0 évaluation0% ont trouvé ce document utile (0 vote)
94 vues6 pages
To meet the ever increasing electricity demand in the urban area, roof-top solar PV offers a feasible and alternative solution along with conventional power supply from the electricity grid. Geographic Information Systems can be used as a significantly useful tool for potential rooftop distribution mapping. This paper aims at mapping potential roof-top area available in Dhaka city and evaluating the possible electricity supply from such installations. In this work, ArcGIS software has been used to compile and analyze the geographic data for potential bright roof-top area whereas HOMER has been used to model the energy system and to investigate the energy share from the roof-top PV installations. This type of study will encourage the entrepreneurship in the field of rooftop solar home system in the urban areas of a country.
Titre original
Potential Rooftop Distribution Mapping using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Solar PV Installation: A Case Study for Dhaka, Bangladesh
To meet the ever increasing electricity demand in the urban area, roof-top solar PV offers a feasible and alternative solution along with conventional power supply from the electricity grid. Geographic Information Systems can be used as a significantly useful tool for potential rooftop distribution mapping. This paper aims at mapping potential roof-top area available in Dhaka city and evaluating the possible electricity supply from such installations. In this work, ArcGIS software has been used to compile and analyze the geographic data for potential bright roof-top area whereas HOMER has been used to model the energy system and to investigate the energy share from the roof-top PV installations. This type of study will encourage the entrepreneurship in the field of rooftop solar home system in the urban areas of a country.
To meet the ever increasing electricity demand in the urban area, roof-top solar PV offers a feasible and alternative solution along with conventional power supply from the electricity grid. Geographic Information Systems can be used as a significantly useful tool for potential rooftop distribution mapping. This paper aims at mapping potential roof-top area available in Dhaka city and evaluating the possible electricity supply from such installations. In this work, ArcGIS software has been used to compile and analyze the geographic data for potential bright roof-top area whereas HOMER has been used to model the energy system and to investigate the energy share from the roof-top PV installations. This type of study will encourage the entrepreneurship in the field of rooftop solar home system in the urban areas of a country.
for Solar PV Installation: A Case Study for Dhaka, Bangladesh Taskin Jamal #1 , Weerakorn Ongsakul * , Jay Govind Singh * , Sayedus Salehin # , S.M. Ferdous #
# Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) Dhaka, Bangladesh taskin@aiub.edu *Energy Field of Study, Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) Bangkok, Thailand
Abstract To meet the ever increasing electricity demand in the urban area, roof-top solar PV offers a feasible and alternative solution along with conventional power supply from the electricity grid. Geographic Information Systems can be used as a significantly useful tool for potential rooftop distribution mapping. This paper aims at mapping potential roof-top area available in Dhaka city and evaluating the possible electricity supply from such installations. In this work, ArcGIS software has been used to compile and analyze the geographic data for potential bright roof-top area whereas HOMER has been used to model the energy system and to investigate the energy share from the roof-top PV installations. This type of study will encourage the entrepreneurship in the field of rooftop solar home system in the urban areas of a country. Keywords-Geographic I nformation System; Roof-top PV; Distribution mapping; solar Photovoltaics; ArcGI S I. INTRODUCTION Electricity is one of the mostly used forms of energy which is consumed in various residential as well as in industrial applications. Fossil fuels have the major share in providing the large amount of electricity demand which requires burning of a huge quantity of fossil fuels across the globe. This fossil fuel usage is also one of the main reasons for the green house gas emission resulting global warming. Renewable energy resources provide an alternative solution by replacing hydrocarbon based fossil fuels. These resources are also often termed as green energy since these don't cause green house gas emission. Among renewable energy resources, solar photovoltaic energy conversion is one of the most promising one to meet the energy demand. Solar photovoltaic modules can be integrated on the roof-top of buildings in urban areas to harvest energy efficiently. It is of utmost importance to develop new concepts to utilize this potential energy source in efficient way considering the increasing demand of electricity. Geographic Information System (GIS) is a smart technology which can be used as an important element of smart electricity network consisting of renewable energy resources. This technology facilitates distribution network planning along with improving system operation, maintenance and efficiency. Research has been conducted at various research institutes and universities for utilizing GIS technology for estimating the potential roof top areas for solar PV electrification. Dhaka, as a mega-city, needs more green energy solutions for urban electrification among which roof-top integrated solar PV is a prospective candidate. Studies have suggested that area dependent methods are required for the optimal results while using GIS for potential roof-top distribution mapping. Thus, it is essential to find an optimal method for roof top distribution mapping using GIS for Dhaka city [1]. II. