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A good paper: interesting! - and useful to many more people. Be READABLE (CAC) - Clear - Accurate - Concise NOT an "enigma", or "author centered" not only the reader (of the journal) - Remember: The ones who will "cite" your paper. Or not But firstly the referee - Remember: The one who suggest the editor whether your paper should be published.
A good paper: interesting! - and useful to many more people. Be READABLE (CAC) - Clear - Accurate - Concise NOT an "enigma", or "author centered" not only the reader (of the journal) - Remember: The ones who will "cite" your paper. Or not But firstly the referee - Remember: The one who suggest the editor whether your paper should be published.
A good paper: interesting! - and useful to many more people. Be READABLE (CAC) - Clear - Accurate - Concise NOT an "enigma", or "author centered" not only the reader (of the journal) - Remember: The ones who will "cite" your paper. Or not But firstly the referee - Remember: The one who suggest the editor whether your paper should be published.
Dr. DANIEL CARDENAS 1 Write a paper, why? Share your research work Disseminate your findings Establish milestones Finding answers. or questions Publish a paper in a scientific journal or conference High quality They are a reference (Indexed) Impact factor
2 But.. Time consuming Easy? no way! Many papers do not communicate your research (if accepted) They are not cited later on Emphasis on authors, not readers Redundant info (not useful) A good paper: interesting! And useful to many more people
3 Exercise
Why do you think the papers you have brought are well/bad written? Discuss it in your group
4 5 What will we see Organize the content (structure) Prepare a draft Revise
6 Structure 7 What for? A paper can show your original work, e.g. I had an idea, I though about a feasible solution Or review someone elses research e.g. telecom operators This is what we expect for the future These are the problems will face and the research trends Science evolves in previous findings 8 And therefore a paper.. Needs to (must, should) INFORM Not impress! Be READABLE (CAC) Clear Accurate Concise NOT an enigma, or author centered Ex: SI definition of second 9 Those ones SI Definition of second The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom. 10 INFORM WHO? Not only the reader (of the journal) Remember: The ones who will cite your paper or not But firstly the referee Remember: The one who suggest the editor whether your paper should be published or not Mmmm about referees. 11 Those ones .DSP will never be used on optical communications A referee when rejecting one paper at the dawn of proposing using DSP for expanding even more the capacity of optical links Today, there is practically no optical communications without DSP. 12
13 INFORM Easy pissy! Present a very well detailed description of my research work!!
NOOOO!!!! Well. NOT ONLY THAT!
Convince them that IT IS IMPORTANT !! 14 And Done. It is important. What else?
Show them that is RELEVANT!!. To the respective community
In other words, show: WHY IS IMPORTANT and WHY YOU SHOULD CARE
15 We are talking about MOTIVATION OUTCOME E v i d e n c e
17 Structure Introduction Explains the motivation! States what is to come Presents the structure of the paper Methodology Gives detailed (enough) information about your work and how others can replicate it If too much info, some of it can be placed in the appendix 18 Structure Results & Discussion Present the results (what you found) and discuss them (what they mean) Usually both things into one section, Tick: What would you do? Remember, readers did not do your work, seldom they make sense of your results You have to interpret them. TELL THEM WHAT THEY MEAN!!
19 Structure Conclusion The outcome Interpret the results. Again? What is the difference? Example: Moore law & demand Relates the results to the Introduction
20 Abstract Basically, it is a summary of the MOTIVATION and OUTCOME of your work
Beginning and the end Very though No redundant information!
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22 Introduction Presents the motivation and structure of the paper Components: Context, to establish the importance of the work Need of your work, what we have and what we want Task, to address that need Object, what the paper reports
23 Exercise
Identify these components in the introduction of your papers (groups) Context Need Task Object
24 Introduction Context and need start BROAD and finish NARROW on the issue under research providing a good motivation The fact that it has not been studied before is NOT a good reason to study it ! Write it to capture a broad range of readers Provide useful and importance context (info that help to understand the NEED)
25 Introduction Consider putting the context in time Recently, since 2000, etc, Or in space Mainly research field (or geographically) State the actual situation WHAT WE HAVE (state of the art) And the desired one (WHAT WE WANT) Emphasize the contrast But, unfortunately, however, etc
26 Introduction If possible, combine the need with the task in one sentence. Write first the objective (need) and then the action taken (task)
To confirm this assumption, we studied
To assess ., we analyzed
27 Introduction Task and object
The task emphasizes the authors contribution The object is what the paper covers 28 Introduction TASK
Use we or the authors as the subject of the sentence Use a research action verb In past tense! We measured, we analyzed, etc
29 Introduction TASK, examples:
To confirm this assumption, we studied the effects of
To address this issue, we developed a new algorithm
30 Exercise
List research action verbs (in groups) 31 Some research action verbs Apply Develop Assess Evaluate Calculate Explore Compare Implement Compute Investigate Derive Measure Design Model Determine 32 Introduction OBJECT
Use the document as the subject of the sentence: this paper, this report, etc Use a communication action verb In present tense! This paper discusses. and then shows. This report clarifies
33 Exercise
List communication action verbs
34 Some communication action verbs Clarify Present Describe Propose Detail Provide Discuss Report Explain Summarize Offer 35 Introduction
Analyze vs analyse ??
