Chapter 2 Matter & Energy Assignment 6/1/2009 11:09:00 AM

11.
a) physical
b) chemical
c) chemical
d) physical
e) chemical
15. chemical
39.
a) compound
b) compound
c) element
d) element
e) compound
43. a)
1) compound
2) element
3) element
4) compound
5) compound
b) The general rule that I used is that compounds are usually composed of
two words and elements just of one, exceptions to the rule would be
chloromethane.
51. reactants: AgNO
3
& NaCl
products: AgCl & NaNO
3

53. reactants: Ni
compound: Ni(NO
3
)
2

55.
a) yes
b) yes
c) yes
d) no
59. The components of the limestone have been separated into their original
states.
64.
a) False
b) False
c) False
d) False
e) True
f) True
g) False
h) False
i) True
j) True
k) False
l) True
73.
a) compound, because different percentages are found throughout
the mixture
b) heterogeneous, because all particles are not distributed evenly
c) yes, from the samples taken from both the top and bottom of it
75.
a) neither, the difference between the two is not a particulate
property
b) mixture, two different particles
c) compounds, consist of more then one type of atom
d) molecules, because they are made up of more then one type of
atom
e) gas, because the particles are independent from each other
77. pure substance, because a mixtures boiling point would have changed
throughout the process
81.
a) physical
b) the number of particles is not conserved
c) new particles appear
d) chemical


Chapter 2 Lecture 6/1/2009 11:09:00 AM
Matter anything that has mass and occupys space.
Macroscopic anything that you can see with the naked eye
Microscopic objects too small to been seen with the unaided eye
Particulate objects too small to be seen even with the aided eye

Lewis structure - a diagram of how a structure is oriented

States of matter:
Solid
o Crystalline regular geometric order
o Amorphous no definite shape
Liquid
Gas molecules that have enough force to overcome the attractive
forces that holds liquids together
Plasma
Bose Einstein Condensate

Physical Properties the inherent characteristics of a substance (can be
undone)
Color
Feel
Odor
Boiling/melting point
Viscosity resistance to motion
Chemical Properties describes the ability of a substance to form new
substances (cant be undone)
Combination
Decomposition

Indications of a chemical change:
Color
Evolution of heat
Light given off
Explosion

Pure substance a substance with a unique set of chemical and physical
properties (cannot be decomposed by physical means)
Mixtures a sample of matter that consists of two or more chemicals. The
properties of a mixture depend on the substances that make it up and their
ratios. (the most occurring form of matter and can be separated by physical
means)
Heterogeneous distant layers or phases
Homogenous uniform in appearance
Separation of mixtures exploit properties of a particular substance
Gravity Filtration
Distillation

Elements the simplest form of matter (elements are all one word and for
most the formula is the same as the symbol)
Sodium Na
Gold Au
Silver Ag
Exceptions: these elements are all diatomic and are not single
Hydrogen - H
Nitrogen - N
Oxygen - O
Fluorine - F
Chlorine - Cl
Bromine - Br
Iodine - I
Compounds a combination of two or more elements ( separated by
chemical means)

Types of Bonds
Electrostatic bond between two oppositely charged atoms
Covalent

Chemical Change
Exothermic when energy is released as a product
Endothermic when a input of energy is required (normally in the
form of heat)

Conservation Laws matter is neither created nor destroyed, it just changes
form one form to another.
Mass of reactants = mass of products


*Properties of Li
melts @ 179C - physical
has a metallic luster - physical
reacts with water - chemical
becomes a white powder if exposed to air - chemical
conducts electricity - physical
stable if stored in He chemical



Chapter 3 Measurements and Chemical Calculations
Assignments 6/1/2009 11:09:00 AM
1a) 3.22 x 10
-4

b) 6.03 x 10
9

c) 6.19 x 10
-12

3a) 5120000
b) .000000840
c) 1920000000000000000000
5a) 7.29 x 10
-3

b) 5.13 x 10
-12

c) 2.98 x 10
9

d) 4.02 x 10
-6

7a) 75.6
b) 9.41
c) 3.24 x 10
4

d) 1.49 x 10
-3

11a) 4.65 x 10
8

b) 2.96 x 10
-7

13) 8.5 hours
15) 2.9 min
19) $8.94
21) 520
25) meter
29) .001L
33a) .0574g
b) 1.41 x10
3
g
c) .874L
35a) 2.17 x 10
3
cm
b) .517km
c) 6.66 x 10
4
cm
37a) 494mL
b) 1.91 x 10
3
mL
c) .874L
41
a) 3
b) 5
c) 3
d) 5
e) 2
f) 3
g) 5
h) 4
43
a) 6.40 x 10
3