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR MAPPING To determine the tremendous potential of renewable energy systems, extensive research is being carried out by researchers from different disciplines. Use of Geographic Information System (GIS) offers added advantage for planning for performing efficient operation and control of the system of any place. GIS helps in mapping on spatial and temporal scales of components of the distribution system of renewable energy. It is a computer-based tool for mapping and analyzing phenomena existing and happening on earth. This technology assists in integrating common database operations such as query and statistical analysis with the unique visualization and geographic analysis benefits offered by maps. Different information in a spatial context is related by GIS and the relationship between them is concluded. GIS store and process data in two different formats, vector and raster. In vector format, the view is presented as a mosaic of interconnected lines and points those can represent any position and boundaries of locations. In vector data models, the data are represented by lines (arcs), traversed areas (polygon), labeled nodes (points) and intersection points (nodes). The raster format has appeared by aerial and satellite image technology, where geographical objects are represented as grid-cell structures, known as pixels. The ability of Geographic Information System to look for databases and carry out geographic queries has been found as an economically efficient solution for power utilities. GIS have been used in electric power applications for planning, solar and biomass energy resources, wind energy evaluation, optimal siting of wind and solar farms and their integration to the grid [1]. III. DETERMINATION OF ROOFTOP AREA FOR SOLAR PV There has been significant amount of works investigating the evaluation of rooftop area for solar PV applications and urban electrification through rooftop solar PV. Different algorithms and methodologies including the assessment from city 3D model have been proposed by Guindon et al., Ratti & Richens, Wiginton et al., Gutschner et al., Defaix, Joachem et al., Bryan, Strzalka et al., Izquierdo et al. for the evaluation of total rooftop area for solar PV application in urban areas [2-10]. LIDAR technology has been applied by Nguyen et al., Kassner et al. in their researches for the same purpose [11-12]. GIS tools have been applied by several researchers, like Gadsden et al., Izquierdo et al., and Kraines et al. to estimate the potential of photovotaics to be set up on building roofs in the urban areas [10, 13-14]. Castro has simulated the electrical characteristics of PV modules under shading effect [15].
Our research aims at finding out the potential capacity of the rooftop solar PV for urban electrification with the help of GIS platform to map. Unlike the related works done by various researchers previously, in this work many inputs to software were processed manually. Practical data collection and observation of the research location have facilitated for having improved set of data for the area. Here, the assessment of rooftop area for the solar PV setup has not been proposed using LIDAR technology or FA tool of GIS. The reasons behind the manual processing of data for evaluation in the study area are: Uneven distribution of informal settlements in the area. Uneven distribution of population density and building density. No correlation between the population and building densities among different areas. Incompatibility of many structures for rooftop solar PV setup. Extrapolation is not possible due to uneven distribution of population and the density of population varies depending on the types of buildings and informal settlements. Bangladesh has six different seasons throughout the year. The solar irradiation thus varies and the analysis based on image recognition is difficult due to weather effects of the rooftop. The software used for the analysis is ArcGIS. It is a system for working with maps and geographic information. ArcGIS is a suite consisting of a group of geographic information systems (GIS) software products produced by ESRI. IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA The study area for the research has been selected in the city of Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, one of the major cities in South Asia. It is one of the most densely populated cities in the world. After granted as a city status in 1947, presently it is the 9 th largest city in the world. Considering the last few years scenario in Bangladesh, especially in Dhaka, it has been observed that the migration from the rural area to the urban areas is increasing and thus population in the urban areas is increasing drastically. As this trend is continuing, the electricity demand is increasing each year. Roof-top PV panels offer an excellent option for meeting the growing electricity demand. Concerned power utilities and industries should evaluate the potential for rooftop solar PV technology and adopt necessary measures and it must be done in advance by promoting the technology to avoid electricity crisis in future. Electricity in Dhaka is supplied by two entities, Dhaka Power Distribution Company Limited (DPDC) and Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited (DESCO). For mapping and calculating the potential, area under DPDC has been chosen; being the largest distribution company in Dhaka. Of all the 132/33kV substations of DPDC, the Dhanmondi 132/33kV substaion and its associated network have been chosen as the main study area of this work. Dhanmondi 132/33kV grid substation is in the center of the city in Katabon area and is covering a large geographical area of extreme importance to the country. Many government offices as well as educational, commercial, industrial, residential and other important places are located in this area. The service area of the Dhanmondi grid substation has several types of customers starting from the domestic 0.4kV to 11kV bulk customers. There are four 33/11kV substations under this substation named Dhanmondi, Kakrail, Kawranbazar and New Ramna 33/11kV substation.
