles
Mineral storage - calcium & phosphate
hematopoiesis - blood cell formation

Struktur tulang
Facts
There are 206 bones in the adult human body.
The largest bones in the adult human body is the femur.
There are about 300 bones in a newborn baby but they grow together to make 206 when an adult.

The Facts About Bones.
One function of spongy bone is to produce red blood cells.
The smooth, flexible layer of tissue covering the ends of bones is called cartilage.
The hard, strong layer of bone is called compact bone.
Minerals make bones strong.
The human skeleton has 206 bones of various sizes and shapes.

Bone Structure
Bone enclosed in periosteum, which is continuous
with tendons and ligaments
blood vessels in periosteum
Epiphysis- ends
spongy bone contains red marrow
compact bone, articular cartilage
Diaphysis- middle
compact bone
medullary cavity- contains yellow marrow (fat)
lined with endosteum (squamous epithelium)

Compact bone
osteocytes within lacunae
arranged in concentric circles called lamellae

This surround a central canal; complex is called
Haversian system

Canaliculi connect osteocytes to central canal and
to each other



Prenatal development
skeleton is mostly cartilaginous

Cartilage cells and then osteoblasts start to
deposit minerals

Cartilaginous disk (epiphyseal disk) remains
in epiphysis

Cells eventually stop dividing

Bone Development
Initial skeleton of cartilage in infants

Replaced with bone by osteoblasts

More than 300 bones at birth fuse to 206

Always growing and breaking down
Osteoblasts form new bone cells
Osteoclasts break bone cells down
Osteocytes mature bone cells



Adults continually break down and build up bone

Osteoclasts remove damaged cells and release
calcium into blood

Osteoblasts remove calcium from blood and build
new matrix. They become trapped
osteoclasts

Broken Bones
Fracture is a break of the bone
Simple or Complex fracture
Regrowth of bone:
Spongy bone forms in first few days
Blood vessels regrow and spongy bone hardens
Full healing takes 1-2 months

Fracture repair

Hematoma- blood clot in space between edges of break

Fibrocartilage callus- begins tissue repair

Bony callus- osteoblasts produce trabeculae (structural support) of spongy bone and replace fibrocartilage

Remodeling- osteoblasts build new compact bone, osteoclasts build new medullary cavity


Types of Bones
Long Bones- metacarples, metatarsals, phelangies, humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula
Short Bones- carpals, tarsals
Flat Bones- rib, scapula, skull, sternum
Irregular Bones- vertebrae, some facial bones
Sesamoid- patella

Axial Skeleton


The skull

8 sutured bones in cranium
Facial bones: 13 sutured bones, 1 mandible

Cranium
encases brain
attachments for muscles
sinuses



Cranium
The bones of the cranium are:
I frontal bone
2 parietal bones
2 temporal bones
I occipital bone
1 sphenoid bone
1 ethmoid bone.


The cranial vault or calvaria forms the superior, lateral, and posterior aspects of skull
The cranial base forming the inferior aspect of skull

Cranial Base
Cranial base forms the skulls inferior aspect
Three prominent ridges divide the base into fossae
The brain rests on these cranial fossae completely enclosed by the cranial vault
The brain occupies the cranial cavity



Vertebral column

7 cervial vertebrae
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
1 sacrum (5 fused
1 coccyx (4 fused)

Vertebrae vary in size and morphology




Thoracic cage
ribs
thoracic vertebrae
sternum
costal cartilages

True ribs are directly attached to the sternum
(first seven pairs)
Three false ribs are joined to the 7th rib
Two pairs of floating ribs


Aging and bones
both bone and cartilage tend to deteriorate
cartilage: chondrocytes die, cartilage
becomes calcified

osteoporosis; bone is broken down faster
than it can be built
bones get weak and brittle; tend to fracture
easily

Risk factors for osteoporosis

Inadequate calcium
Little weight-bearing exercise
Drinking alcohol, smoking
Being female: decreased estrogen secretion
after menopause
Small frame
Caucasian or Asian ethnicity

Skeleton and other systems

Skin makes vitamin D which enhances calcium
absorption
Skeleton stores calcium for muscle contraction,
nervous stimulation, blood clot formation
Red marrow- site of blood cell formation

Calcium levels regulated by
parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
kidneys (can help provide vitamin D)
digestive system (can release calcium
into blood

Growth hormone regulates skeletal growth
stimulates cell division in epiphyseal disks
in long bones

Growth stops when epiphyseal disks are
converted to bone

When excess growth hormone is produced in


In adulthood- acromegaly. Bones cant grow
but soft tissue can