b) .0178
c) 7.90 x 10
4

d) 4.22 x 10
4

e) 650
45) 7.1 x 10
2

47) 3.5mL
51) 1.1 g/mL
71)
Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin
69 156 342
-34 -29 239
-162 -260 111
2 36 275
85 185 358
-141 -222 132

73) 37C
77) 136F
85) .883g/mL
87) 1.18 g/L
89) 6.4 x 10
2
cm
3

91) 1.6 x 10
3
g
Chapter 3 Lecture part a. 6/1/2009 11:09:00 AM
Scientific Notation

10
a
x 10
b
= 10
(a+b)

10
c
/ 10
d
= 10
(c-d)


Mass the measurement of a quantity of matter
Weight mass x the acceleration due to gravity

SI ( System International) unit of mass is the kg = 2.2 pounds
In the lab the base metric system is the g = 1/1000kg or 0.001kg

Kilo = 10
3
Refer to the book for full chart
Centi = 10
-2

Milli = 10
-3


Large Units Small Units

Metric
Prefix
Metric
Symbol
Multiple Metric
Prefix
Metric
Symbol
Multiple
tera T 10
12
Unit 1= 10
0

giga G 10
9
deci d 0.1 = 10
-1

mega M
1,000,000 = 10
6

centi c 0.01 = 10
-2

kilo k 1,000 = 10
3
milli m 0.001 = 10
-3

hecto h 100=10
2
micro
0.000001 = 10
-6

deca da 10=10
1
nano n 10
-9

Unit 1=10
0
pico p 10
-12

* Units are equal to (gram, meter, liter)


Length is the meter = 39.37 inches, 3 inches longer then a yard
Km = (1000m) 0.6 mile
Cm = (0.01m) is the width of a fingernail
Mm = (0.001) is about the width of a dime

Volume cubic meter, m
3

1mL = 0.001L = 1cm
3

1000mL = 1L = 1000cm
3

Chapter 3 Lecture part b. 6/1/2009 11:09:00 AM
Significant Figures
Last figure is always the significant figure
o All zeros to the left of the first non zero number are not
significant
Rounding off significant figures
o Greater then or equal to 5 round up
o Less then 5 round down
Addition and Subtraction
o Round off answer to the first column that has an uncertain
digit
Multiplication and Division
o Round off the answer to the same number of significant
figures as the smallest number of significant figures in any
factor
Exact numbers have no influence of the number of
significant figures recorded
Combination
o When a calculation contains both addition/subtraction and
multiplication/division, each individual rule for significant
figures must be applied separately


Temperature
Water freezes at 32F and boils at 212F
Water freezes at 0C and boils at 100C
o To convert from F to C or C to F use the following
relationship: T(F) 32 = 1.8 T(C)
Kelvin(absolute temperature) no symbol for Kelvin
o T(K) = T(C) + 273


Density = mass/volume
Term on edge - means cubed
1cm^3 = 1mL, 1000mL = 1L

Chapter 2 & 3 Test Review 6/1/2009 11:09:00 AM

Daltons Atomic Theory 6/1/2009 11:09:00 AM
Law of Definite Composition any compound is always made up of elements
in the same proportion by mass (or weight.)

Law of Conservation of mass in a chemical change, mass is conserved; it is
neither created nor destroyed.

Dalton Summarized that:
1. Each element is made of tiny, individual particles called atoms
o 2. Atoms are indivisible; they cannot be created or destroyed
o 3. All atoms are identical in every respect
4. Atoms of one element are different from atoms of another
element
5. Atoms of one element may combine with atoms of another
element, usually in the ratio of small whole numbers, to form
chemical compounds

Law of Multiple Proportions this law states that when two elements
combine to form more than one compound, the different weights of one
element that combine with the same weight of another element are in a
simple ratio of whole numbers.