Figure 1: Study Area: Dhanmondi Grid Area V. ROOFTOP SOLAR PV FOR DHAKA CITY Distributed Generation (DG) is becoming popular all over the world mainly because of loss reduction, cost saving from transmission expansion & distribution network as it is located near the load centers. The scarcity of conventional energy resource is the other reason to consider DG as an emerging energy source. According to Bangladesh Renewable Energy Policy-2008, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are in use throughout the country with over 300,000 household-level installations having capacity of about 15 MW (November 2008). An average of 4 6.5 kWh/m 2 of solar radiation is available daily in Bangladesh. Recently a notable decline of the indigenous gas supply has taken place, which rapidly had worsened electricity generation in the country. Given the citys power crisis and geophysical situations, applications of either stand-alone or grid connected PV systems would be very effective and realistic for power addition. As planned load shedding is a daily phenomenon, the Instant Power Supply (IPS) units have become very popular. This system charges the batteries during the electricity supply time and will deliver the stored energy when there is load shedding. Rooftop solar system can be an excellent alternative to this IPS unit. In Bangladesh, the government has not setup the rules and regulations for feed-in-tariffs for the solar systems in residential areas and the electricity infrastructure is old and unsuitable to date for integration of renewable energy resources in it. Thus the grid tie system is limited to internal grid only. The conservative calculation of bright roof-tops from the Quickbird Scene 2006 of Dhaka city indicates that the city offers 10.554 km 2 of bright roof-tops within the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) area (134.282 km 2 ). The application of stand-alone PV systems with 75Wp solar modules can generate nearly 1000MW of electrical power, which could substantially meet the citys power demand [16]. From the perspectives of environmental protection and climate change, application of solar PV systems is pragmatic as Bangladesh is a signatory of both the Kyoto Protocol and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Therefore, PV applications would be an appropriate and effective option for the urban areas of Dhaka city. There are two approaches those can be taken while installing PV panels on roof-top of residential buildings to produce electricity. One is the off grid system and the other is the grid tie system. One can isolate himself from the utility company that is responsible for supplying elecricity to homes. This is known as going off grid. Then, the owner is responsible for providing electricity to his home. Since, solar energy is intermittent; variation of solar radiation may create problems. An off grid system is very difficult to maintain and the operation is quite complex. The other option is to remain tied with the utility company and produce electricity from PV panels at the same time. In this case, the utility company becomes the back up system in case of any discrepancy occurs. This is known as grid tie in solar systems. This is the most common system people take when they plan to change to a renewable energy system. The grid tie system is also called tied to grid electrical system. In grid-tie systems, all the electricity generated is utilized. After meeting the domestic or household energy demands, the excess power can be fed into the grid. This is known as Net Metering. The electric meter spins backward or slows down when energy is produced and consumed in proportion to the amounts. In Bangladesh, thousands of off grid solar home systems are currently in operation in rural areas. But for the urban areas, this is not a common scenario yet. Dhaka city is still lacking behind in terms of solar PV applications, and thus to solve the power crises. With the help of solar PV systems installed on the bright rooftops, electricity can be generated and resolve the issues of planned load shedding. Figure 2 and 3 show the grid architeture for different types of grid-tied solar PV system.
Figure 2: Grid intertied solar system with battery backup [17]
Figure3 : Grid intertied solar system without battery backup [17] VI. EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL POWER GENERATION FROM ROOFTOP SOLAR PV In this work, the calculation of bright rooftop for the solar PV installation is limited to the study areas only. The service areas under the four 33/11kV substations mentioned above have been located in Google Earth software where the earth images are captured from satellites, aerial photography and GIS 3D globe. The areas have been selected not only from the theoretical and conceptual data but also from the field observation and survey. After geographically locating the areas, the map of the potential bright rooftops has been generated. Using the options available in Google Earth software, the potential rooftops have been selected by hand digitization method to ensure more accuracy. The selected area file has been exported into the ArcGIS software. ArcGIS is used for creating maps and using it for different purposes. It can also compile the geographic data, analyze the mapped information, share and discover geographic information. ArcGIS is able to manage geographic information in a database. Using the functions of this software, all the informations realted to the selected areas and the potential bright rooftop areas have been analyzed. Several limitations and conditions have been considered while analyzing and calculating the total rooftop amount in the areas having the potential for PV installation. In these areas there exist many important governmental as well as private properties. Considerable amount of area has not been selected as potential area due to the incompatibility characterisitics of those areas for