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→ → →
i j k
→ → k
A ×B = Ax Ay Az i
1 n
e x √ −1 = cos(x ) + √ −1 sin( x ) j
e = lim (1 + n ) Bx By Bz
n →∞
d x
y = ex x = log y dx
e = ex
∫ e dx = e
x x
y= e 2 σ
∇U ∇ · V
→
∇×V
→
e = 2.71828… σ √ 2π
Calculus, developed by 2 2
Newton and Leibniz, is based Euler's formula relating
∇ U U
Napier's constant, e, on derivatives (slopes) and exponentials to sine waves.
is the base of natural integrals (areas) of curves. A special case relating the The Gaussian or Gibbs's vector cross product.
logarithms and exponentials. The derivative of ex is ex. e, expressed as a limit numbers pi, e, and the normal probability distribution Del operates on scalar and vector
e is transcendental. The integral of ex is ex. and an infinite series. imaginary square root of -1. is a bell-shaped curve. fields in 3D, quad in 4D.