Subatomic Particles
Electron mass of 9.107 x 10
-28
g (negative 1 charge)
Proton mass 1836 times greater then the electron (positive 1
charge)
Neutron mass is slightly greater than a proton (neutral charge)

Nucleus Model of the Atom
1. every atom contains an extremely small, extremely dense
nucleus
2. All of the positive charge and nearly all of the mass of an atom
are concentrated in the nucleus
3. The nucleus is surrounded by a much larger volume of nearly
empty space that makes up the rest of the atom
4. The space outside the nucleus is very thinly populated by
electrons, the total charge of which exactly balances the positive
charge of the nucleus

Isotopes items of the same element, with different masses
mass number(A) = number of protons(Z = atomic number) +
number of neutrons
Elemental name followed by its mass number =
A
Z
Symbol


Periodic Table
A group main group element or representative element
B group Transition elements
Lanthanides
Actinides
Left of stair case metals
Right of stair case nonmetals
7A halogens
8A Nobel gases
1A Rare Earth Metals
2A Rare Earth Alkaline Metals

*Ag(Silver) named after Argentina
*Hg(Mercury) named after Greek
Chapter 5 part b. 6/1/2009 11:09:00 AM
Atomic mass the mass of atoms (amu)
Amu 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom 1.66 x 10
-24
g
o Protons and neutrons masses are about 1 amu
Atomic masses are calculated by the average masses of a element
o Cl-35 34.968852721 amu abundance 75.78%
o Cl-37 36.96590262 amu abundance 36.96590262
Amu of isotope x abundance/100 then add the two
26.50 amu
8.953 amu = 35.45 amu


Chemical Nomenclature part a. 6/1/2009 11:09:00 AM
Formulas of Elements the formula of most elements is simply the
elemental symbol.
Exception, diatomic molecules:
o Hydrogen
o Nitrogen
o Oxygen
o Fluorine
o Chlorine
o Bromine
o Iodine
Compounds are formed by two nonmetal elements or by a metalloid and a
nonmetal element. These compounds have two words:

Two nonmetals:
The first word is the name of the element appearing first in the
chemical formula, including a prefix to indicate the number of
atoms of that element in the molecule.
The second word is the name of the element appearing second in
the chemical formula, changed to end in ide, and also a prefix to
indicate the number of atoms in the molecule.
Example:
o CO carbon monoxide
o CO
2
carbon dioxide
o SiCl
4
- silicon tetra chloride
o Si
2
Cl
6
disilicon hexachloride

Formulas of ions formed by one element.
Ions are charged particles formed when an atom gains or loses an electron.
The formula for a monatomic ion is the symbol of the element
followed by its electrical charge.
The name of a monatomic cation is the name of the element
followed by the word ion.
The name of a monatomic anion is the name of the element
changed to end in ide, followed by the word ion.
o Positive charge cation
o Negative charge anion
* rules for naming monatomic ions depends on where the element is located
in the periodic table.

Element Groups
1A; 1+ charge
2A; 2+ charge
3A; 3+ charge
5A; 3- charge
6A; 2- charge
7A; 1- charge
8A; neutral

Transition Elements that form more than one ion
Some transition elements are able to form two or more different monatomic
ions.
Example Fe:
o If the neutral atom losses 2 electrons, the ion has a +2
charge Fe(II) ion Fe
+2
. If the neutral atom losses 3 electrons,
we have a +3 charge Fe(III) ion Fe
+3
.
Special Cases
o Oxygen and Mercury each form monatomic ions and cause no
naming problems.
o But, oxygen O
2-
and mercury Hg
2+
also form diatomic ions.
o O
2
2-
is called a peroxide ion
o in the +2 charge is shared by two mercury atoms, each atom
is contributing +1 to the total charge f the ion. Its name is
mercury(I) ion.

Transition Elements that form only one ion
The charge is included in the name of an ion only when the ion of an
element form more than one common charge.
* Among transition metals, nickel, zinc and silver form ions of only one
charge: Ni
2+
, Zn
2+
, Ag
+
. The rest of the transition elements form two ions of
different charges.

Acids and the Anions derived from their total ionization
The most familiar form of an acid is a molecular compound that reacts with
water to produce a hydrated hydrogen ion and anion:
H
2
O + HX H
3
O
+
+ X
-
The hydrogen ion is hydrated or surrounded by water molecules.

