1 APAStyleCitation-UTAR

Using APA Style
Using APA Style

Mr Chang Tiam Chau Mr Chang Tiam Chau
Senior Librarian Senior Librarian
5th edition of APA's Publication Manual
Using APA Style
Using APA Style
The material in this guide is not a comprehensive list of all the types
of materials that can be cited.
For complete and thorough information about using APA style, go
straight to the source. Copies of the Publication Manual of the APA
are available in Red-Spot collections in all libraries.
The call number is BF76.7 .P83 2001
Contents
Contents
Why should you acknowledge your

Why should you acknowledge your
sources
sources
?
?
Why use APA style?

Why use APA style?
Citation reference in the text

Citation reference in the text
Reference list
Reference list
Why should you acknowledge
Why should you acknowledge
your sources
your sources
?
?
Citations reflect the careful and thorough work

you have put into locating and exploring your
sources
Citations are a courtesy to the reader, who may

share your interest in a particular area of
scholarship
By citing sources, then, you demonstrate your

integrity and skill as a responsible participant in
the conversation of scholarship
Failure to provide adequate citations constitutes

plagiarism
Why Use APA Style
Why Use APA Style
?
?
This is the most common format for

This is the most common format for
documenting sources
documenting sources
This format is widely used for course

This format is widely used for course
papers and journal articles in psychology
papers and journal articles in psychology
and also in the social sciences, education,
and also in the social sciences, education,
engineering, and business
engineering, and business
APA IN
APA IN
-
-
TEXT CITATIONS
TEXT CITATIONS
The APA style specifies the use of a parenthetical
reference system (abbreviated source information
in parentheses) in the text of the paper tied to an
alphabetical References list (located at the end of
your paper) which contains full source and
publication information for your cited sources.
Remember that all in-text parenthetical references
must correspond to a source cited in the
References list.
APA IN
APA IN
-
-
TEXT CITATIONS
TEXT CITATIONS
One Work by One Author
One Work by One Author
When using APA format, follow the author When using APA format, follow the author- -date method of date method of
in in- -text citation: text citation:
Reference in the text: Reference in the text:
Walker (2000) compared reaction times Walker (2000) compared reaction times
In a study of reaction times (Walker, 2000) In a study of reaction times (Walker, 2000)
References ( References (at the end of your paper)
Walker, M. M. Walker, M. M. (2001). Transfer of lexical information in adults (2001). Transfer of lexical information in adults
with reading disorders. with reading disorders. Perceptual and Motor Skills Perceptual and Motor Skills, 93 , 93 (1), (1),
257 257- -267. 267.
APA IN
APA IN
-
-
TEXT CITATIONS
TEXT CITATIONS
One Work by One Author (Cont.)
One Work by One Author (Cont.)
Cite by author and year only even when reference Cite by author and year only even when reference
includes includes month or date month or date: :
Mak (2006) found workers are happier Mak (2006) found workers are happier
Mak, J. (2006, October 4). More public holidays for workers. Mak, J. (2006, October 4). More public holidays for workers.
The Star, The Star, p. N6. p. N6.
APA IN
APA IN
-
-
TEXT CITATIONS
TEXT CITATIONS
One Work by Two authors
One Work by Two authors
Always cite both names every time the reference Always cite both names every time the reference
occurs in text. Use the word "and" between the occurs in text. Use the word "and" between the
authors' names within the text and use "&" in the authors' names within the text and use "&" in the
parentheses: parentheses:
Serlin and Lapsley (1985) discovered the problems Serlin and Lapsley (1985) discovered the problems
A survey on the problems in A survey on the problems in ( (Serlin and Lapsley, Serlin and Lapsley,
1985) 1985)
