Long Term Deflection Due To Creep And Shrinkage

What Does Fundamental Period Of Vibration Of A Structure Means

Long Term Deflection Due To Creep And Shrinkage

When Do You Use Uncracked Sections In The Analysis

What Is The Serviceability Limit State Of Design
serviceability limit statesthe structure should not become unfit for use due to
excessive deflection, cracking or vibration
What Is The Ultimate Limit State Of Design
the whole structure or its elements should not collapse,
overturn or buckle when subjected to the design loads
Applicability Of International Code
Ubc code

Behavior Of Gravity Frame Under Ultimate Loading

Location Of Additional Extra Steel For Raft Foundation And Slab Detail Require
hi it depends where you need the extra reinforcement for
if you need extra reinforcement for negative moment you provide extra top bars for suspended slabs and bottom rebars for ground
bearing slabs
shear walls are designed against the worst case combinations of axial force, shear and moment
shear walls are normally critical in flexure except for high rise buildings where shear could also control the wall thickness
coupling beams are rigid links connecting two planar shear walls. a coupled shear walls are made possible by the rigid connection of
the coupling beams to the shear walls

technically coupling beams are deeper than regular beams and they are provided with diagonal reinforcement to control high shear
stresses under seismic loadings
sway columns are when your frames are designed to carry lateral loads
non-sway columns are only for gravity loads and there is an independent lateral system

in aci code this is quantify by stability index Q
there are really no prescribed wind drift limits in any code except a clause in british standards that states H/500 which is the
internationally accepted limit for overall drift limit for high rise buildings

as for inter-storey drift it depends on serviceability issues that you want to control but normally a drift index of H/300 or for a
standard floor to floor height of 3.5meters a drift of 12mm will be sufficient for facade/cladding works not to get damaged.
it depends but high rise buildings will have relatively long period and seismic demands will be set to minimum as longer period tends
to fall at the lower end of the spectra and lower forces.

high rise building are commonly critical in wind serviceability controlling inter-storey drifts and wind induced accelerations

capacity design?
capacity design as it is popularly known in seismic design was actually conceptualized by george beca the founder of Beca Holling
Carter and Ferner BHCF engineering consultant in New Zealand. but the concept is developed further by tom paulay in university of
canterbury

some snippet of capacity design taken from the peer website:

The capacity design approach explicitly considers the problem of determining the failure mechanism of members. The basic idea is
to force the member to fail in a ductile manner by making the capacity of the member in other possible failure modes greater. It
involves the simple application of plastic analysis on an element-wise basis as shown below.
In the case of the beam shown at left, the preferred ductile mode of failure is flexure, while brittle shear failure is to be avoided.
Therefore the shear corresponding to the plastic moment in the beam is the design shear. The beam is then designed so that its
nominal shear strength is greater than this shear.

In order for capacity design to work, it is vital that reasonable, probable capacities for a member be determined. Often, beams have
significant overstrength in flexure which must be taken into account in order to determine what the actual plastic moments might be.

This procedure works well for designing the beams in a strong-column/weak beam design and for joints, but doesn't work nearly as
well for columns. Also, way the system behaves as a whole is not considered.

Capacity design procedures are implemented in the New Zealand code and in various parts of the concrete sections of the UBC.
They are also hidden in some parts of the UBC provisions.

SMRF or special moment resisting frames have special ductile detailing requirements as per chapter 21 of aci code while OMRF or
ordinary moment resisting frames don't have any ductility detailing requirements and main body of the code is sufficient to design
your frames
a building frame system is lateral stability system where the frames are carrying gravity loads and all lateral loads are carried by
shear walls
a bearing wall system is seismic lateral system is which seismic actions and gravity loads are resisted by shear walls
a column sway is failure mechanism wherein the controlling mechanism is the development of plastic hinging in columns

this mechanism is avoided in american codes and standards and this is avoided in design by ensuring columns are 20% stronger
than the framing beams
a dual system is a structural resisting system where there are two main lateral resisting system to carry seismic loads down to
foundation

common dual systems are combination of shear wall and moment resisting frames
beam sway is a mechanism in which plastic hinging occurs at the beams and the plastic region in the beams are protected by
making sure the rotational capacities are not exceeded during shaking by proper ductile detailing enabling the system to support
gravity loads even during and after the most extreme ground shaking
in the absence of a formal soil investigation report it is always safe to assume a conservative soil type which is soil profile type D.in
aci code.

if you have information on nearby site it is always safe to assume one soil profile type below during the initial design.
hi most codes limit seismic drifts to 2 to 2.5% of storey height depending on the period of structure
you can refer to IBC, ASCE code of practice for more details

it is simply the maximum column rotation the code allows to prevent failure

hi during seismic events where elements part of the lateral resisting system undergo cyclic load reversals the rebar starts to yield
causing cracks and spalling of concrete and if they are not detailed for ductility or shall i say confined properly the rebar will start to
buckle and loss its carrying capacity due to large rotation demand and for long period earthquakes the structure reaches its inelastic
limit and irreversible deflection causing collapse depending on the sway mechanism