Classification of acids:
monoprotic acid: HX HX H
+
+ X
-

diprotic acid: H
2
Y H
2
Y 2 H
+
+ Y
2-

triprotic acid: H
3
Z H
3
Z 3 H
+
+ Z
3-


Oxyacid an acid that contains oxygen in addition to hydrogen and another
nonmetal. Upon ionization, the oxygen stays with the nonmetal as part of an
oxyanion. HNO
3
H
+
+ NO
3
-
NO
3
-
is called a nitrate ion

For the total ionization of any oxyacid with a name ending in ic:
The formula of the anion is the formula of the acid without the
hydrogens.
There is a negative charge equal to the number of ionizable
hydrogens in the acid
The name of the anion is the name of the central element of the
acid changed to end in ate

The Acids of Chlorine and their anions
Chlorine forms five acids:
Acid Name Anions Name
HCl Hydrochloric acid Cl
-
chloride ion
HClO Hypochlorous acid ClO
-
hypochlorite ion
HClO
2
Chlorous acid ClO
2
-
chlorite ion
HClO
3
Chloric acid ClO
3
-
chlorate ion
HClO
4
Perchloric acid ClO
4
-
perchlorate ion

* Chlorine is a member of the halogen family, which includes fluorine,
bromine, and iodine. With some exceptions, these three halogens form acids
similar to the acids of chlorine.

*Nitric acid HNO
3
, sulfuric acid H
2
SO
4
, and phosphoric acid H
3
PO
4
have
important variations with different numbers of oxygen atoms.
Acid Name Acid Formula Anion Formula Anion Name
Nitric Acid HNO
3
NO
3
-
Nitrate ion
Nitrous Acid HNO
2
NO
2
-
Nitrite ion
Sulfuric Acid H
2
SO
4
SO
4
2-
Sulfate ion
Sulfurous Acid H
2
SO
3
SO
3
2-
Sulfite ion







Chemical Nomenclature part b. 6/1/2009 11:09:00 AM
* Any compound beginning with the symbol H is a acid

Oxyacid an acid that contains oxygen in addition to hydrogen and another
nonmetal
Upon ionization, the oxygen stays with the nonmetal as part of an
oxyanion

For all oxyacids that end in -ic drop the -ic and add -ate for the anion and
ous drop the ous and add -ite
Exception: sulfur sulf


Exception:
CH
3
COOH Acetic Acid only one H is removed
Anion CH
3
COO

Chlorine has 5 forms of acids: (same holds true for B sub2, I sub2 and F
sub2)

nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid have important variations with
different numbers of oxygen atoms.
* create chart of off nomenclature (periodic table columns )

ic ; H
3
PO
4
PO
4
phosphate ion

ous H
3
PO
3
PO
3
phosphite ion

Polyprotic acids (3 or more H) do not lose their hydrogens all at once. The
hydrogens are released in a stepwise manner and the intermediate species
form stable ions. Acid anion is a hydrogen bearing ion that is formed after a
polyprotic acid loses a hydrogen (proton).
Example: Sulfuric acid
H
2
SO
4
HSO
4
-
+ H
+

HSO
4
-
(hydrogen sulfate) is an acid anion.
Note that SO
4
2-
(sulfate ion) is not an acid anion.

Types of acid
Mono 1H
Di 2H
Poly 3H

Names and formulas of other acids and ions:
Ammonium Ion NH
4
+

Hydroxide Ion OH
-
Acetic acid and its anion, acetate ion (very common acid)
Acetic acid CH
3
COOH
Acetate ion CH
3
COO
-
Notice that acetic acid has 3 protons (Hs), but only 1 is acidic.
Hydrocyanic acid and the cyanide ion
Hydrocyanic acid HCN
Cyanide ion CN
-



Ionic Compounds compounds where where two or more ions are held next
to each other by electrical attraction. Cations are usually metals atoms and
anions are either nonmetals or polyatomic ions (ions with more than one
atom)
Examples:
NaCl sodium chloride
CaCl
2
- calcium chloride
Ca(OH)
2
- calcium hydroxide
Al
2
O
3
- aluminum oxide
Ba
3
(PO
4
)
2
- barium phosphate
MnCl
3
- manganese(III) chloride