Serlin, R. C., & Lapsley, D. K. (1985). Rationality in psycholog Serlin, R. C., & Lapsley, D. K. (1985). Rationality in psychological ical
research: The good research: The good- -enough principle. enough principle. American Psychologist, 40 American Psychologist, 40, ,
73 73- -83. 83.
APA IN
APA IN
-
-
TEXT CITATIONS
TEXT CITATIONS
One Work by Multiple authors (3 One Work by Multiple authors (3- -5 authors) 5 authors)
Cite all authors the 1 Cite all authors the 1
st st
time the reference occurs; in subsequent time the reference occurs; in subsequent
citations, include only the surname of the 1 citations, include only the surname of the 1
st st
author followed by author followed by
et al. et al. and the year if it is the 1 and the year if it is the 1
st st
citation of the reference within citation of the reference within
a paragraph. a paragraph. ( (et al. et al. means means and others) and others)
Skinner, Cornell, Sun, and Harlow, 1993 Skinner, Cornell, Sun, and Harlow, 1993 did a survey on did a survey on
(Use as 1 (Use as 1
st st
citation in text) citation in text)
Skinner et al. (1993) found Skinner et al. (1993) found (Use as subsequent 1 (Use as subsequent 1
st st
citation per paragraph thereafter) citation per paragraph thereafter)
Skinner et al. also found Skinner et al. also found (Omit year from subsequent (Omit year from subsequent
citations after 1 citations after 1
st st
citation within a paragraph) citation within a paragraph)
Skinner, M. E., Cornell, R. C., Sun, K. F., & Harlow, R. P. Skinner, M. E., Cornell, R. C., Sun, K. F., & Harlow, R. P.
(1993). Small group learning, (1993). Small group learning, Psychological Bulletin, 26, Psychological Bulletin, 26,
57 57- -63. 63.
APA IN
APA IN
-
-
TEXT CITATIONS
TEXT CITATIONS
Work Has Six or More Authors
Work Has Six or More Authors
For works with 6 or more authors, cite only the For works with 6 or more authors, cite only the
surname of the 1 surname of the 1
st st
author followed by author followed by et al. et al. and and
the year for the 1 the year for the 1
st st
and subsequent citations. and subsequent citations.
(In the reference list, provide the initials and surnames of the (In the reference list, provide the initials and surnames of the
1 1
st st
six authors, and shorten any remaining authors to six authors, and shorten any remaining authors to et al. et al. ) )
Martin et al. Martin et al. (2001) studied the use of (2001) studied the use of
Martin, S., Smith, L., Forehand, M. R., Mobbs, R., Lynch, T. F., Martin, S., Smith, L., Forehand, M. R., Mobbs, R., Lynch, T. F.,
Renfrew, E. J., et al. (2001). Use of collaborative technolog Renfrew, E. J., et al. (2001). Use of collaborative technology y
in business, in business, The Academy of Management Executive The Academy of Management Executive, 19, , 19, 130 130
- -138. 138.
APA IN
APA IN
-
-
TEXT CITATIONS
TEXT CITATIONS
Groups as Authors
Groups as Authors
If group author is readily identified by its abbreviation, If group author is readily identified by its abbreviation,
you may abbreviate the name in the second and you may abbreviate the name in the second and
subsequent citations: subsequent citations:
1 1
st st
citation: citation:
American Psychological Association [APA], (2003) American Psychological Association [APA], (2003)
Subsequent text citation: Subsequent text citation:
(APA, 2003) (APA, 2003)
American Psychological Association. (2003). American Psychological Association. (2003). Publication Publication
manual of the American Psychological Association manual of the American Psychological Association. .
Washington, DC: Author. Washington, DC: Author.
APA IN
APA IN
-
-
TEXT CITATIONS
TEXT CITATIONS
Works With No Author
Works With No Author
For periodical, book, brochure or report with no
For periodical, book, brochure or report with no
author, cite
author, cite the first few words of the reference
list entry (usually the title of the article
or book) and the year.
(Studies of Alcohol, 1999).
Alcohol and the risk of cancer. (2006, October 10). Alcohol and the risk of cancer. (2006, October 10). The Straits The Straits
