LESSON

1
LECTURE
PIPES
SUB-OBJECTIVE
At the end of this lesson, the trainee ill !e a!le to "nderstandin# of Pi$es and Pi$e
%i&ensions'
1'( INTRO%UCTION
Commercial pipe and tube products are grouped into various classification
generally based on the application or use and not on the manufacturing method.
)'( CLASSI*ICATION
Most tubular products fall into one of three very broad classification.
a. Pipe
b. Pipe pressure tubes
c. Mechanical tubes
Each classification falls into various sub-grouping which may be defined and
standardized differently by the different trade or user groups. On the basis of user
classification, the more commonly used types of pipe are tabulated in able !-!.
his listing ignores method of manufacture, size range wall thic"ness, and finish.
#PEC$%$C MEC&'($C') CO*+#E %O+ E(,$(EE+#
)E##O( ! P',E ! P$PE COMPO(E( '(- '(C$)$'+. E/*$PME(
Ta!le 1-1' +a,or Pi$e -lassifi-ations and e.a&$les of a$$li-ation'
T/$e of $i$e Uses
#tandard Mechanical 0structural1 service pipe, low-
pressure service pipe, refrigeration 0ice
machine1 pipe, ice-rin" pipe, dry-"iln pipe.
Pressure )i2uid, gas or vapor service pipe, service
for elevated temperature or pressure, or
both
)ine hreaded or plain ends, gas, oil, and
steam pipe.
3ater well +eamed and drifted, water-well casing,
drive pipe, driven well pipe, pump pipe,
turbine pump pipe
Oil country tubular goods Casing, well tubing, drill pipe.
Other pipe Conduit, piles, nipple pipe, sprin"ler pipe,
bed stead tubing.
)'1 STAN%AR% PIPE
Mechanical service pipe is produced in three classes of wall thic"ness.
a. #tandard weight
b. E4tra strong
c. -ouble e4tra strong
)') PRESSURE PIPE
Pressure pipe is used for conveying fluids or gases at normal, subzero, or elevated
temperatures or pressures. $t generally is not sub5ected to e4ternal heat
application. he range of sizes is !67 in. nominal size to 89 in. actual outside
diameter in various wall thic"nesses. Pressure piping is furnished in random
lengths, with threaded or plain ends, as re2uired. :ointers are not customarily
produced. Pressure pipe generally receives a hydrostatic test by the mill.
)'0 LINE PIPE
)ine pipe is welded or seamless pipe produced in sizes from !67 in. nominal O- to
89 in. actual O-, inclusive. $t is used principally for conveying gas, oil, or water.
)ine pipe is produced with ends plain, threaded, beveled, grooved, flanged, or
e4panded, as re2uired for various types of mechanical couplers or for welded
5oints. 3hen threaded ends and couplings are re2uired, recessed couplings are
normally supplied.
#PEC$%$C MEC&'($C') CO*+#E %O+ E(,$(EE+#
P$PE COMPO(E( '(- '(C$)$'+. E/*PME( )E##O( ! P',E ;
)'1 2ATER-2ELL
3ater-well pipe is welded or seamless steel pipe used for conveying water for
municipal and industrial applications. Pipelines for such purposes involve flow
mains, transmission mains, force mains, water mains, or distribution mains. he
mains are generally laid underground. #izes range from !67 to <9 in. in a variety
of wall thic"nesses. Pipe is produced with ends suitably prepared for mechanical
couplers, with plain ends beveled for welding, with ends fitted with but straps for
field welding, or with bell-and-spigot 5oints with rubber gas"ets for field 5oining.
Pipe is produced in double random lengths of about => ft. single random lengths of
about ;> ft. or in definite cut lengths, as specified. 3all thic"nesses vary from
>.>97 in. for !67 in. nominal outer diameter to !.>> in. for <9 in. actual outer
diameter.
3hen re2uired, water-well pipe is produced with a specified coating or lining or
both. %or e4ample, cement-mortar coatings are e4tensively used.