How to write the formula of an ionic compound when the name is given
Example: copper(II) fluoride
o [Cu]
2+
[F]
-

o cross the charges = CuF
2
always simplify your subscripts

Naming Ionic compounds if youre given the formula
Example: Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3

Iron(III) sulfate

Chapter 5 & 6 Review 6/1/2009 11:09:00 AM

Chapter 7 6/1/2009 11:09:00 AM
Molecular (or formula) mass is the average mass of molecules (or formula
unit) compared with the mass of an atom of carbon-12
1 amu = 1.66 x 10
-24
grams = 1 amu/6.02 x 10
23
grams/mol
* There is a difference between molecular and formula mass

The Mole (mol) Concept
To describe the number of particles, chemist use a quantity called the mole:
One mole is the amount of any substance that contains the same number of
units as the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12.
1 mole of any substance is 6.02 x 10
23
N = N
A

Presently accepted value of N is 6.0221367 x 10
23


To express chemical quantities at the microscopic level chemists work in
terms of molar mass.
Molar mass is the mass in grams of one mole of a substance. g/mol
The mass of one mole of carbon-12 atoms is exactly 12 grams;
therefore, its molar mass is exactly 12 grams per mole.
* All masses are directly or in directly related to carbon-12

What does 12 grams of Carbon and 16 grams of Oxygen have in common?
You have 6.02 x 10
23
C and O atoms
6/1/2009 11:09:00 AM
Mass Relationships among Elements in a Compound: Percentage Compound

Percentage composition is the percentage by mass of each element(or
specific element ) in a given compound. Parts of A/Total parts x 100%

The masses of all elements in a compound and the mass of the compound
are directly proportional; the are related by per expressions

An empirical formula is the simplest formula
When given % of element is given how to find the empirical formula
Element % Mass Molecular Mass Mole Mole Ratio:
19.2% Na 19.2g 19.2/22.99 0.835 1
1.7% H 1.7g 1.7/1.008 1.7 2
25.8% P 25.8g 25.8/30.97 0.833 1
53.3% O 53.3g 53.3/16.00 3.33 4

% directly relates to grams
Molecular Mass is grams / elements weight in grams(periodic table)
Mole Ration - all elements divided by the lowest mole
Answer: NaH
2
PO
4


Examples:
How many grams of sodium are in 25.0mg of 39.34% NaCl?

x/25.0mg = 39.34/100

A coolant widely used in automobile engines is 38.7% carbon, 9.7%
Hydrogen, and 51.6% Oxygen. Its molar mass is 67.0 g/mol. What is the
molecular formula?
Reactions and Equations: Chapter 8 part a.6/1/2009 11:09:00 AM
Balancing a chemical equation (all formulas have to be balanced)
1) Place 1 in front of the formula with the largest number of atoms
2) Insert coefficients that balance the elements that appear in
compounds, not elements
3) Insert coefficients in front of formulas of uncombined elements
that balance those elements. Use fractional coefficients, if
necessary.
4) Clear the fractions by multiplying all coefficients by the lowest
common denominator. Remove any 1s that remain.
o Examples:
Na + O
2
yields Na
2
O
2Na + 1/2O
2
yields Na
2
O
4Na + O
2
yields 2Na
2
0

States of Matter
L liquid
G gas
Aq Aqueous
S solid

Chemical Reactions:
Combination A + X yields AX; any combination of elements
and/or compound
o 2H
2
+ O
2
yields 2H
2
O
Decomposition AX yields A + X
o 2H
2
O(l) yields or creates 2H
2
(g) + O
2
(g)



Chapter 8 part b. 6/1/2009 11:09:00 AM
Organic compound a compound containing only carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen (formulas do not have to have all three elements)
When these compounds are burned or oxidized (oxidation) the only
products are carbon dioxide and water (you have to add the
oxygen)
CH
4
+ 2O
2
yields CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
C
4
H
9
OH + 6O
2
yields 4CO
2
+ 5H
2
O