Times Times, p. 32. , p. 32.
APA IN
APA IN
-
-
TEXT CITATIONS
TEXT CITATIONS
Authors With the Same Surname
Authors With the Same Surname
To avoid confusion, use initials with the last names To avoid confusion, use initials with the last names
if your reference list includes two or more authors if your reference list includes two or more authors
with the same last name. with the same last name.
Research by J. Young (1989) revealed that . . . Research by J. Young (1989) revealed that . . .
Survey by E. Young (1990) proved that Survey by E. Young (1990) proved that
Young, J. (1989). Young, J. (1989). The Purification Plan The Purification Plan. . New York: Rodale Books. New York: Rodale Books.
Young, E. (1990). Young, E. (1990). Caring for the Vulnerable Caring for the Vulnerable. . London: Jones and London: Jones and
Bartlett Publishers Bartlett Publishers. .
APA IN
APA IN
-
-
TEXT CITATIONS
TEXT CITATIONS
Personal Communication
Personal Communication
Interviews, memos, letters, e
Interviews, memos, letters, e
-
-
mail, and similar
mail, and similar
unpublished person
unpublished person
-
-
to
to
-
-
person communications
person communications
should be cited as follows:
should be cited as follows:
One of Atkinsons colleagues, who has studied the effect of One of Atkinsons colleagues, who has studied the effect of
the media on childrens eating habits, has contended that the media on childrens eating habits, has contended that
advertisers or snack foods will need to design ads advertisers or snack foods will need to design ads
responsibly for their younger viewers (F. Johnson, personal responsibly for their younger viewers (F. Johnson, personal
communication, October 20, 2004). communication, October 20, 2004).
Do not include personal communications in your reference list. Do not include personal communications in your reference list.
APA IN
APA IN
-
-
TEXT CITATIONS
TEXT CITATIONS
Secondary Sources
Secondary Sources
Name original work and (as cited in secondary source) Name original work and (as cited in secondary source)
Berger was attributed to have first used the term Berger was attributed to have first used the term
electroencephalogram electroencephalogram (EEG) (as cited in Masterpasqua & (EEG) (as cited in Masterpasqua &
Healey, 2003). Healey, 2003).
Original: Original:
Berger, H. (1929). Uber das electrenenkephalogramm des menschen Berger, H. (1929). Uber das electrenenkephalogramm des menschen
[On the electroencephalogram of humans]. [On the electroencephalogram of humans]. Archives von Pscyhiatrica Archives von Pscyhiatrica
Nervkrankh, 87 Nervkrankh, 87, 527 , 527- -570. 570.
In references, list secondary source. In references, list secondary source.
Masterpasqua, F. & Healey, K. N. (2003). Neurofeedback in Masterpasqua, F. & Healey, K. N. (2003). Neurofeedback in
psychological practice. psychological practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Professional Psychology: Research and
practice, 34 practice, 34, 652 , 652- -656. 656.
APA IN
APA IN
-
-
TEXT CITATIONS
TEXT CITATIONS
Quotations
Quotations
If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to
include the author, year of publication, and the page include the author, year of publication, and the page
number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce
the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the
author's last name followed by the date of publication in author's last name followed by the date of publication in
parentheses parentheses
.
.
According to Jones (2004), "Students often had difficulty using According to Jones (2004), "Students often had difficulty using APA APA
style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).
Jones, L. (2004). Jones, L. (2004). How to research. How to research. London: Open University London: Open University
Press. Press.
APA IN
APA IN
-
-
TEXT CITATIONS
TEXT CITATIONS
Quotations
Quotations
For longer quotations (indent without
For longer quotations (indent without
), and
), and
Use
Use
to indicate omitted words.

