Fishery is an entity engaged in raising and/or harvesting fsh, which is determined

by some authority to be a fshery. According to the FAO, a fshery is typically defned

in terms of the people involved, species or type of fsh, area of water or seabed,
method of fshing, class of boats, purpose of the activities or a combination of the
foregoing features. he defnition often includes a combination of fsh and fshers
in a region, the latter fshing for similar species with similar gear type.
A fshery my involver the capture of wild fsh or raising fsh through fsh farming or
a!uaculture. "irectly or indirectly, the livelihood of over #$$ million people in
developing countries depends on fsheries and a!uaculture. Overfshing, including
the ta%ing of fsh beyond sustainable levels, is reducing fsh stoc%s and employment
in many world regions.
&n biology ' the term fsh is most strictly used to describe any animal with a
bac%bone that has gills throughout life and has limbs, if any, in the shape of fns.
(any types of a!uatic animals commonly referred to as fsh are not fsh in this strict
sense) e*ample include shellfsh, cuttlefsh, starfsh, crayfsh, and +ellyfsh. &n earlier
times, even biologists did not ma%e a distinction ' si*teenth century natural
historians classifed also seals, whales, amphibians, crocodiles, even
hippopotamuses, as well as a host of a!uatic invertebrates, as fsh.
&n fsheries ' the term fsh is used to collective term, and includes mollus%s,
crustaceans and any a!uatic animal which is harvested.
rue fsh ' the strict biological defnition of a fsh, above, is sometimes called a true
fsh. rue fsh are also referred to as fnfsh or fn fsh to distinguish them from other
a!uatic life harvested in fsheries or a!uaculture.
Fisheries are harvested for their value ,commercial, recreational or subsistence-.
hey can be saltwater or freshwater, wild or farmed. .*amples are the salmon
fshery of Alas%a, the cod fshery o/ the 0ofoten islands, the tuna fshery of the
.astern 1acifc, or the shrimp farm fsheries in china. 2apture fsheries can be
broadly classifed as industrial scale, small3scale or artisanal, and recreational.
2lose to 4$5 of the world6s fshery catches come from oceans and seas, as opposed
to inland water. hese marine catches have remained relatively stable since the
mid3nineties ,between 7$ and 78 million tonnes-. (ost marine fsheries are based
near the coast. his is not only because harvesting from relatively shallow waters is
easier than in the open ocean, but also because fsh much more abundant near the
coastal shelf, due to the abundance of nutrients available there from coastal
upwelling and land runo/. 9owever, productive wild fsheries also e*ist in open
oceans, particularly by seamounts, and inland in la%es and rivers.
(ost fsheries are wild fsheries, but farmed fsheries are increasing. Farming can
occur in coastal areas, such as with oyster farms, but more typically occur inland, in
la%es, ponds, tan%s and other enclosures.
here are species fsheries worldwide for fnfsh, mollus%s, crustaceans and
echinoderms, and by e*tension, a!uatic plants such as %elp. 9owever, a very small
number of species support the ma+ority of the world6s fsheries. :ome of these
species are herring, cod, anchovy, tuna, ;ounder, mullet, s!uid, shrimp, salmons,
crab, lobster, oyster, scallops. All e*cept these last four provided a worldwide catch
of well over a million tones in <444. (any other species are harvested in smaller
numbers.
(arine science is well3rounded and multi3disciplinary program which has been
carefully designed to ta%e full advantage of the uni!ue variety of marine
environments available for study around the island of 9awai6i. introductory lecture
and laboratory courses in general oceanography and marine biology are followed by
intermediate3level courses in marine ecology and evolution, marine methods, and
statistical applications in marine science. he most advanced level of the degree
programs is composed of speciali=ed courses in geological, chemical, physical, and
biological oceanography and electives. he programs culminate in one of three
capstone se!uences> ,a- :enior hesis, a research se!uence involving proposal
writing, library research, feld data collection, laboratory wor%, computer analysis of
data, report writing, and oral presentation) ,b- :enior &nternship, a se!uence
providing students the opportunity to apply their %nowledge and s%ills in an agency
or organi=ation involved in marine science education or research) or ,c- :enior
:eminar, a se!uence involving discussion, criti!ue, and presentation of marine
science3oriented seminars, and grant proposal writing.