Equations for Water:
H
2
O = HOH


Chemical Reactions:
Redox (Single Replacement Oxidation Reduction) Reactions
involves the transfer of electrons between two chemical species.
The compound that loses an electron is said to be oxidized., the one
that gains an electron is said to be reduced. There are also specific
terms that describe the specific chemical species. A compound that
is oxidized is referred to as a reducing agent, while a compound
that is reduced is referred to as the oxidizing agent.
o A + BX yields AX + B
B cation
X anion
A element (any element in elemental form has a zero
charge)
BX ionic Compound or acid
AX ionic Compound or acid
B element (any element in elemental form has a zero
charge)
Double-Replacement Precipitation Reactions there is an
interchange of partners between two compounds. Solutions of two
ionic compounds or a solution of ionic compound and an acid
solution.
o AX + BY yields AY + BX
Double-Replacement Neutralization Reactions when an acid is
added to an equal amount of base, each hydrogen ion reacts with
hydroxide ion to form a water molecule. The acid and the base
neutralize each other and a salt is formed.
o Acid a compound that releases hydrogen ions, H
+

o Base a solution that contains hydroxide ions, OH
-

(H)X(aq) acid + M(OH) base yields H
2
O(l) water +
MX(aq) salt
Chapter 7 & 8 Review 6/1/2009 11:09:00 AM

Chemical Change: Chapter 9 6/1/2009 11:09:00 AM
Electrolyte (ionic solutes) a substance that, when dissolved in water, gives
a solution that can conduct electricity.
Strong Electrolyte a substance whose solution is a good
conductor, i.e., NaCl
(salt)
dissolved in water. Almost all of the
molecules in a dilute solution completely ionize. Very few molecules
remain unionized. Strong acids are excellent conductors of
electricity.
Weak Electrolyte a substance whose solution conducts electricity,
but very poorly i.e., NH
3 (acid)

o They only slightly ionize in a solution. The major species in a
weak acid are un-ionized molecules. However, some ions are
present. Weak acids are poor conductors of electricity.
HNO
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l) HNO
2
(aq)
Nonelectrolyte a substance whose solution is a nonconductor, will
dissolve in water, but maintains molecular form (does not ionize);
i.e., sugar dissolved in water

When an ionic compound dissolves in water, its solution consists of water
molecules and ions (ammonia is the only polyatomic cation)

Weak acids yields weak electrolytes if not one of the 7 strong acids, it is
classified as a weak acid
Strong acids yields electrolytes
Nitric Acid NO
3

Sulfuric Acid H
2
SO
4

Hydrochloric Acid - HCl
Hydrobromic Acid - HBr
Hydroiodic Acid - HI
Chloric Acid HClO
3

Perchloric Acid HClO
4


What are the major species in a solution of the following acids:
HNO
3
H
+
(aq) NO
3
-
(aq)
HF HF(aq)
H
2
S H
2
S(aq)
HClO
4
H
+
(aq) ClO
4
-
(aq)

Net ionic equations: What are they and how to write them
Example: A solution of lead(II) nitrate is added to a solution of
potassium iodide
General Equation
o Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + 2Kl(aq) PbI
2
(s) + 2KNO
3
(aq)
Total Ionic Equation
o Pb
2
+
(aq) + 2NO
3
-
(aq) + 2K
+
(aq) + 2I
-
(aq) PbI
2
(s) +
2K
+
(aq) + 2NO
3
-
(aq)
K
+
(aq) and NO
3
-
(aq) are called spectator ions ion that
is present at the scene of a reaction, but experiences no
chemical change
Net Ionic Equation(remove all spectator ions) mass and charge
balanced
o Pb
2
+
(aq) 2I
-
(aq) PbI
2
(s)

* Any species that is (aq) and any strong acid that is (aq) ionizes; other
species do not ionize.
Chapter 9 part b. 6/1/2009 11:09:00 AM
*Only ionize (aq) solutions with the exception of weak acids

Redox Reactions A + BX yields AX + B
If the position of A is higher than the position of B on table(located on pg
245) the reaction will proceed.


Double Replacement Reaction AX + BY yields AY + BX
You must have a precipitant for a reaction to occur(state of products pg
252); if both products are (aq) no reaction.