Summarize vs summarise ??
Organize vs organise ??
36 Exercise
Identify these components in the introduction of your papers (again) Context Need Task Object And/or improve it!!
37 The body of the paper 38 Body Usually organized in sections and possibly subsections
Typically: Methodology Results & Discussion Conclusions 39 Body As in the object at the end of the Introduction that organize the body in sections, you can prepare the reader for subsections by a first general paragraph (between the headings of a section and the subsection) Explicitly it would be: This section first , then and finally
40 Methodology Usually boring What can make it more interesting? => Explain the choices you have made What justifies a given component? Test bench? What is special about your approach? And mention them EARLY in the paragraph (First sentence if possible)
41 Methodology DO NOT ALLOW READERS GUESS!!! The first sentence should give a clear idea of what the paragraph is about (the main idea!) Consider using tables or a schematic diagram The first sentence, if needed, refers to a figure and/or a reference If you want, the rest of the paragraph can be written in passive voice
42 Methodology Remember that it should contain the needed information so that your reader can replicate the experiment or be aware of the conditions/characteristics of your work Consider the jargon of your community, e.g. when using abbreviations, would the reader read it as such or say its full name? By the way, every abbreviation should be explained the very first time is written in the paper 43 Exercise
Can you identify in your paper(s) a good paragraph about methodology?
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45 Results & Discussion Usually combined as results cannot be well better understood by (most of) your readers if they are not interpreted Do not go through everything you have done in chronological order! Again, state the message of each paragraph right away. The first sentence should contain the main idea of the paragraph
46 Results & Discussion The rest of the paragraph explains better the main idea and should contain only the information that you consider relevant to convince your reader Remember: The so what? should be stated first!
47 Results & Discussion Example: Figure 1a-c show the theoretical results for. whereas figures 2-4 show the experimental curves obtained when It can be seen that both curves, theoretical and experimental have a similar behaviour and are in good agreement We conclude that as numerical calculations and experimental results are in agreement, the effect is indeed .
Be careful with the figures, you should not describe them but make your point (result) upfront and refer to them if useful.
48 Results & Discussion Example: Numerical calculations agree with experimental results and therefore the effect is The theoretical results for (Figure 1a-c) show a similar behaviour to experimental plots (Figures 2-4)
The sentences should make sense for the readers even if they do not want to look at the figures
49 Exercise
Can you identify in your paper(s) a good paragraph about Results & Discussion?
50 Conclusion Write the most important outcome of the paper Do not summarize the items in the body but interpret the results at a higher level Show whether you have addressed the need stated in the introduction Focus not just on the results but on what they mean to the community 51 Conclusion Use a language to make it interesting (result and implications) Make it memorable If comparing with reported results or theoretical calculations, avoid vague comparisons (good, better, low, etc) and try to quantify them (10x, 3dB, etc)
52 Conclusion At the end, include some further work on the issue, either that you intend to do it yourself (in the short term we will; we are now designing) or leave it open for others. Provided that the Introduction was well written, do not repeat it in the Conclusion (do not say again what your paper has done) Rather, focus on your findings and especially what they mean
53 Conclusion If you had a rich discussion of the results, your conclusion does not need to be long A longer conclusion does not necessarily mean that is more impressive
54 Exercise
Can you identify in your paper(s) a good Conclusion? Why do you think it is a good conclusion?
55 Exercise
Compare the papers you have brought and give suggestions of how can they be improved. Remember on what we have seen so far (Introduction, Methodology, Results & Discussion and Conclusions)
56 Exercise
Apply what you have learnt so far in the paper you intend to or are currently writing, has something changed?
57 ABSTRACT 58 Abstract Maybe the most difficult part of the paper Often people will read only the abstract and the conclusions in order to decide if they will read the whole paper They read the abstract to decide if they want to buy the paper or not. The abstract also prepares them for what is to come in detail 59 Abstract Since readers want to know the motivation and outcome, they will find that information in the Introduction and Conclusions sections Only then, people in the same field of expertise as yours might read the details of your paper Thus, the abstract resembles the Introduction and Conclusion! Or you can think of it as two parts: motivation and outcome 60 Abstract MOTIVATION: Follow a similar structure as in the Introduction Context, need, task and object
OUTCOME: State your findings and mainly their interpretation (so what)
61 Abstract BUT. Bear in mind that it will be read by a broader audience (different levels of specialization among your target audience), so anyone should be able to understand: Why you carried out that work Why it is important (need) What you did (task) What the paper reports specifically What you found What do your results mean
62 Abstract Avoid quoting references and figures Quantify your results! Avoid vague words (low, good, etc)
63 Exercise
From the papers you have brought, which one do you think is a good abstract and why? Do you think they can be improved?
64 Exercise
Write a 35 word abstract for the paper you are writing 65 66