)'3 OIL COURTR4 5OO%S
Casing is used as a structural retainer for the walls of oil or gas wells and is also
used to e4clude undesirable fluids, and to confine and conduct oil or gas from
productive subsurface strata to the ground level. Casing is produced in sizes = ?
to ;> in, outside diameter inclusive. #ize designations refer to actual outside
diameter and weight per foot. Ends are commonly threaded and furnished with
couplings. 3hen re2uired, the ends are prepared to accommodate other types of
5oints.
0'( PIPE SELECTION
Many pipes of different diameter and thic"ness are used in power and desalination
plant. hey are selected mainly by the following parameter.
a. %luid character
b. %low rate and flow velocity
c. Pressure
%or above selecting parameter we must "now about the standard pipe size or
diameter wall thic"ness and pipe schedule number.
0'1 %IA+ETER
*p to !; inches pipe size coming with it nominal pipe size. he nominal outside
diameter is standard, the increase in wall thic"ness results in a decrease of the
inside diameter.
he standardization of pipe size over !; inches, is based on the actual outside
diameter.
#PEC$%$C MEC&'($C') CO*+#E %O+ E(,$(EE+#
)E##O( ! P',E 8 P$PE COMPO(E( '(- '(C$)$'+. E/*$PME(
0') 2ALL T6IC7NESS
he standard pipe normally in three or more coming different classes according to
the wall thic"ness of pipe standard, e4tra strong and double e4tra strong or
e4tremely strong. %or inspection purposes and for ordering, the minimum
thic"ness must be ta"en into account the code formula for pipe wall thic"ness is @
t
m
=
PD
2S + 2Y P
+ C
3here
t
m
A minimum pipe wall thic"ness in inch.
P A Ma4imum internal service pressure psi
- A Outside diameter in inch
# A 'llowable stress in material due to internal pressure as shown in table !-;.
C A 'llowance for threading, mechanical strength and6or corrosion.
. A a coefficient having values as given in able !-8.
Ta!le 1-)' AS+E Poer Boiler -ode'
Material '#M
#pecificati
on
,rade or
#ymbol
Min
ensile
#trength
# Balues P#$ for Metal
emperature not to e4ceed
-;> to
9C> %
D>> % DC> % 7>> %
Electrical
+esistance
3elded #teel
' C8 O+
' !8C
'
E
=7.>>
9>.>>
!>.;>
>
!;.DC
>
)ap-3elded steel ' C8 -- =C.>> <.>> -- -- --
Eutt 3elded #teel ' C8 -- =C.>> 9.DC> -- -- --
#tainless steel ' C8
' !>9
'
E
=7.>>
9>.>>
!;.>> !!.9C> !>.D>> <.>>>
!C.>> !=.8C> !;.<C> !>.7>7
Ta!le 1-0' Val"es of Coeffi-ientl/
emperature, deg %
<>> and
below
<C> !>>> !>C> !!>> !!C> and
above
%errite
#teels
>.= >.C >.D >.D >.D >.D
'ustenitic
#teel
>.= >.= >.= >.= >.C >.D
#PEC$%$C MEC&'($C') CO*+#E %O+ E(,$(EE+#
P$PE COMPO(E( '(- '(C$)$'+. E/*PME( )E##O( ! P',E =
Ta!le 1-1' Val"es of C
ype of pipe Balue of C, in.
hread pipe@
!67 in. and smaller
>.>C
? in. and larger -epth of thread
Plain end pipe or tubes for ! in. size and smaller >.>C
Plain end pipe or tubes for sizes above ! in. >.>9C
0'0 BRIE* *OR+ULA *OR 2ALL TIC7NESS 8+ETRIC9
Pipe thic"ness can be calculated by the following brief formula.
3here P A pressure !(6mmF
- A pipe diameter mm
A allowable stress of (6mmF
carbon steel pipe
t A allowance for corrosion
and other factor mm
t A pipe thic"ness mm
$f above values are as follows@
P A >.979 0(6mmF1
- A D>> 0mm1
A =>> 4 !69 A 9D 0(6mmF1
09 means safety factor1
t A ; mm
the pipe thic"ness will be@
#PEC$%$C MEC&'($C') CO*+#E %O+ E(,$(EE+#
)E##O( ! P',E C P$PE COMPO(E( '(- '(C$)$'+. E/*$PME(
t =
PD
2
+ _ t

t =
0.686 x 700
2 x 67
+ 2 = 3.6 + 2 = 5.6 (mm)
he calculation result is C.9 mm, but usually the ne4t thic"er section is selected.
hic"ness, calculated according to a number of variables is found in the pipe
dimension tables given as an e4ample, on table !-;, !-8 and !-=.
he value of the safety factor to be chosen depends on the dynamic or static
pressure, and on environmental forces, such as rotating machines.