to indicate omitted words.
We agree with Obrue (2002), who concluded: We agree with Obrue (2002), who concluded:
Neurofeedback is perhaps best viewed not as an Neurofeedback is perhaps best viewed not as an
alternative to conventional psychopharmacological alternative to conventional psychopharmacological
agents but rather agents but rather (p. 8). (p. 8).
Obrue, K. (2002). Obrue, K. (2002). Neurofeedback practice. Neurofeedback practice. New York: McGraw New York: McGraw- -
Hill. Hill.
Formatting Your Reference
Formatting Your Reference
List
List

APA requires a hanging indent for its citations
APA requires a hanging indent for its citations

PLEASE BE SURE TO USE DOUBLE SPACE
PLEASE BE SURE TO USE DOUBLE SPACE
CITATIONS
CITATIONS

Documents only sources used in research and
Documents only sources used in research and
preparation
preparation

Alphabetize the works
Alphabetize the works
The Basics
Reference List Order
Reference List Order

Alphabetical by authors name
Alphabetical by authors name

Chronological by same author
Chronological by same author

Alphabetical by title
Alphabetical by title
Alleyne, R. L. (2004a). Alleyne, R. L. (2004a). M Managing information anaging information
Alleyne, R. L. (2004b). Alleyne, R. L. (2004b). M Multimedia management ultimedia management
H Hewlett, L. S. ( ewlett, L. S. (2005 2005). Critical thinking about ). Critical thinking about
Hewlett, L. S. ( Hewlett, L. S. (2006 2006). Doing quantitative research ). Doing quantitative research
Hewlett, L. S., Hewlett, L. S., B Baheti, J. M., Marthur, A. L., aheti, J. M., Marthur, A. L.,
M Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative ellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative
Book Reference
Book Reference
Single Author
Single Author
General Format
General Format
Author, A. A. (Year).
Title of book
Title of book
(Edition). Location: Publisher.
(Edition). Location: Publisher.
Example:
Example:
Zautra, A
Zautra, A
. J. (2006).
. J. (2006).
Emotions, stress, and
Emotions, stress, and
health
health
,
,
New York: Oxford University Press.
New York: Oxford University Press.
Book Reference
Book Reference
S
S
ingle Author
ingle Author (Cont.) (Cont.)
When the author and publisher are
When the author and publisher are
identical, use the word "Author" as the
identical, use the word "Author" as the
name of the publisher.
name of the publisher.
Example:
Example:
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). American Psychiatric Association. (1994).
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Book Reference
Book Reference
Multiple Authors
Multiple Authors
3 authors 3 authors
Playfair, J. H. Playfair, J. H., & , & Bancroft, G. J. Bancroft, G. J. (2004). (2004). Infection Infection
and immunity and immunity. . (2nd ed.). (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford Oxford: Oxford
University Press. University Press.
More than 6 authors More than 6 authors
Roeder, K., Howdeshell, J., Fulton, L., Lochhead, M., Roeder, K., Howdeshell, J., Fulton, L., Lochhead, M.,
Craig, K., Peterson, R., et. al. (1967). Craig, K., Peterson, R., et. al. (1967). Nerve cells Nerve cells
and insect behavior. and insect behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press. University Press.
When a work has up to (and including) six authors, When a work has up to (and including) six authors,
cite all authors. When a work has more than six cite all authors. When a work has more than six
authors cite the first six followed by "et al." authors cite the first six followed by "et al."
Examples:
Examples:
Book Reference
Book Reference
Corporate
Corporate
Author
Author
General Format
General Format
Corporate Author. (Year).
Corporate Author. (Year).
Title of
Title of
book
book
. Location: Publisher.
. Location: Publisher.
Example:
Example:
Institute of Banking & Finance. (2006).
Institute of Banking & Finance. (2006).
Managing personal fund.
Managing personal fund.
Toronto:
Toronto:
Midwestern.
Midwestern.
Book Reference
Book Reference
Unknown or No
Unknown or No
Author
Author
General Format
General Format
Title of book.
Title of book.
(Year). Place of publication:
(Year). Place of publication:
Publisher.
Publisher.
Example
Example
:
:
Education Handbook. (2005). London: Longman.
Begin the entry with the work
Begin the entry with the work
s title. Titles
s title. Titles
of books are italicized.
of books are italicized.
Edited Book Reference
Edited Book Reference