Potassium hydrogen phthalate KHC
8
H
4
O
4
(only remove the H) is an ionic
compound with an anion that has an acidic H.
Molecular products: weak acids & water

Unstable Compounds: - compounds breaks down into other compounds
Carbonic Acid H
2
CO
3
CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l)
Sulfurous Acid H
2
SO
3
SO
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
Ammonium Hydroxide NH
4
OH NH
3
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
o Compounds do not ionize(covalent compounds, not ionic)

Chapter 9: In-class Assignment 6/1/2009 11:09:00 AM
50) Na
3
PO
4
(aq) + 3AgNO
3
(aq) 3NaNO
3
(aq) + Ag
3
PO
4
(s)
3Na(aq)
+
+ PO
4
(aq)
-3
+ 3Ag(aq)
+
+ 3NO
3
(aq)
-
3Na(aq)
+
+
3NO
3
(aq)
-
+ Ag
3
PO
4
(s)
o PO
4
(aq)
-3
+ 3Ag(aq)
+
Ag
3
PO
4
(s)

58) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
Na(aq)
+
+ OH(aq)
-
+ H(aq)
+
+ Cl(aq)
-
Na(aq)
+
+ Cl(aq)
-
+
H
2
O(l)
o OH(aq)
-
+ H(aq)
+
H
2
O(l)

62) No Reaction

70) Pb(s) + 2HNO
3
(aq) Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + H
2
(g)
Pb(s) + 2H(aq)
+
+2NO
3
-
Pb
+2
(aq) + 2NO
3
-
+ H
2
(g)
o Pb(s) + 2H(aq)
+
Pb
+2
(aq) + H
2
(g)
Chapter 10 6/1/2009 11:09:00 AM
Conversion Factors from a Chemical Equation
Consider the equation:
4NH
3
+ 5O
2
yields 4NO + 6H
2
0
The coefficients in a given chemical reaction gives us the conversion factors
to get from the number of particles of one substance to the number of
particles of another substance. The above reaction tells us that 5 molecules
of O2 are needed to react with 4 molecules of ammonia.

Example:
How many O
2
molecules are required to react with 308NH
3
molecules?
4NH
3
molecules / 5O
2
= 308NH
3
/ xO
2

385O
2

* moles and molecules are interchangeable

Mass Calculations:
Stoichiometry problems
Mass of given Moles of given Moles of wanted Mass of wanted

Example:
How many grams of calcium fluoride will precipitate from a combination of
two solutions, one containing 27.9 grams of sodium fluoride and the other
an excess of calcium nitrate?
2NaF + Ca (NO
3
)
2
yields 2NaNO
3
+ CaF
2

27.9g NaF/ x mol NaF = 41.99g NaF/ 1 mol NaF
.664 mol NaF; 1 mol CaF
2
/ 2 mol NaF = x mol CaF
2
/ .664 mol NaF
.332 mol CaF
2
; .332 mol CaF
2
/ x g CaF
2
= 1 mol CaF
2
/ 78.08g CaF
2

25.9g CaF
2


Percent Yield:
The results of all problems are theoretical yields. (This is the amount of
product formed by the complete conversion of the given amount of reactant
to product; you will never reach 100%, due to impurities, errors, and side
reactions.)

%yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) x 100%
Chapter 10 part b. 6/1/2009 11:09:00 AM
Limiting Reagents excess and limiting elements in a compound

1) Calculate the amount of product that can be formed by the initial amount
of each reactant
The reactant that yields the smaller amount of product is the
limiting reactant
The smaller amount of product is the amount(of product) that will
be formed when all of the limiting reactant is used up
2) Calculate the amount of excess reactant that is used by the total amount
of limiting reactant
3) Subtract from the amount of excess reactant present initially, the amount
that is used by all of the limiting reactant. The difference is the amount of
excess reactant that is left.
*The limiting reactant is always the reactant that yields the smaller amount)

Example:
36.03 grams of carbon combines with 64.00 grams of O
2
until one is totally
consumed in the reaction.
C(g) + O
2
yields CO
2
(g)
How many grams of CO
2
result? How many grams of which element remain
unreacted?
64.00g O
2
/ x mol O
2
= 32.00g O
2
/ 1 mol O
2
= 2 mol O
2

36.03g C / x mol C = 12.01g C / 1 mol C = 3 mol C
1 mol C / 44.01g CO
2
= 3 mol C / xg CO
2
= 132.0g CO
2

1 mol O
2
/ 44.01g CO
2
= 2 mol O
2
/ xg CO2 = 88.02g CO
2

88.02g CO
2
will be made and 12.01g C will remain (36.03g C 2(12.01g C)
= 12.01g C)

