Title :

Source:Golden Research Thoughts [2231-5063] yr:2013 vol:2 iss:7.

MATLAB SIMULATION OF DECELERATION CHARACTERISTICS OF ADVANCED FLYWHEEL
RAHUL A. LEKURWALE AND S. G. TARNEKAR
KEYWORD-
Flywheel, PMSM.
I.INTRODUCTION
Traditional flywheel rotors are usually constructed of steel and are limited to a spin rate of a few
thousand revolutions per minute (RPM). Advanced flywheels constructed from carbon fiber materials and
magnetic bearings can spin in vacuum at speeds up to 40,000 to 60,000 RPM. The stored energy is
proportional to the moment of inertia and to the square of the rotational speed by eq.(1). High speed
flywheels can store much more energy than the conventional flywheels.
Where the Ek is the energy store in the flywheel ,J is moment of inertia , is the angular velocity
of the flywheel. High speed flywheel systems are designed to minimize losses in the system so that power is
able to be pulled from the system for the longest possible time .
There are a number of advantages that make flywheels useful for applications where other storing
units are now used.
- High power density.
- High energy density.
- The lifetime of the flywheel is almost independent of the depth of the discharge and discharge cycle. It
can operate equally well on shallow and on deep discharges.
- Short recharge time.
- Scalable technology and universal localization.
-Environmental friendly materials, low environmental impact.
Abstract:
Advanced flywheels are very effective and advantageous energy storage
systems. For exchanging the energy a Permanent magnet synchronous machine (to work
as motor/generator) is coupled to it. The motor/generator draws power provided by the
grid to accelerate it up to the required speed. The frictionless system keeps the rotor of
the flywheel spinning for a long period.. The flywheel get decelerate for the different load
condition is obtained in the MATLAB Software. Flywheel operates in charging mode as
positive torque is applied and in discharging mode as negative torque is applied.
MATLAB SIMULATION OF DECELERATION
CHARACTERISTICS OF ADVANCED FLYWHEEL
RAHUL A. LEKURWALE AND S. G. TARNEKAR
Project Fellow,MTech.(IPS) G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering Nagpur.
Professor ,Department of Electrical Engg.G.H. raisoni College of Engineering Nagpur
Available online at www.aygrt.net
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Volume 2, Issue. 7, Jan. 2013
Golden Research Thoughts
ISSN:-2231-5063
GRT
(1)
Literature present that advanced flywheel has many application like uninterruptible power supplies
(UPS), dynamic voltage compensators, overload compensators, and start-up of standby diesels. This paper
explain flywheel, PMSM, deceleration characteristic of the flywheel at different load condition[1],[3].
II. FLYWHEEL
A flywheel stores energy in a rotating mass. Depending on the inertia and speed of the rotating
mass, a given amount of kinetic energy is stored as rotational energy. The flywheel is placed inside a
vacuum containment to eliminate friction-loss from the air and suspended by bearings for a stabile
operation. Kinetic energy is transferred in and out of the flywheel with an electrical machine that can
function either as a motor or generator depending on the load angle (phase angle). When acting as motor,
electric energy supplied to the stator winding is converted to torque and applied to the rotor, causing it to
spin faster and gain kinetic energy. In generator mode kinetic energy stored in the rotor applies a torque,
which is converted to electric energy. The differential equation describing the behavior of the flywheel
system is given by eq. (2) to understand how to arrange the elements.
Here the motor torque tends to accelerate the flywheel and the frictions tend to slow it down. The
eq.(3) show the electrical representation of a torque (voltage), source moving the series combination of an
inertia (inductor), and a friction (resistor)[2],[6].
according to the electrical analogy theory the mechanical side can be represented by an equivalent electric
circuit as shown in Fig. 2.
The voltage across the terminals of each element represents the torque actually applied to it and the current
through each element represents the speed of the shaft. This circuit clearly illustrates the power dissipated
due to the frictional losses and the energy stored in the inertia and the mechanical power delivered by the
motor. The voltage across the inertia represents J times the acceleration of the motor shaft.

III. PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
The permanent magnet synchronous machine (M/G) is a key component of the flywheel system
because the energy conversion from the electrical form to the mechanical during the charge (motor) mode
and from the mechanical form to the electrical during the discharge (generator) mode happens inside the
M/G. The effectiveness of the energy conversion process mainly depends on the efficiency of the M/G It
exhibit lower rotor losses and lower winding inductances, which make it more suitable for a vacuum
operating environment and the rapid energy transfer of flywheel applications. cross-section of the
simplified three-phase surface mounted PMSM is shown in fig 3 [4],[7]. The stator windings, as-as', bs-bs',
and cs-cs' are shown as lumped windings for simplicity, but are actually distributed about the stator.
Electrical rotor speed and position, r r and are defined as P/2 times the corresponding mechanical
2 Golden Research Thoughts Volume 2 Issue 7 Jan 2013
MATLAB SIMULATION OF DECELERATION CHARACTERISTICS ........
T
e
= J p w
m
+ f
m
w
m
(2)
v = Lpi + ri (3)