General Format General Format
Editor, A., & Editor, B. (Eds.). (Year). Editor, A., & Editor, B. (Eds.). (Year). Title of Title of
book book. Location: Publisher. . Location: Publisher.
Examples:
Examples:
One editor: One editor:
Michael, G. (Ed.). (1988). Michael, G. (Ed.). (1988). Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics. Beijing: . Beijing:
Peking University Press. Peking University Press.
More than one editor More than one editor
Grice, H. P., & Gregory, R. L. (Eds.). (1968). Grice, H. P., & Gregory, R. L. (Eds.). (1968). Early Early
language development language development. New York: McGraw . New York: McGraw- -Hill Hill. .
Publisher Information
Publisher Information
Give city and state only when city is not well
known or ambiguous
e.g. Hillsdale, NJ or Cambridge, MA
For state, use US postal code 2-letter
abbreviation and spell out other states/countries
e.g. Oxford, England: Blackwell
Give publisher in brief but must still be clear
e.g. New York: McGraw-Hill
Spell out name of publisher especially
associations, corporations, university presses
Leave out terms like Publisher, Co, Inc
Retain terms like Books, Press
More Than One Publisher
More Than One Publisher
Location
Location
If the book lists more than one publisher
location, use the first one or the home office
if specified.
Example:
New York, London: MacMillan
Cite as New York: MacMillan
Book Chapter Reference
Book Chapter Reference
General Format
General Format
Author, A. A. (2004). Title of chapter. In
Title of book (p.). Location: Publisher.
Example:
Example:
Blaxter, L. (1996). Thinking about research.
Blaxter, L. (1996). Thinking about research.
In
In
How to research
How to research
(p. 19).
(p. 19).
Buckingham:
Buckingham:
Open University Press.
Open University Press.
Journal Article Reference
One Author
One Author
General Format
General Format
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title, Journal Title,
Vol Vol (no), pages. (no), pages.
Examples:
Examples:
Wheelan, S. A. (2003). An Initial exploration of the Wheelan, S. A. (2003). An Initial exploration of the
internal dynamics of leadership teams. internal dynamics of leadership teams. Consulting Consulting
Psychology Journal: Practice & Research, 55 Psychology Journal: Practice & Research, 55, 179 , 179- -
188. 188.
McGill, K. (2006). McGill, K. (2006). Reading the valley: performance Reading the valley: performance
as a as a rhetoric rhetoric of of dimension dimension, , Text and Performance Text and Performance
Quarterly, 26 Quarterly, 26(4) (4), 389 , 389- -404 404. .
Two Authors
Two Authors
List all authors with
List all authors with
&
&
preceding last
preceding last
author.
author.
Example:
Example:
Racette, A.,
Racette, A.,
&
&
Bard, C. (2006). Making non
Bard, C. (2006). Making non
-
-
fluent aphasics speak.
fluent aphasics speak.
Journal of Logic and
Journal of Logic and
Computation,
Computation,
18
18
, 27
, 27
-
-
45
45
More Than Six Authors
More Than Six Authors
After 6
After 6
th th
author name, use
author name, use
et al.
et al.
Example:
Example:
Bjokr, R. N. Auerbach, J. S., Piaget, J., Tein, J.
Bjokr, R. N. Auerbach, J. S., Piaget, J., Tein, J.
Y., Kwok, O. M., Haine, R. A.,
Y., Kwok, O. M., Haine, R. A.,
et al. (2003).
et al. (2003).
Classroom Interaction in Science: Teacher
Classroom Interaction in Science: Teacher
questioning and feedback to students'
questioning and feedback to students'
responses
responses
.
.
International Journal of Science
International Journal of Science
Education
Education
,
,
63, 57
63, 57
-
-
60.
60.
Magazine Article Reference
Magazine Article Reference
Example:
Reppel, F. G. (2003, February 13). Conflict
and cognitive control. Natural Science, 33,
969-970.
General Format
General Format
Author, A. A. (Year, Month day). Title of
article. Title of Magazine, volume if given,
page-numbers.
Newspaper Article Reference
Newspaper Article Reference
Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of
Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of
article.
article.
Title of Newspaper
Title of Newspaper
, pages.
, pages.
Example:
Lee, S. (2006, October 3). Malaysia off the
Lee, S. (2006, October 3). Malaysia off the
priority watch list for pirated movies,
priority watch list for pirated movies,
music.
music.
New Straits Times
New Straits Times
, p. 6.
, p. 6.
General Format
General Format
UMI Thesis Reference
UMI Thesis Reference
Author, A. (Year).
Author, A. (Year).
Title of thesis