the purpose. Many small and medium sized building rooftops have been discarded for shadowing problem. In the study areas, the height distribution of the buildings has found to be very uneven; thus the shadow effect is very prominent. The informal settlements or the slum areas or vulnerable one storied houses have been excluded from the consideration for PV installation [16]. For calculating the actual rooftop area for solar PV installation several factors have been considered such as construction and design constrains, shades of trees or higher buildings nearby, obstacles on the rooftop, proper facing of the rooftop, slum areas (informal settlements) and others constraints. The fraction of the actual rooftop area has been evaluated from the total bright rooftop area in accordance with the research from Kabir et al. and that amount is 50% [16]. The following table shows actual rooftop area under four different substation areas for solar PV installation: Figure 4-7 represent the potential bright rooftops for solar PV installation in different substation areas of the Dhanmondi grid. TABLE 1: CALCULATION OF POTENTIAL POWER GENERATION FROM ROOFTOP SOLAR PV IN DHANMONDI 132/33 KV S/S SERVICE AREA Substation of the Service Area Total Area Bright Rooftop Area Actual Rooftop Area for Solar PV Installation Dhanmondi 33/11kV 3,346,008 m 2 232,721.62 m 2 116,360.81 m 2
Kakrail 33/11kV 1,660,574.089 m 2 398,783.9065 m 2 199,391.95 m 2
Kawranbazar 33/11kV 2,539,521.258 m 2 406,852.5079 m 2 203,426.25 m 2
New Ramna 33/11kV 2,285,882.631 m 2 466,399.2647 m 2 233,199.63 m 2
Figure 4: Locating the potential bright rooftops for solar PV application in Dhanmondi 33/11kV substation service area.
Figure 5: Locating the potential bright rooftops for solar PV application in Kakrail 33/11kV substation service area
Figure 6: Locating the potential bright rooftops for solar PV application in Kawranbazar 33/11kV substation service area
Figure 7: Locating the potential bright rooftops for solar PV application in New Ramna 33/11kV substation service area In 2011, Dhanmondi grid had observed the maximum demand in the month of August. And the maximum load shedding occurred in August 1, 2011. In the evening peak time at 7 PM, the demand was the maximum (118.03 MW) and the supply was the least (93.41 MW), thus resulting the maximum load shedding (24.62 MW) in the customer premises. It has been evaluated that, the four substation service areas under the Dhanmondi 132/33 kV substation can be supplied with the electricity generation ranging from minimum 62.49 MW-peak to maximum of 78.78 MW-peak from the rooftop solar PV. As seen from the data provided, the maximum amount of load shedding was about 24.62 MW during the specified period of the day; the potential generation capacity from the rooftop solar panels would easily meet the scarcity. The surplus energy can be transmitted through the grid to other areas where the distributed generation facilities are not sufficient and not feasible. The geographic locations of the research area have been represented in figure no. 8.
Figure 8: Potential rooftop distributions in the Dhanmondi grid area VII. CALCULATING THE POTENTIAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION The visual simulation and analysis after the connection of rooftop solar PV in the grid has been completed by an optimization tool called the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER, Version 2.68 Beta). For the analysis, HOMER needs information on system configuration (whether off grid or grid tied), load profile, component specifications including size and numbers, resources data, economics, system control, emissions, constraints etc. The daily load profile has been calculated from the data collected from DPDC. At 19:00 hour the load is found to be the maximum. For simplicity of the calculation and lack of data available during study, the load profile of August 1, 2011 has been considered as a sample load profile for the whole year. For making the data more realistic, day to day variability has been selected as 3%. The Dhanmondi 132/33kV susbstation has the maximum load serving capacity of 128MW. Parameter values have been chosen according to the market analysis of Dhaka city.
Figure 9: Average Daily Load Profile of Dhanmondi 132/33kV Substation The whole system has been designed to be the grid connected system. The system comprised of PV Panel, Battery, Converter and Grid. As natural gas is the main source of the electricity in Bangladesh, it has been selected as the supply fuel of the grid.
Figure 10: Model of the Grid-tied PV system
Figure 11: Monthly load demand and available electric power from PV and grid (January, 2012) From the simulation result obtained in HOMER, it has been considered that the total electricity production will be from both the sources during the day time. As the PV has a significant amount of generation in the day time, the burden will be very less on the fossil fuel supply. Though the maximum electricity export capacity from the fossil fuel varies from 90MW to 115MW, due to maximum use of solar potential, the pressure on grid will be reduced extensively. At the night time electricity will be supplied from the grid and also through the battery storage. Thus the optimized use of the fossil fuel will be ensured.
Figure 12: Simulation results of electricity production from grid tied rooftop PV system The power supplied from the PV array could be 15% of the total electricity supply of the Dhanmondi grid. The renewable energy policy of Bangladesh states that it is aiming to get a total of 5% of the total generation from the renewable sources. By introducing the rooftop solar PV systems in the urban areas, the target can be fulfilled and also it will reduce the pressure on fossil fuel three times more than the estimated amount. The simulation result also signifies that the PV grid tied system is feasible under the present policies of the government.