Example 2:
Sodium Carbonate can neutralize nitric acid by the reaction:
2HNO
3
+ Na
2
CO
3
yields 2NaNO
3
+ H
2
O + CO
2

Is 135 grams of sodium carbonate enough to neutralize a solution that
contains 188 grams of nitric acid? How many grams of carbon dioxide will be
released in the reaction?
135g Na
2
CO
3
/ x mol Na
2
CO
3
= 105.99g Na
2
CO
3
/ 1 mol = 1.27 mol Na
2
CO
3

188g HNO
3
/ x mol HNO
3
= 63.02g HNO
3
/ 1 mol = 2.98 mol HNO
3

1.27 mol Na
2
CO
3
/ xg CO
2
= 1 mol Na
2
CO
3
/ 44.01g CO
2
= 55.9g CO
2

(56.0g CO
2
if followed through without rounding till the end)
2.98 mol HNO
3
/ xg CO
2
= 2 mol HNO
3
/ 44.01g CO
2
= 65.6g CO
2

No


Energy
Joules(J) 1 kg m
2
/ s
2

Calorie(cal) = 4.184 or 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ

Thermo-chemical Equations the heat given off or absorbed in a chemical
reaction is called heat of a reaction or formally, enthalpy of reaction, H(any
equation that includes H is a thero-chemical equation)
Exothermic -H (product side of a equation)
Endothermic +H (reactant side of equation)
o G(gibbs free energy) = H T(temperature K) S(entoropy
measure of disorder)
* Write energy in kJ when it pertains to a chemical equation(use state
symbols for these types of equations)

Example:
One of the fuels sold as bottled gas is butane, C
4
H
10
. Calculate the energy
that may be obtained by burning 1.50kg butane if H = -5.77 x 10
3
kJ for
this reaction.
2C
4
H
10
(g) + 13O
2
(g) yields 8CO
2
(g) + 10H
2
O(l)

Solution:
2C
4
H
10
(g) + 13O
2
(g) yields 8CO
2
(g) + 10H
2
O(l) + 5.77 x 10
3
kJ
1.50kg C
4
H
10
= 1500g C4H10 (1000g = 1kg)
1500g C
4
H
10
/ x mol C
4
H
10
= 58.12g C
4
H
10
/ 1 mol = 25.81 mol C
4
H
10

25.81 mol C
4
H
10
/ x kJ = 2 mol C
4
H
10
/ 5.77 x 10
3
kJ = 7.45 x 10
4
kJ



Chapter 10: In-class Assignment 6/1/2009 11:09:00 AM
10) 2AgNO3 + Cu yields Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
26.8g Cu / xmol Cu = 63.55g Cu / 1mol Cu = .422 mol Cu
.422mol Cu / xg Cu(NO
3
)
2
= 1mol Cu / 187.57g Cu(NO
3
)
2
= 79.2g Cu(NO
3
)
2

79.2g Cu(NO
3
)
2
/ xg AgNO
3
= 187.57g Cu(NO
3
)
2
/ 339.8g AgNO
3
= 143g
AgNO
3


32) 4.14g C
4
H
10
/ xg CO
2
= 116.24g C
4
H
10
/ 352.08g CO
2
= 12.5g CO
2

percent yield = 88%

48) 2CO + O2 yields 2CO2
12.6g CO / xmol CO = 28.01g CO / 1mol CO = .450mol CO
.450mol CO / xg CO
2
= 2mol CO / 88.02g CO
2
= 19.8g CO
2

5.22g O
2
/ xg O
2
= 32.00g O
2
/ 1mol O
2
= .163mol O
2

.163mol O
2
/ xg CO
2
= 1mol O
2
/ 88.02g CO
2
= 14.3g CO
2
are formed
xg CO / 5.22g O
2
= 56.02g CO / 32.00g O
2
= 9.14g CO
12.6g CO 9.14g CO = 3.5g excess C

64)2H
2
(g) + O
2
(g) yields 2H
2
O(g) + 484 kJ
71.9 kJ / xg H
2
= 484 kJ / 4.032g H
2
= .599g H
2


Chapter 10 Review 6/1/2009 11:09:00 AM