Title of thesis
. (Level of
. (Level of
thesis, University).
thesis, University).
Dissertation Abstracts
Dissertation Abstracts
International, vol
International, vol
(no), page. (UMI No.
(no), page. (UMI No.
xxxxx)
xxxxx)
Example:
Bower, D.L. (1993). Employee assistant
Bower, D.L. (1993). Employee assistant
programs supervisory referrals: Characteristics
programs supervisory referrals: Characteristics
of referring and nonreferring supervisors.
of referring and nonreferring supervisors.
Dissertation Abstracts International, 54
Dissertation Abstracts International, 54
(01),
(01),
534. (UMI No. 9315947)
534. (UMI No. 9315947)
General Format
General Format
Unpublished Thesis Reference
Unpublished Thesis Reference
Author, A. (Year).
Author, A. (Year).
Title of thesis
Title of thesis
. Unpublished
. Unpublished
level thesis. University, Place.
level thesis. University, Place.
Example:
Kondo, T. (1991).
Kondo, T. (1991).
The making of a corporate
The making of a corporate
elite adult targeted comic magazines of
elite adult targeted comic magazines of
Japan.
Japan.
Unpublished masters thesis. McGill
Unpublished masters thesis. McGill
University, Canada.
University, Canada.
General Format
General Format
Web Page Reference
Web Page Reference
Title of work.
Title of work.
Retrieved Month Day, Year, from
Retrieved Month Day, Year, from
source.
source.
Example:
Example:
American Psychological Association. (2003). American Psychological Association. (2003).
Electronic references Electronic references. Retrieved October 8, 2006, . Retrieved October 8, 2006,
from from http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html. .
General Format
General Format
Article in an Internet
Article in an Internet
-
-
only Journal
only Journal
Author, A. (Year). Title of article.
Author, A. (Year). Title of article.
Journal
Journal
Title, vol
Title, vol
(no), pages.
(no), pages.
Retrieved Month Day,
Retrieved Month Day,
Year, from source.
Year, from source.
Example:
Example:
Christopher, P. (2006). Unleashing Change: A Study of Christopher, P. (2006). Unleashing Change: A Study of
Organizational Renewal in Government. Organizational Renewal in Government.
A Administrative Science Quarterly dministrative Science Quarterly, , 51 51(2), 117 (2), 117- -123. 123.
Retrieved October 8, 2006, from Retrieved October 8, 2006, from
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=106 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=106
0945191&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD& 0945191&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&
VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=116088443 VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=116088443
8&clientId=63520 8&clientId=63520
General Format
General Format
Pay Specific Attention to
Pay Specific Attention to
Consistency in how you apply APA

Consistency in how you apply APA
Punctuation (period, comma, semi

Punctuation (period, comma, semi
-
-
colon)
colon)
Location and publisher for books

Location and publisher for books
Volume, issue and page numbers for

Volume, issue and page numbers for
articles
articles
Complete and correct information

Complete and correct information
Spelling
Spelling
Free APA Style Converter
Free APA Style Converter
The APA Style Converter is a web-based tool
with which authors may prepare their
references in APA style according to the APA
Publication Manual(5th ed.).
In order to generate a citation in APA format,
the user just needs to enter the bibliographic
information in the columns such as author, title,
publisher, etc. Then, the concerning APA
citation will be generated.
The website is http://www.noodletools.com
Look for Free Tools, and click NoodleBib Express,
then click APA.
The End
The End

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Using APA Style

Using APA Style

Why should you acknowledge your

Why use APA style?

Citation reference in the text

Citations reflect the careful and thorough work

Citations are a courtesy to the reader, who may

By citing sources, then, you demonstrate your

Failure to provide adequate citations constitutes

This is the most common format for

This format is widely used for course

to indicate omitted words.

Consistency in how you apply APA

Punctuation (period, comma, semi

Location and publisher for books

Volume, issue and page numbers for

Complete and correct information

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