Figure 13: A sample of Rooftop Solar PV Installation in Dhaka VIII. CONCLUSION There lies a great potential for electricity generation through rooftop grid-tie solar PV system in the urban areas of Bangladesh. This paper has focused only a small but very important area of the capital city Dhaka. Data collection for the whole country and then calculating the potential power generation from rooftop solar PV installation using the proposed method will encourage more entrepreneurship in this sector. A proper and systematic approach for calculating the potential rooftop area for solar PV installation is also needed to get an idea about the potential of the renewable energy resources to reduce the fossil fuel consumption, thus saving the environment and ensure a sustainable development. Side by side the Government of Bangladesh needs to establish a suitable guideline of grid-tied solar PV systems which will ensure more customers choosing the system. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Acknowledgement is due to the Energy Field of Study, Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand and the Government of Japan for the academic and financial helps. Special thanks to Dhaka Power Distribution Company Limited (DPDC), Bangladesh for the permission for data collection. Special thanks also extended to Mr. B.D.Rahmatullah, Visiting Faculty, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh for academic supports. REFERENCES [1] Ramrez-rosado, I. J., Fernndez-jimnez, L. A., Monteiro, C., Miranda, V., Garca-garrido, E., & Zorzano-santamara, P. J., GIS Spatial Analysis Applied To Distributed Power Generation. Project, Seminary or Final Work of Course, College of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal. [2] Guindon, B., Zhang, Ying, & Dillabaugh, C., Landsat urban mapping based on a combined spectral-spatial methodology, Remote Sensing of Environment, 92(2), 218232. [3] Ratti, C., & Richens, P., Urban texture analysis with image processing techniques, CAAD Futures99 Conference. Atlanta. [4] Wiginton, L. K., Nguyen, H. T., & Pearce, J. M., Quantifying rooftop solar photovoltaic potential for regional renewable energy policy, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 34(4), 345-357. Elsevier Ltd. [5] Gutschner, M., Nowak, S., Ruoss, D., Toggweiler, P. & Schoen, T., Potential for building integrated photovoltaics, Report IEA-PVPS T7- 4; 2002. [6] Defaix P., The potential for solar electricity production in the EU-27, Master Thesis, Universiteit Utrecht, 2009. [7] Joachem, A., Hofle, B., Rutzinger, M., Pfeifer, N., Automatic roof plane detection and analysis in airborne LIDAR point clouds for solar potential assessment. Sensors, vol. 9; 2009. p. 5241526. [8] Bryan H.. Methodology for estimating the rooftop solar feasibility on an urban scale, Conference proceedings of the SOLAR, 2010. [9] Strzalka, A., Alam, N., Duminil, E., Coors, V., & Eicker, U., Large scale integration of photovoltaics in cities. Applied Energy, 93, 413-421. Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.12.033M [10] Izquierdo, S., Rodrigues, M., & Fueyo, N., A method for estimating the geographical distribution of the available roof surface area for large-scale photovoltaic energy-potential evaluations, Solar Energy, 82, 929-939. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2008.03.007 [11] Nguyen, H. T., Pearce, J. M., Harrap, R., & Barber, G., The Application of LiDAR to Assessment of Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic Deployment Potential in a Municipal District Unit, Sensors, 12, 4534-4558. doi:10.3390/s120404534 [12] Kassner, R., Koppe, W., Schuttenberg, T., & Bareth, G., Analysis of the Solar Potential of Roofs by Using Official LIDAR Data, The International Archieves of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XXXVII (Part B4), 399-404. [13] Gadsden S, Rylatt M, Lomas K. Putting., Solar energy on the urban map: a new GIS-based approach for dwellings, Soler Energy 2002; 74(5):397407. [14] Kraines, S.B., Wallace, D.R., Iwafune, Y., Yoshida, Y., Aramaki, T., Kato, K., et al., An integrated computational infrastructure for a virtual Tokyo: concepts and examples, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2001, 1:3554. [15] Castro F.G., Performance decrease in photovoltaic modules due the shading effects, Report of the Master Course Sustainable Energy Competence; 2007, Stuttgart. [16] Kabir, M. H., Endlicher, W., & Jgermeyr, J., Calculation of bright roof- tops for solar PV applications in Dhaka Megacity, Bangladesh. Elsevier Journal of Renewable Energy, 35(8), 1760-1764. [17] Solarhome, Grid-tie solar power systems, Website: http://solarhome.net/solar-power-systems.html