Fi g. 1: El ectri cal analogy representation of the
fl ywheel.
quantities, where P is the number of poles. Based on the above motor definition, the voltage equation in the
abc stationary reference frame is given by (4)
Where, Rs is stator resistance of motor, Ls is stator self inductance, is PM flux linkages and its
magnitude is given by denotes the amplitude of the flux linkages established by the PM
as viewed from the stator phase windings. The electromagnetic torque may be written as
The above expression for torque is positive for motoring operation. The torque and speed are
related by the electromechanical motion equation given by (7).
Where J in kg.m2 is the inertia of the rotor and the coupled flywheel. p is the derivative operator
and the constant, fm is a damping coefficient associated with the rotational system of the machine and the
coupled flywheel .In the high-speed flywheel applications, the flywheel shaft is suspended on magnetic
bearings and operated in a vacuum. Thus the typical machine losses, friction and windage amount to almost
zero, in other words, f m effect can be ignored in this application. The voltage and torque equations can be
expressed in the rotor reference frame[5],[7] in order to transform the time-varying variables into steady
state constants. The transformation of the three-phase variables in the stationary reference frame to the
rotor reference frame is defined as
3 Golden Research Thoughts Volume 2 Issue 7 Jan 2013
= (4)

Fig. 2: Cross sect ion of the PMSM
The flux linkages equation can be expressed by
= + (5)

= ( ) [ ( )cos(r)
- ( )sin(r) ] } (6)
(7)

Where, K
s
is


MATLAB SIMULATION OF DECELERATION CHARACTERISTICS ........
Multiplying (4) by Ks and carrying out the differentiation of the last term results in
Similarly, if the flux linkages equation (5) is multiplied by K s , it results in (10).
The electromagnetic torque can be written as
It can be seen that torque is related only to the d and q axes current. So that Te is represented as
Where,
IV. MATLAB SIMULATION
The MATLAB simulink model is prepared as shown in Fig. 3.
4 Golden Research Thoughts Volume 2 Issue 7 Jan 2013
(8)

Where = =
r
X
X= so that eq.(8) reduce to
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)

(13)

MATLAB SIMULATION OF DECELERATION CHARACTERISTICS ........
When the flywheel act as PM motor as positive torque is applied during this process converter act
as the inverter . In generating mode the converter is act as the rectifier and supply the power to dc bus ; here
resistive load are connected on dc bus.
In the initial condition when the flywheel speedup to 22138 rpm in Fig.4, for 6 sec so it will bring
the flywheel to the charging mode. The power output from the PM motor is shown in Fig. 5.
When flywheel start discharging after 6 sec, PMSM operates as the generator and speed start
falling from 22138 rpm to 5000 rpm in Fig.4. At the time of discharging of flywheel output power which
shown in Fig. 5 from the PM generator is 46.5 KW, it means that power is being supply from the generator
to the load on DC bus side.
5 Golden Research Thoughts Volume 2 Issue 7 Jan 2013

Fig. 3 MATLAB Si mulink Model for Deceleration
Characteristic and Speed of Fl ywheel


Fig. 4 Speed of PM Synchronous Machine.
MATLAB SIMULATION OF DECELERATION CHARACTERISTICS ........
Power at time of discharging is drop according to the load, shown in Fig. 5, here deceleration
characteristic is obtained for three different load condition. Deceleration curve 'A' in Fig. 5 is obtained at
resistive load of 18? and power is drop to 20 KW and curve 'B' show that power is drop to 6.4KW As
the load is increased from the 18? to 40? ,it show the decrease in the power at high load. Curve 'C'
indicated that load is reduced to 6? and power is drop to 33KW
Deceleration characteristics show that power decreased very rapidly with the increasing load .
V. CONCLUSIONS
Flywheel is the high speed rotating device which stored the rotational energy ; it get charged when
positive torque is applied from the Fig. 4 it show the flywheel is fully charged at 22138 rpm. It acts as a
generator during discharge and speed drop to 5000 rpm. From this , output power is changes from 46.5
KW to 6.4 KW, 20KW and 33 KW according to different load are 40? , 18? , 6? . It show s that
deceleration characteristics of flywheel for different load condition and it also show that power is
decreased with the increasing load .
REFERENCES
[1] Hamid A. Toliyat, Salman talebi, Pratrick MacMullen , Co Huynh and Alexei Filatov, Advanced
High Speed Flywheel Energy Storage System for Pulsed Power Application.IEEE Electric ship
Technologies Symposium, 2005.
[2] Long Truong , Wolff F., Dravid N. and Ponlee Li, Simulation of the interaction between flywheel
Energy Storage on the international Space station. IEEE Conference Publication , vol.2, P-848-854,2000.
[3] Bjorn Boiund, Hans Bernhoff and Mats Leijon, Flywheel Energy and Power Storage
Systems. Renewable and Sustainnable Energy Reviews, P-235-258, 2007.
[4] S. Samineni, B.K. Johnson , H.L Hess and J.D. Law , Modeling and Analysis of Flywheel Energy
Storage System For Voltage Sag Correction. IEEE Transaction on aerospace and circuit, Vol.12, P-42-
52, 2006.
[5] Salman Talebi, Behrooz Nikbkhtian , Anil Kumar Chakali and Hamid A. Toliyat, Control design
of an Advance High Speed FESS for Pulsed Power Application. IECON, P- 3358-3363,2008.
[6] Paulo F. Ribeiro, Brian K. Johnson, Mariesa L. Crow, Aysen Arsoy, Yilu Liu, Energy Storage Systems
for Advanced Power Applications. Proce. IEEE, Vol. 89, P- 1744-1756, Dec. 2001.
[7] R. Krishnan, Electric Motor Drive, Modeling, Analysis and control, New Delhi,2010.
6 Golden Research Thoughts Volume 2 Issue 7 Jan 2013


Fig. 5 Power Output of PM Synchronous Machine
And Deceleration Char acteri stic of Flywheel
MATLAB SIMULATION OF DECELERATION CHARACTERISTICS ........