%or static pressure, usually a safety factor of appro4imately = is chosen, while for
dynamic pressure this factor is between 9 and !>.
$f a pipe is located near a vibration source such as a rotating machine, the chosen
safety factor is 9 or larger.
1'( SC6E%ULE NU+BER 8SC69
he #C& number is used to denote the standard thic"ness of pipe. he formula to
decide the #C& number is as follows@
where @ P A fluid pressure 0(6cmF1
# A allowable stress of pipe material 0(6mmF1
:apanese #C& numbers have two categories, as shown in the following@
he #C& numbers for carbon steel pipes
#C&@ !>,;>, 8>, =>, 9>, 7>, !>>, !;>, !9>
he #C& numbers for stainless steel pipes 0thinner than above1
#C&@ CC, !>#, ;>#, 8>#, =>#, 7>#
he same #C& number series of pipes have the same pressure durability.
herefore, if an #C& number for one size of pipe is decided, then all series of same
#C& number pipes will have same durability against inner fluid pressure. his
system has been developed to simplify the determination of pipe thic"ness and to
standardize it for pipe manufacturer and stoc"ing.
'llowable stress # in the above formula is different from country to country for each
material and temperature.
%or carbon steel pipes for high temperature service 0#P871, at ;>> C, # is <8.!
(6mmF in :apan. %or stainless steel pipes 0#*#8>=)P1 used under the same
temperature, # is !>9.7 (6cmF.
'ssuming that a carbon steel pipe is sub5ect to a pressure of 8=8 (6cmF and a
stainless steel pipe to <8.! (6cmF, we have@
#PEC$%$C MEC&'($C') CO*+#E %O+ E(,$(EE+#
P$PE COMPO(E( '(- '(C$)$'+. E/*PME( )E##O( ! P',E 9
SCH = 10 x
P
S
%or carbon steel pipe@
%or stainless steel pipe@
-imension of above formula, cmF and mmF, need not coincide for the calculation.
hat is, P must be e4pressed by (6cmF, and # must be e4pressed by (6mmF.
(e4t higher #C& than 89.7 e2uals to =>, and ne4t higher #C& than 7.D e2uals to
!>#. &ence for above application, #C& of carbon steel pipe and stainless steel pipe
should be respectively => and !>#.
$n order to decide a proper pipe thic"ness, you must calculate it by using the formula
shown.
#C& is =>. 'ssume that a calculated thic"ness is 8.D. .ou have to loo" for 8.D
thic"ness shown in #C&=> column, and ascertain whether 8.D is allotted to its
column.
*nless you can not find your desired thic"ness, you should calculate thic"ness again,
changing the e4ternal diameter until the result fits to a data hereon.
#C& of one system of a pipe line is preferably fit e2ual.
#PEC$%$C MEC&'($C') CO*+#E %O+ E(,$(EE+#
)E##O( ! P',E D P$PE COMPO(E( '(- '(C$)$'+. E/*$PME(
SCH = 10 x
343
93.1
= 36.8 < 40
SCH = 10 x
93.1
106.8
= 8.7 < 10S
Ta!le 1-3'
Ta!le 1-:'
#PEC$%$C MEC&'($C') CO*+#E %O+ E(,$(EE+#
P$PE COMPO(E( '(- '(C$)$'+. E/*PME( )E##O( ! P',E 7
Ta!le 1-;' Car!on Steer Pi$es for 6i#h Te&$erat"re Ser<i-e'
#PEC$%$C MEC&'($C') CO*+#E %O+ E(,$(EE+#
)E##O( ! P',E < P$PE COMPO(E( '(- '(C$)$'+. E/*$PME(